Final Exam ART 222 (all sets)

Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of classical antiquity. Wikipedia

Neoclassicism

1. emerges in post war Europe among artists who had served in the Germany army 2. artists influenced by military experience, which informed their worldview 3. wanted to provide a clear objective view of the Great War

Neue Sachlichkeit (new objectivity)

columns that, instead of being free standing, are attached to a wall; nonstructural, express visually the support that the wall actually provides.

engaged columns or pilasters

a print made from a design cut with a burin, or graver, into a metal plate. engraving is an intaglio process rather than a relief process like woodcut. lines are cut into the surface of theplate and it is these lines that are printed.

engraving

paint applied with the consistency of a thick paste, often used by venetian and baroque masters in sudden patches(impastos) of high value for highlights.

impasto

a female slave or concubine in a harem, especially one in the seraglio of the sultan of Turkey.

odalisque

passage - cezanne's brushstrokes, parallel hatchings, short strokes, to sketchy lines to broader swaths of flat color, record his sensations of nature but also weave every element of the landscapetogetehr into a unified surface design - cezanne

Passage

any light, ornamental building. any large-scale block or wing of a building projecting from the main body

Pavillion

1. blocks and cubes 2. breaking the box: influence of Japanese open design (sliding screens rather than walls) 3. emphasis on horizontals (prairie--wide open spaces) to encourage organic integration into nature 4. designed around the core (hearth) 5. integrates nature within design 6. cantilever

20th Century Architecture - Prairie Style

Landscape and genre paintings: 1. declare distinction from europeans 2. vasteness of US frontier - religious reverence for nature 3. independence Realism: 1. Overpower nature 2. meticulous natural rendering: documenting the treasures of america 3. emphasis on unique beauty of america's vast lands

American Art

1. Eclectic: style merges aspects of French and Italian Baroque 2. Classicizing vocabulary 3. influence of palladio

English Baroque

1. A type of Romanticism in architecture Romaticism took the form of revivals of historical styles that expressed an escapist fascination with other times and places 2. fantasy 3. england: Gothic style as indigenous style

Historicism (Gothic Revival)

unlike woodcut, this is when lines are cut into the surface of the plate and it is these lines taht are printed

Intaglio

having heads of all figures all at the same level.

Isocephaly

Lithograph: created taking large limestone, porous. Artist would draw on it with greasy crayon. Layer of water on limestone. The water is repeled in areas by the crayon. Ink is placed on surface, only adheres to crayon markings, run through a press. Easy. Used by newspapers and magazines. Daumier uses lithography

lithograph (lithography)

wanted to see things immediately, mediated would be allowing the brain to concidr theings and then respond. Wanted an unmediated resonse to the sensatons they are depicting.

mediation/immediate

portray or show (an object or view) as closer than it is or as having less depth or distance, as an effect of perspective or the angle of vision.

Foreshortening

The word ignudi comes from the Italian adjective nudo, meaning "naked." The singular form is ignudo. Michelangelo adopted the name "The Ignudi" for his 20 figures, giving it a new art-historical context.

Ignudi

A Style within high renaissance. 1. Imitation of art, not nature. anti-naturalism. 2. exagerated aspects of high renaissance style such as lyrical graceful movments. 3. intentianlly distorted disproportionate figures. (disregard of classical, canonical propotions) 4. figura serpentinata - snake-like twisting of figures 5. elongation of figures to achieve grace and elegance 6. illogical use of space, compressed. too many people for space. 7. dispersion of focal point. unlike high renaissance centralized placement. 8. centrifugal composition; no focal point; figures pushed out around edges andd to front 9. background often without relationship to foreground. 10. bright, jarring juxtopositions of colors 11. erotic 12 enigmatic subject matter, often dense and dependent on wishes of patron 13. visual jokes (often based on art or quotation of art) 14. courtly or aristocratic patornage

Mannerism characteristics

Undercutting - Arcy Art Original Oil Paintings Art Dictionary. Undercutting is a technical device widely used in relief sculpture and in sculpture in-the-round. An undercut is a cut behind a form, releasing it from the background. ... In some reliefs these shadows contribute to an effect of chiaroscuro.

