Final Exam Bio 210

10) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2, 8, 8 2, 8 2 2, 8, 1

2,8,1

5) Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. Atoms 3. Tissues 4. Cells 5. organs 1-2-3-4-5 2-1-4-3-5 2-1-3-4-5 1-2-4-3-5

2-1-4-3-5

50) the recommended daily intakes (RDI) of calcium for adult men and women (19-64, premenopausal) are ...... 800 and 1000 mg respectively 8 and 10 mg respectively 80 and 100 mg respectively 8000 and 10,000 mg respectively There are no RDI's for calcium

800 and 1000 mg respectively

17) The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. primarily uric acid 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins metabolic wastes and toxins oils and waxes

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

18) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae

A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

13) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? 37 protons and 37 neutrons 37 electrons 74 protons 37 protons and 37 electrons 74 neutrons

74 protons

11) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? H2O NaCl NaOH CH4

CH4

51) Exercise has many benefits to our bodies. Which type has the greatest benefit at increasing bone density? Golf using a golf cart Swimming and water aerobics Walking, hiking, or running Rowing machine Video games

Walking, hiking, or running

20) Which type of cell junction acts as anchors and distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress? gap junctions desmosomes connexons tight junctions

desmosomes

13) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? stereocilia microvilli primary cilia flagella caniculi

microvilli

7) The basic structural material of the body consists of ________. Carbohydrates Lipids. Proteins. Nucleic acids.

proteins

31) In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential _______________. cells are more permeable to Na+ compared to K+. the steady state involves only passive diffusion processes. ATP must be expended to maintain high intracellular K+ vs. high extracellular Na+ concentrations. the inside of the cell is generally more positive in terms of electrical charge vs the outside of the cell.

ATP must be expended to maintain high intracellular K+ vs. high extracellular Na+ concentrations

3) the sliding filament model of contraction involves ____. Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping The shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past Actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other The Z discs sliding over the myofilaments Electricity lighting up the filaments

Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

47) Despite it's apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn? An episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles Appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis Dermal blood vessels rupture and blood hemorrhages, causing permanent "black-and-blue marks." Stretching causes tension lines to disappear Darkening of the skin

Appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching off the dermis

2) in an isotonic contraction, the muscle ____. Changes in length and moves the "load" Does not change in length but increases tension Never converts pyruvate to lactate Rapidly resynthezises creatine phosphate and ATP undergoes a contracture

Changes in length and moves "load"

45) The dermis USB's a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of Thebes following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? Goblet cells, parietal cell, and chondrocytes Monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

53) what is the most important stimulant of epiphseal plate activity and thereby, long bone growth, during infancy and childhood? Parathyroid hormone Calcium Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Insulin

Growth hormone

49) Calcuim is vital to bone health, most importantly, because it..... is a component of the calcium phosphate salts of hydroxyapatite Neutralizes bone acidity Is necessary for muscle contraction Binds to vitamin d Is necessary for neurotransmitter release

Is component of the calcium phosphate salts of hydroxyapatite

52) the hyoid bone USB's unique because it ____. Is the only bone if the body that does not articulate with any other bone Is composed of three bones joined together Is the only bone formed by the fusion of right and left halves Is the only irregular bone found in the neck I slept composed of a special kind of bone matrix called hyoid

Is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone

1) during vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ____. A strong base Stearic acid Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Carbon dioxide

Lactic acid

39) Which of the following cutaneous receptors are specialized for touch or light pressure? Meissner's corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles free nerve endings Krause's end bulbs arrector pili

Meissners corpuscles

55) the functional unit of compact bone is the______ Osteon Neuron Sarcomere Nephron Alveolus

Osteon

46) Which layer of the dermis constitutes 80% of its thickness and is responsible for tension lines in skin? Reticular layer Subcutaneous layer Hypodermic later Papillary layer

Reticular layer

54) the resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following? The high content of mineral salts in the bone The presence of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules, oriented in various directions in compact bone Bone remodeling Bone resortion Haversian canals

Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules, oriented in various directions in compact bone

48) What makeshift up the axial skeleton? The skull, vertebral column, and pelvis Arms, legs, hands, and fertile The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage Shoulder and pelvic girdle The entire skeleton

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

23) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? TGCAA ACGTT UGCAA GUACC

UGCAA

28) The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________. a group of eight short bones united by ligaments the phalanges the styloid processes of the radius and ulna the metacarpals the os coxae

a group of eight short bones united by ligaments

3) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. the lowest possible energy usage a relatively stable internal environment, within limits a static state with no deviation from preset points a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

28) A gene can best be defined as ________. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

9) In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? immovable joints are called amphiarthroses all synovial joints are freely movable synarthrotic joints are slightly movable in cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present bone to bone connections are called aponeuroses

all synovial joints are freely movable

38) A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured? granulosum basale lucidum spinosum corneum

basale

7) Connective tissue cells that produce/build extracellular matrix are called _______________. blasts cytes clasts bone lining cells stem cells

blasts

8) Connective tissue sacs, lined with synovial membranes, that cushion where friction develops, are called _______. menisci. bursae ligaments tendons articular cartilages

bursae

19) How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? by measuring urinary output and fluid intake by observing the tissues that are usually moist through blood analysis by using the "Rule of Nines" ABCDE method

by using the "Rule of Nines"

12) The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

9) Cells with the following characteristics: cylindrical in shape, a single nucleus, are often branched and are connected by intercalated disk, would only be found in which tissue? bone cardiac muscle spinal nerves smooth muscle skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

8) A type of connective tissue with collagen fibers, proteoglycans and chondrocytes is ____________. adipose tissue blood cartilage dense irregular connective tissue connective tissue does not have chondrocytes

cartilage

20) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? infection catastrophic fluid loss unbearable pain loss of immune function scarring due to fibrosis

catastrophic fluid loss

2) The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. elastic collagen reticular muscle keratin

collagen

25) Mitochondria ________. are always the same shape are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

25) Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________. no transverse processes costal facets transverse foramina no intervertebral discs a dens

costal facets

26) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? 2nd messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. 2nd messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. 2nd messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers

10) A tissue with matrix composed almost entirely of collagen fibers, that can be oriented all in one direction or many different directions, and are able to withstand strong pulling forces in the direction of fiber orientation are best described as which tissue? hyaline cartilage loose connective tissue dense regular or irregular connective tissue bone there is no tissue like that described composing any tissue in the body

dense regular or irregular connective tissue

12) Which of the following cell to cell connections attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane? gap junctions hemidesmosomes desmosomes tight junctions Sharpey's fibers

desmosomes

16) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are classified into two distinct types: _____________. sebaceous and merocrine mammary and ceruminous eccrine and apocrine holocrine and mammary endocrine and paracrine

eccrine and apocrine

3) Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ layer is intact and healthy. endothelium mesothelium transitional epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

endothelium

33) The pelvic girdle, or os coxae, does not include the ________. femur ilium ischium pubis

femur

34) Which of the following bones is not weight bearing? femur tibia fibula talus calcaneus

fibula

40) Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for pain? Pacinian corpuscle tactile corpuscle Ruffini body free nerve ending baroreceptors

free nerve ending

5) What are the three main components of connective tissue in their respective order of composition? ground substance, fibers, and cells alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts vesicles, vacuoles and inclusions

ground substance, fibers, and cells

31) Which bone is a long bone and contains areas of diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone? parietal bone talus humerus cervical vertebra patella

humerus

32) The articulation that most closely resembles a hinge in the body involves which bones? humerus-ulna humerus-radius femur-tibia femur-fibula atlas - occipital bone

humerus-ulna

14) Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Amino acid

hydrogen

32) DNA replication that occurs before mitosis and cytokinesis occurs _______________. during prophase after the G2 checkpoint in S phase of interphase spontaneously as mitosis proceeds only sporadically during cell division processes