Undercutting

awesomeness or emotional intensity of conception and execution in an artist or work of art, originally as a quality attributed to Michelangelo by his contemporaries.

terribilità

1. Embraces new materials (steel, glass) and technology 2. does not disguise use of new materials under historical disguise 3. large enclosed spaces 4. form follows function

Modern Materials and Technology

1. Non-representational, non-referential 2. subject becomes brushwork, "mark-making" self-referential brushwork (or indexical presence of the artist through the brushwork) 3. impasto (thick application of paint) 4. avoidance of worldly events 5. pure harmony 6. importance of clement greenberg (critic) to triumph of abstraction; subject matter is the paint or abstract process 7. ACTION PAINTING - the canvas is the "arena in which to act"; canvas "not a picture, but an event" -harold rosenberg

Abstract Expressionism

1. sculptors also interested in greenberg's formalist ideas about the purity of the medium 2. sculptors focused on three-dimensionality as the essential characteristic as well as its essential limitation 3. think in terms of tradition, yet completed in abstract 4. positive and negative space are both important 5. ordinary into extraordinary (nevelson)

Abstract Sculpture

- from Chevreul? Complimentary colors intensify the effects of each. Adjascent objects dn't just cast colors onto their neighbors, but also brings out their complimentaryu colors- Cevreul's law

Completmentary contrast

1. American isolationism and cultural nationaism 2. Urban subjects: clean, abstract geometry 3. regionalism: group of mid-western artists who focused on the farms and small-town life of the american heartland 4. works pervaded by generally optimistic outlook, encouraged by the "new deal" art program 5. celebrated the myths and traditions of the american past or optimistic images of hope for the future

American Modernism

Antiquity normally refers to the works of art from a period before the Middle Ages, "the ancient past," that is still within Western-civilization based history. Paganism describes populations practising polytheism - belief in multiple gods and goddesses - such as populations of Greek and Ancient Roman religions. Thus, I think that pagan antiquity is a particular "subdivision" of antiquity describing works from the Greek and Ancient Roman times.

Antiquity (pagan antiquity)

Herculaneum was properly rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples, Charles of Bourbon. Pompeii was rediscovered as the result of intentional excavations in 1748 by the Spanish military engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre.

Archaeological discovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 1748

1. Return to nature and hand-made (rejecting industiralization and machine aesthetic) 2. Curvillinear organic forms 3. desire to unify all art Art Nouveau (New art) European response to industrialization. Thought industrialization was pushing hadn made products out of the way. Revolts against that. Started in 1890s and lasted over 10 years . vines, snakes, flowers, tendrils from plants, winged insects. Sinuous lines, undulating forms.

Art Nouveau

a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography. a small round building with a rotating angled mirror at the apex of the roof, projecting an image of the landscape onto a horizontal surface inside. VERMEER USED IT

Camera obscura

dark tenebristic lighting, close up figures, followers of Caravaggio.

Caravaggisti

Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 - 22 February 1690) was a French painter, art theorist, interior decorator and a director of several art schools of his time. As court painter to Louis XIV, who declared him "the greatest French artist of all time", he was a dominant figure in 17th-century French art and much influenced by Nicolas Poussin.[1] (hall of mirrors)

Charles Le Brun (Les Gobelins)

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting.

Chiaroscuro

1. calm, inward direction, meditative 2. capable of evoking a meditative even spiritual response 3. eloquent uses of color 4. rely on large rectangles of color to evoke transcendent emotional states

Chromatic/Color Field Abstraction

St. Peter's - The four twisted columns. "String of things"-constantine was the first Christian emperor. His mother converted before him, Helena. He undertook pilgrimage to holy land, found true cross and other relics. Brought them back. She brough twisted columns. from temple of solomn. In the peirs, there are twisted columns. this is where the relics are stored. twisted columns establishing rome as the new Jerusalem.

Constantine/Helena/twisted columns/relics/New Jerusalem

an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs. the graceful disposition of the parts of the body so that they form oblique axes turning around a central vertical axis. weight bearing leg distinguished from the raised leg.

Contrapposto

The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, or Trento, in northern Italy. It was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Council of Trent

period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Counter Reformation

1. interest in primitive 2. simultaneous multiple views 3. objects broken into multiple viewpoints and reassembled on a 2d surface 4. severs all connections to renaissance traditions, especially in terms of picture plane (cubism acknowledges the flat, two dimensionality of the surface)

Cubism

Divisionism. - pure dabs of color - seurat

Divisionism (pointillism)

1. Pyramidal composition 2. centralized, symmetrical composition 3. recovery of classical antiquity - combination of antiquity with contemporary vocabulary or style 4. many classical characteristics: balance, harmony, proportion, calm, dignity, rationality 5. Disegno 6. stability within variety 7. idealized human figures, often monumental in relationship to total composition; proportionate 8. ideal nude male hero 9. chiaroscuro used to create volumetric figures 10. deep space-linear perspective is used to suggest 3-d space on a 2-d surface.

High Renaissance - themes and characteristics

from antiquity?

Nude Hero

difficult?

difficultà

when an artist goes back and reworks and etching

states

1. celebration of commerce; homage to empire 2. machine aesthetic (Art Deco) 3. historicizing decoration applied to new materials and technology

20th Century Architecture -- Art Deco

1. characterized by the expressive use of advanced building technology and industrial materials, equipment, and components 2. inside out (like Hong Kong Shanghai bank 3. architecture as sculpture

20th Century Architecture -- High Tech

eclectic. combines different styles from past to produce a new vision, which is enhanced but not determined by modern technology. post-modernism rejects the international style philosophy that form follows function and juxtaposes traditional architectural features without regard for their historical contexts. 1. critique of modernism: rejects international dictum of form follows function 2. eclectic 3. contextualizes building within surroundings 4. historicizing without regard for historical context 5. humorous (frequent puns)

20th Century Architecture -- Post-Modern

1. stripped down geometric style 2. architecture as volume not mass 3. regularity over symmetry 4. rejection of decoration 5. form follows function 6. less is more

20th Century Architecture--International Style (modernism)

the representation of spatial effects which are caused by the interposition of the atmosphere between the viewer and distant objects; these effects include the blurring of outlines, loss of detail, alteration of hue toward blue, and diminution of color.

Aerial/atmospheric perspective

Chigi commissioned the villa. Would have lavish dinner parties. Servants would throw the gold plates into tiber river, wanted to impress guests great wealth. But would pull plates out after. The villa was for his mistress.

Agostino Chigi, Villa Farnesina

1. "pure art" 2. monochromatic 3. approach painting as one approaches music 4. non-recognizable features 5. analyze forms by "breaking" down into multiple viewpoints and rearanged on canvas

Analytic Cubism

commissioned to redesign paris. Streets had been narrow, polluted. He redesigned the city by clearing the center of city, put in wide avenues to permit modern transportation. Used diagonal streets, radiating streets. Streets would lead to cultural buildings like opera building or political buildings. The poor were pushed to outside of city and wealthy were in center. Designed sewage systems.

Baron Hausssmann

Poussin-dignified comps, elevates, color choices Grand Manner. Monumental. Modes of painting was an idea he got from ancient art. Modes of music. Adapted modes of music to make his theory, modes of painting. Different color pallet for each to convey subject matter. Dorian mode Poussin is Articulating a theory of art. Poussin would only paint elevated subject matter. Wants compostition to display grand manner. Modes based on modes of music. Doric order-dorian mode of music. Death of the virgin by carravagio genresizes elevated subject matter. Poussin may paint a funeral scene in an elevated way. Lighter mood paintings, use bright color pallet. Subdued color pallet for subdued subject matter. Grand manner=elevated subject matter.

BbPoussin's "grand manner" or Maniera Magnifica

a book he wrote about how painters are meant to observe modern life and record what they see

Charles Baudelaire, "Painter of Modern Life"

an order in which the columns or pilasters rise through more than one story.

Colossal order

1. dada = a nonsense word 2. International art and literary movement after WWI 3. life is meaningless --art is nihilist 4. contradiction, irony, blasphemy, absurdity 5. asks question: What is art? 6. nihilism/nihilistic

Dada

a steel needle for engraving on a bare copper plate without acid. an engraving or print produced with a dry point needle. engraving by means of a dry point needle.

Drypoint

1. looking back to classical styles (ancient classical or renaissance classizing) 2. classicizing 3. rethink post monumnts 4. a group of british professional architects and wealthy amateurs rejected what they saw as the immoral extravegance of the italian baroque 5. as a moral corrective, they advanced a treturn to the austerity and simplicity found in the architecture of andrea palladio (his treatise was translated in 1715)

Historicism (Neoclassical Revival)

1. An attempt to use style as an expression of a building's purpose/meaning (entertainment, etc.); 2. form of the building is related more to decoration than to funciton 3. may incorporate new materials or technology, but cloak building is historical disguise

Historicizing Architecture

1. subjects of leisure 2. subjects of modernity 3. influence of japonisme 4. influence of photography (figures in mid-action, cropping of fiures, anti-classical compositions) 5. rejection of traditional composition 6. restricted spaces - flatness and cropping 7. techniques of spontaneity: visible brushwork, dabs of pure color, lack of chiaroscuro, cropping, anti-classical compositions, etc. 8. plein-air painting allows for spontaneity (portable canvases and tubes of paint) Technique of spontaneity. Color was layed down without mixing, anticlassical. Dabs of pure color. Invention of tubes of paint made this possible. No longer had to grind minerals and mix it with lindseed oil to make paint. Artist can get paint ready made. Portable canvases ready to go also new. Plein-air=fresh painting, painting outside directly from nature. No longer chiaroscuro. Subj matter not political or historical. Leisure. Images of modernity. Influence of photograpy - midaction and cropped figures. Anticlassical comp-no longer centered and balanced. Now the imperfections of compsoitions make them look more real and spontaneious like a photo.

Impressionism

1. Exuberant 2. action, drama, motion, tension, intensity 3. dramatic/theatrical 4. illusionistic realism: ability to reproduce nature (not idealize like renaissance) 5. spatial illusionism: space also extends forward into spectator's realm 6. tenebrism 7. movement (stress on diagonal) 8. matter in motion through time, space, and light 9. immediacy: figures/events caught in mid-action 10. dynamic asymmetry 11. profuse ornamentation; decoration 12. unity of the arts (breaks down separation between painting, sculpture and achitecture) 13. many artists and archtects adapt or build on michelangelo's style and vocab, challenging his supremacy and reputation 14. architecture continues sculptural organic approach to space 15. use of the oval shape (dynamic full of movement)

Italian Baroque

1. Exuberant, dramatic, theatrical 2. movement (real or implied) 3. profuse ornamentation and decoration 4. proliferation of sculpture 5. unity of interior and exterior 6. illusionistic (where does the architectural elements/sculpture stop and painting begin?) 7. many baroque architects build on michelangel's style and vocabulary 8. return to basilican plan (conter-reformation concern) 9. use of the oval shape (dynamic and full of movement) Special illusionaism exaggerated, brought further than what we've seen. Ceiling paintings that appear to be open. Tenebrism: dramatic contrast between dark and light. Chiaroscuro is the soft gental transition. Tenebrism much more abrupt. Baroque-diagonals, asymmetry.

Italian Baroque Architecture

1. Exuberant 2. action, drama, motion, tension, intensity 3. dramatic/theatrical 4. illusionistic realism: ability to reproduce nature (not idealize like renaissance) 5. spatial illusionism: space also extends forward into spectator's realm 6. tenebrism 7. movement (stress on diagonal) 8. immediacy: figures/events caught in mid-action 9. dynamic asymmetry 10. many artists and architects adapt or build on michelangelo's style and vocab, challenging his supremacy and reputation.

Italian Baroque Painting and Sculpture

Louis XIV (5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as Louis the God-Given, Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

Louis, the Sun King (Roi Soleil)

1. Disguised symbolism 2. often based on miniaturist technique 3. attention to surface detail and description 4. unidealized human faces, and landscpes: lack of classical types or proportions 5. elaborate polyptychs and altarpieces 6. bright oil colors smaller than italian works. more attention to landscapes. luther had taken down a lot of artworks from churches, so churches no longer such a large patron of arwork. more artwork made for private patrons, homes, etc.

Northern European

1. rise of middle-class patrons in holland 2. protestant culture (loss of church as patron) in holland (not flanders) 3. diagonals used to create sense of immediacy 4. painterly surface, loose brushstrokes (colorito) 5. caravaggisti-dramatic tenebrism and genre subjects 6. surface detail 7. complex polyptychs 8. power and movement 9. vanitas themes

Northern European Baroque

the high platform serving as a base for an etruscan or roman temple. the ground floor of a building treated so that it resembles such a base.

Podium

painting meant to opperate in a manner similar to poetry. venetian high ren artists focused on the lyrical and sensual, and in much venetian art identifying specific subjects is impossible. difficult to interpret

Poesia

1. reaction against abstract expressionsim (often pokes fun at heroic, non-figurative, self-centred seriousness of abstract expressionist artists) 2. poplar imagery derived from commercial sources, mass media, everyday life 3. not a homogeneous style 4. social critiques 5. mundane objects breaks down division between high art and low art 6. simultaneous associations 7. commentary on consumer culture

Pop Art

1. ARt History: principles of compostion, canons of proportion 2. science: laws of color, line 3. unlike the impressionsits, did not seek to capture transitory effects of light and atmosphere but rather to create a sense of order in nature through a methodical application of color 4. the even lgithing, still atmosphere, and absence of human activity in teh landscape communicate a sense of timeless endurace, at odds with teh impressionsits' interest in capturing a momentary aspect of the ever-changing world 5. religion and mythology - suject conveying universal meaning 6. the primitive as universal man 7. cezanne and passage; seurat and divisionsm; gauguin and synthefism 8. South Carolina Vegetables Grow (seurat, cezanne, van gogh, gauguin)

Post-Impressionism

1. develops out of abstract expressionism, but without its intense passion 2. characterized by cool, detached rationality 3. emphasizes a tighter control of the pictorial field 4. evidence of the artsit's touch is absent 5. greenberg championed this style as "pure"

Post-Painterly Abstraction

poussin=rigourous classicism, outlined figures. Rubens-colorito with looser brushwork conveys sense of emotion. Disegno vs colorito the Poussinistes were conservative defenders of academism who insisted that draw- ing was superior to color, whereas the Rubénistes proclaimed the importance of color over line (line quality being more intellectual and thus more restrictive than color). Delacroix's works were prod- ucts of his view that the artist's powers of imagination would in turn capture and inflame the viewer's imagination.

Poussinism vs. Rubenism (Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns)

1. Colorito-application of paint resulting in texture. creates a painterly style, bringing out artist's brush strokes. emotional and sensual characteristics associated with it. 2. Impasto-the thick application of paint 3. sfumato - soft figures disapearing profiles as opposed to the sculptural modeling of central italian artists. 4. tonal painting-rich, saturated colors (use of oils) 5. Love of pastoral, idyllic landscape (lack of war culture, desire for mainland acquisitions) 6. depth often suggested rather than mapped out through linear perspective 7. pyramidal composition like central italian/roman high renaissance except the pyramid may be oriented more dynamically, off axis, yet balanced. 8. dynamic asymmetry (in addition to high renaissance balance and symmetry) 9. diagonal lines 10 Female Nude (as opposed to nude idealized male)

Venetian High Renaissance characteristics

Ten books on architecture dedicated to emporer augustus. Heavily chronicals knowledge of greek architecture, atruscan, and roman. At onw point in text, talks of proportions of a man, sayhing a man's proportions could be perfectly fit inside a square and a circle. inspires Leonardo

Vitruvius, De architectura (On Architecture, 10 volumes)

planned around a vertical axis. A building in which the sides are of equal length and in which the main space is symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally. A centrally-planned building may be square, circular, or polygonal.

centrally planned buildings (vertical axis)

...the performance of actions without conscious thought or intention.

automatism

a term pulled from military, the front of the troops, the first to advance. Impressionism was avant-garde. The critics and public hated it, it didn't match what they thought of as art should be.

avant-garde

In most basilicas, the central nave is taller than the aisles, forming a row of windows called a clerestory.A basilica is a type of building, usually a church, that is typically rectangular with a central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at one or both ends

basilica (longitudinal axis)

"breaking the box" - back then people ordered houses from sears, came in parts you put together. Cookie cutter. Interior was divided into four corners. A box. Wright breaks it. Influenced by Japanese houses, freeflowing interiors with screens that allow interior spaces to be opened up and adjusted for any occasion.... Influenced by prairie, the wide open spaces. Organic spaces. Wants to bring nature into his houses and reach out into nature.

breaking the box/organic planning

pointed steel cutting tool or graver used to make the lines of an engraving.

burin

A projecting structure, such as a beam, that is supported at one end and that carries a load at the other end or along its length.

cantilever

Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase taken to mean "Rome capital of the world" (literally: "head of the world"; see capital, capitol)

caput mundi

a humorous or satirical drawing. a full size drawing for a painting, made to be transferred to a wall, canvas, or panel as a guide in painting the finished work. In fresco painting, cartoon transferred by pricking it with a needle and poincing it with charcoal dust so that the main ines of the composition appear as dots on the plaster surface of the wall.

cartoon

Any artwork created by women by assembling objects, as by collage, photomontage, etc.

femmage

This is an Italian phrase literally translated as serpentine figure. It is used to describe a human figure which spirals around a central axis, so that the lower limbs face in one direction and the torso almost in the opposite direction, in a graceful if sometimes contorted pose.

figura serpentinata

application of paint resulting in texture. creates a painterly style, bringing out artist's brush strokes. emotional and sensual characteristics associated with it. different from disegno. Colorito: (application of color resulting in texture) sfumato appeals to sense of touch (and all senses) emotional imaginative (often without a text) ___

colorito

...A combine painting is an artwork that incorporates various objects into a painted canvas surface, creating a sort of hybrid between painting and sculpture.

combine painting

. Improvisation-spontaneously responding. Nonobjective. Not referencing real world. Aquating painting to music. Different from composition that is carefully composed and ordered and directed. (kandinsky)

compositions/improvisations

a wall that encloses the space within a building but does not support the roof, typically on a modern high-rise.

curtain wall

first drawing, then adding color. Disegno (drawing): clarity, contour (hard edges) intellectual (text-based) linear perspective balance. sculptural.

disegno

dome: a vault of regular curvature raised on a circular or polygonal base. Drum: a cylindrical or polygonal wall rising above the body of a building, usually introduced to support a dome.

dome/drum

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid or paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used.

encaustic

etched, etch·ing, etch·es. v.tr. 1. a. To cut into the surface of (glass, for example) by the action of acid, especially by coating the surface with wax or another protective layer and drawing lines with a needle and then using the acid to form the lines on the unprotected parts of the surface.

etching

...Frottage is a surrealist and 'automatic' method of creative production that involves creating a rubbing of a textured surface using a pencil or other drawing material

frottage

an outdoor entertainment or rural festival, especially as depicted in 18th-century French painting. a painting in the fête galante genre.

fête galante

Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes.

genre

...Grattage is a surrealist painting technique that involves laying a canvas prepared with a layer of oil paint over a textured object and then scraping the paint off to create an interesting and unexpected surface

grattage

A herma (Ancient Greek: ἑρμῆς, pl. ἑρμαῖ hermai), commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a head, and perhaps a torso, above a plain, usually squared lower section, on which male genitals may also be carved at the appropriate height.

herms

a covered passage or gallery with an open arcade or colonnade on one ofr more sides.

loggia

an arched aperture or window, especially one in a domed ceiling. 2. a fortification with two faces forming a projecting angle, and two flanks.

lunette

OPTICAL REALISM How does Velazquez achieve this stunning illusion? He opens the spectrum of light and the tones that compose it. Instead of putting lights abruptly beside darks, as Caravaggio, Ribera, and Zurbarán would do or as he himself had done in earlier works, Velazquez allows a great number of intermediate values of gray to come between the two extremes. Thus, he carefully observes and records the subtle gradations of tone, matching with graded glazes what he sees in the visible spread of light and dark,

optical realism

works of visual art in any medium, whether actually painted or not, are called painterly when they are conceived in broad intermingling masses of light and dark, rather than sharply defined units with distinct edges. edges are blurred and forms merge with one another and with the backgroun. sculptural-the three dimensional quality of a form, appears solid, three dimensional quality?

painterly vs sculptural

a picture or sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Jesus Christ on her lap or in her arms.

pieta

a flat, vertical member projecting slightly from a wall surface and divided, like a column of one of the classical orders, into a base, shaft, and capital.

pilaster

The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament.???

prairie houses

creates depth and stability. change from the triangular composition typical of the 15th century

pyramidal structure

Quadri riportati ("transported paintings") is the Italian phrase for "carried picture". It is used in art to describe gold-framed easel paintings or framed paintings that are seen in a normal perspective and painted into a fresco.

quadro riportato

Image result for reliefs in art define Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.

reliefs

the method of cutting and layering up masonry so that the joints are deeply recessed. this reveals the mass of each block and gives the wall an appearance of great strength, especially approprate for the base or ground floor of a building.

rustication

means Holy Conversation. when the figures in a madonna nad child with saits painting are shown in a unified spatial setting and converse or join in silent communion with one antoher.

sacra conversazione

Salon, official exhibition of art sponsored by the French government. It originated in 1667 when Louis XIV sponsored an exhibit of the works of the members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, and the salon derives its name from the fact that the exhibition was hung in the Salon d'Apollon of the Louvre Palace in Paris. After 1737 the Salon became an annual rather than a sporadic event, and in 1748 the jury system of selection was introduced. During the French Revolution the Salon was opened for the first time to all French artists, although the academicians continued to control most of the exhibitions held in the 19th century. With the formation in 1881 of the Société des Artistes Français to take over the responsibility of holding the Salon, and with the growing importance of independent exhibitions of the works of avant-garde artists, the Salon gradually lost its influence and prestige.

salon/Salon

impressionists wanted to be heard and understood across cultures. Want to make work appear spontaneous.

search for a modern voice for the universal: primary, unedited sensations

Structural frame of concrete, metal, or timber supporting the floors, roof, and exterior treatment. The spaces are filled with a lighter material or the entire structure is protected by an external cladding or curtain-wall, fixed inside or outside the frame. See also skyscraper.

skeletal structural system

synthetism-synthesizing his observation of the subject in nature along with his feelings about the subject. The way he expresses his feeling is thorugh abstracted line, shape, color, space. - Gauguin

synthetism

during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, tonal painting, in which an entire composition is treated in broad areas of light and dark, largely replaced the bright and even hues, the regular modeling and overall clarity favored by artists of the early renaissance.

tonal painting (begins with Leonardo)

triptych: an alterpiece of three panels usually hinged so that the outer wings or shutters cover the larger central panel when closed. Polyptych: an altharpiece with more than three pannels

triptych/polyptych

a still-life painting of a 17th-century Dutch genre containing symbols of death or change as a reminder of their inevitability.

vanitas

a print made from a design raised in relief on a wooden block. all parts of the design which are not to be printed are cut awa with knives and gouges, therefore it is a negaitve or subractive process which does not directl register the lines made by the hand of hte artist as in engraving and etching.

woodcut

Doric: no base. sturdy and severe. frieze with triglyphs and meopes. Ionic: has a base. more slender. volutes of its capitals are distinguishable. three part architrave. Corinthian: has a base. most ornate and slender. capitals decorated with acanthus leaves.

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders

The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of the monarchy (at this point King Louis XVI), and the aristocracy. Enlightenment thinkers condemned Rococo art for being immoral and indecent, and called for a new kind of art that would be moral instead of immoral, and teach people right and wrong.

Enlightenment

1. reject museum and gallery culture (based on capitalit concerns) 2. cosmic symbolism 3. forms/projects bring attention/return to nature 4. often temporal (limited or finite existence) or changes over time

Environmental art and site specific sculpture

1. simplified shapes, "crude" outlines (belief that these more expressive) 2. influence of folk art 3. reject modern and reconnect with nature 4. invest personal feeling, mood, expression in color/forms 5. die Brucke 6. the bridge to the future 7. abstract forms and colors to reveal spirit and emotion 8. return to origins 9. der blau Reiter 10. references to Moscow's city emblem of st. George and book of revelations 11. pure spiritual expression in nature rather than human 12. color blue recognized as a masculine aspect of spirituality

Expressionism

1. term coined by critic, Louis vauxcelles at the salon d'automne, meaning "wild beast" 2. resurgence of color tradition --impulsive brushwork 3. bright vivid colors, vigorous patterns, forms, built purely from color 4. juxtaposition of colors to create energy and emotion (use of non natural colors) 5. tension of 3d illusion and 2d surface

Fauvism

1. Goal of increasing recognition for women artists of past and present 2. brings focus to gender inequalities in art and life 3. investigate social dynamics of power and privilege

Femenist Art

prosperous middle class embraced decadence and indulgence or the good life, formerly only accessible to the aristocracy: 1. preoccupation with sexual drives, powers, and perversions 2. offers escape from drab world (anxieties of political upheavals and the unknown future) 3. forms derived from nature (but rejecting academic naturalism) 4. tension between decorative and naturalizing elements 5. exploration of the unconscious (freud was part of movement) 6. explore male/female roles

Fin-de-siecle

1. Classicizing (use of classical vocabulary and classical principles of balance, symmetry, and reason 2. restrained movement (pavilions in architecture) 3. ornate interiors 4. ceremonial pomp (associated with monarchy) 5. geometry (order, classicism, rationality) immense size (impressive grandeur)

French Baroque Architecture

1. naturalizing beauty through the realistic recording of real world and daily life 2.artists painted only what they could see (show me an angel and i'll paint one) 3. elevate the ordinary 4. lithography 5. reportage - "eye-witness" perspectives 6. skillfully composed to suggest that artists record only what they see 7. subject matter often contains conflicts between different classes, usually rebelling against political oppression 8. portrayal of social injustices

French Realism

The Academy was founded in 1648, by King Louis XIV[1] modelled on Italian examples, such as the Accademia di San Luca in Rome. Paris already had the Académie de Saint-Luc, which was a city artist guild like any other Guild of Saint Luke. The purpose of this academy was to professionalize the artists working for the French court and give them a stamp of approval that artists of the St. Luke's guild did not have.

French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, 1648

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment.

J.J. Rousseau / Denis Diderot

He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez,

King Philip IV

commissioned last supper. patron of Leonard. Ludovico Sforza was the Duke of Milan (1494-1499). Leonardo wrote him a letter inquiring about "employement" and how he was an excellent engineer especially as it pertained designing weaponry for warfare. He barely mentions that he was also a skilled sculptor, architect, and painter. Sforza commissioned Leonardo to paint The Last Supper, 1498, on refectory wall (dining room) of the Santa Maria della Grazia convent.

Ludovico Sforza

orthogonal lines connect foreground things to vanishing point. transv ersal lines go across orthoganals, creating a grid. create illusion of thre e dimensional on a two dimensional surface. typical of artists in florence and rome, very measured approach to suggesting depth.

Linear perspective (vanishing point/orthogonal/transversal)

1. subversion of high renaissance style and subject matter 2. rejection of unified spatial recession (eliminates middle ground) 3. rejection of chiaroscuro 4. ambiguity (spatial and subject matter or interpretation)

Manet's realism

1. raises debate of photography as art (despite mechanical basis) 2. traditional still lives 3. traditional symbolic images 4. suggests more than what is present 5. industrial revolution

Mid to Late 19th Century Photography

1. rejection of rococo style 2. clear legible gestures 3. didactic subjects 4. return to antiquity 5. disegno: formal clarity, stability, and balance 6. art as propaganda (values/morals, government and empire) 7. moral melodramas (greuze) 8. smooth enamel-like surface 9. stripped down architecture and forms 10. grand manner and heroic themes (david)

Neoclassicism

1.rejection of (or reaction against) rococo style and social morals 2. clear, legible gestues (no ambiguity) 3. didactic subjects 4. return to antiquity (stylistically and in terms of subject matter) 5. disegno: formal clarity, stablility and balance 6. art as propaganda (values/morals, government and empire) 7. moral melodramas (greuze) 8. smooth enamel-like surface (rejection of rococo sensuality/texture and visible brushwork) 9. stripped down architecture and forms (like ornamentation) 10. "grand manner" heroic themes of david

Neoclassicism

1. like enviornmental art these post war artforms redefine and expand the definition of art 2. the new art forms reflect avant-garde artists' continued questioning o the status quo 3. performance art challenges traditional notions of a static work of art in multiple ways, including the use of the body, informality, and spontineity 4. often there is no record except through photographs or film - thwarts the notion of at as commodity. 5. conceptual art works with an idea st hepurest form of art (platonic) -art lies in ideas -de-emphaiszes art objects

Performance and conceptual art

comes to power and wants rome to rival the glory and grandeiur of ancient rome. Raphael commissioned, michaelangeo and architects, all to rebuild a new more glorious st. peters

Pope Julius II

comes to power and wants rome to rival the glory and grandeur of ancient rome. Raphael commissioned, michaelangelo, and architects, all to rebuild a new more glorious st peter's

Pope Julius II

a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.

Reformation

1. groups a variety of styles, but many share the use of rectilinear forms and intersecting planes, emphasis on form and two-dimensionality of canvas or the multiple perspectives of space and time if sculpture (boccioni) 2. energy of industry (like futurism and fascination with speed, power, locomotion) 3. promote masculinity 4. focus on present (eliminating libraries and museums) 5. elimination of outside world

Responses to Cubism

1.New patrons (aristocrats instead of monarchy) 2. texture (colorito); painterly, rough surfaces 3. asymmetric (shell-rocaille) 4. sinuous, curving lines (arabesque) 5. diminutive, feminine, delicacy 6. decorative 7. frivolity 8. female nudes, sensuality 9. themes focused on love, pleasure 10. pastel colors 11. nature may be wild, but not threatening

Rococo

Rocaille, in Western architecture and decorative arts, 18th-century ornamentation featuring elaborately stylized shell-like, rocklike, and scroll motifs characterized by an elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe, with asymmetrical patterns involving motifs and scrollwork.

Rococo/Rocaille/Shell

1. neo-baroque techniques: intense color, intense drama, dramatic light, dynamic motion 2. dramatic historical scenes and contemporary scenes 3. images of heroism, suffering, the exotic 4. nature as vast, powerful, awe-inspiring 5. aesthetic of the sublime: fascination with awe- inspiring beauty, moral or intellectual expression 6. images of fear, cruelty, insanity 7. wild passionate and less orderly (more abstract) 8. arousal of the passions, irrational attraction to fear, pain, suffering, death 9. emotional 10. suggestive of inner psychology 11.exotic influences (begun in neoclassicism), odalisque, arabesque 12. nostalgic (yearning for a bucolic virgin past) religious reverence for nature 13. colorito (adds emotion and passion) 14. social commentaries 15. reportage

Romanticism

ruben was in Italy for a while and inspired by it. Prolific. 650 paintings from his studio. Queen of france asks to paint for her. Spain and England call him to help make peace treaties, seen as a diplomat. He could multitask. Takes inspiration from everywhere he visited.

Rubens' journey to Italy: 1600-1608

The Salon des Refusés, French for "exhibition of rejects", is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863

Salon des Refuses

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

Sfumato

any of several prophetesses usually accepted as 10 in number and credited to widely separate parts of the ancient world (such as Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and Italy) 2 a : prophetess. b : fortune-teller. —

Sibyl

1). Art history-principles of composition, canons of proportion 2). Science: laws of color, line 3). Religion and mythology-subjects conveying universal meaning 4). The "primitive" as universal man

Sources of a "modern" universal art

1. Dark Tenebrism 2. Mid-action figures and subjects 3. pictorial and spatial illusionism 4. nobility of painting (velazquez) elevation of the artist as an act of intellectual endeavor 5. genre figure-types (not idealized) 6. genre subjects 7. intense religious experience of counter reformation spain look towards martyrs as models for the faithful of how to live the faith. optical realism-like photographs. natural.

Spanish Baroque Painting

1. sought to be more accessible to the public (like pop artists) 2. scrupulous fidelity to optical fact 3. used photograhy as a source for imagery

Superrealism (Photorealism)

1. Emerges in post war Europe 2. free association--influence of freud and dream theory 3. emphasis placed on chance, or an alternate reality 4. disparate juxtoposition of objects 5. uses techniques of automatism to tap into subconscious or to sever techniques of art making from conscious thought

Surrealism

1. an international movement in 19th-century art and literature 2. transform the appearances of forms to convey psychic experience (often the work of symbolists is compared to dreams) 3. oppose the values of rationalism and material progress that dominate modern western culture and explore the nonmaterial realms of emotion, imagination, and spirituality 4. sought a deeper and more mysterious reality than the one we encounter in everyday life: convey this reality not through traditional iconography but through ambiguous subject matter and formal stylization suggestive of hidden and elusive meanings

Symbolism

1. suggest feelings 2. bringing together of new-found objects 3. return of color 4. negative space plays a structural role 5. combines simpler objects like a chemical synthesis

Synthetic Cubism

An example or model of virtue worthy of imitation; a paragon.

exemplum virtutis