in S phase of interphase

18) Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, are found in which locations in the human body? in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis beneath the flexure lines in the body in the axillary and anogenital area in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet within the walls of blood vessels

in the axillary and anogenital area

33) Within the majority of cells in the body, DNA is found _____________. in the endomembrane system in peroxisomes in the nucleus and mitochondria in the nucleus only

in the nucleus and mitochondria

4) The first step in all tissue repair involves ________. replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inflammation formation of scar tissue bone remodeling

inflammation

44) Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? lamellar granules in stratum granulosum cells, and a thick stratum corneum composed of dead keratinized cells size and shape of cells in the stratum spinosum, as well as thick bundles of intermediate filaments. dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. fat associated with skin prevents water loss.

lamellar granules in stratum granulosum cells, and a thick stratum corneum composed of dead keratinized cells

1) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ________. lines most of the respiratory tract aids in digestion possesses no goblet cells is not an epithelial classification composes nearly all of the skin

lines most of the respiratory tract

5) Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers? a sprint by an Olympic runner long distance running playing baseball or basketball gym climbing high intensity workout such as Insanity

long distance running

43) The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? cells found in the stratum spinosum macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile tactile cells fibrocytes

macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)

36) Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. all skin carcinomas arise from the same specific cell layer or type

melanomas are rare but most be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

19) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? stereocilia microvilli primary cilia flagella

microvilli

22) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? circulating antibody molecular transport through the membrane forms a lipid bilayer oxygen transport

molecular transport through the membrane

24) Passive membrane transport processes include ________. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration consumption of ATP the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

6) If a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, ________. cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin no muscle tension could be generated maximum force production would result because the muscle has a maximum range of travel ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is "trying" to contract it would undergo fused tetany

no muscle tension could be generated

1) A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. complex tissue organ system organ complex cell

organ

27) The functions of centrioles include ________. organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis producing ATP

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

14) What tissue has lacunae, osteocytes, a high amount of calcium and phosphate salts, nerves and blood vessels? cartilage tissue fibrocartilaginous tissue osseous tissue areolar tissue muscular tissue

osseous tissue

37) The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________ race genetics environmental pollutants overexposure to UV radiation diet and nutrition

overexposure to UV radiation

22) Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? calcitonin thyroxine parathyroid hormone estrogen testosterone

parathyroid hormone

21) The outer covering of mature bone, made from fibrous connective tissue, is called the ________________. endosteum periosteum perichondrium epimysium no such layer

periosteum

11) Inflammation of the serous membranes associated with abdominopelvic cavity is termed _______. peritonitis pericarditis periodontal disease pleurisy atrophic rhinitis

peritonitis

35) Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum? perpendicular plate crista galli cribriform plate orbital plate sella turchica

perpendicular plate

15) Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? exocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis intracellular vesicular trafficking

phagocytosis

30) Which of the following is a principle of the Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membrane structure? the lipid bilayer is solid at room temperature, thereby protecting the cell. phosholipids are composed of a polar head and a non-polar tail of 3 or more fatty acid chains. all proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in the fluid layer on the outside of the cell. phospholipids form the bilayer that presents a hydrophobic barrier impermeable to H2O-soluble molecules.

phospholipids form the bilayer that presents a hydrophobic barrier impermeable to H2O- soluble molecules

7) Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. attach tendons. produce red blood cells (hematopoiesis) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints form the synovial membrane permit bone on bone contact

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

26) What is the major function of the axial skeleton? give the body resilience provide an attachment point for muscles that allow movement provide central support for the body and protect vital organs movement of the digits circumduction of the lower limbs

provide central support for the body and protect vital organs

24) Which of the following phrases best describes the function of the vertebral curves? provide resilience, flexibility and increased strength accommodate muscle attachment improve cervical center of gravity accommodate the weight of the pelvic girdle support the weight of the lower limbs

provide resilience, flexibility, and increased strength

27) The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones? radius and ulna humerus and clavicle scapula and clavicle humerus and radius humerus and ulna

radius and ulna

6) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? frontal regional sagittal transverse

sagital

10) Menisci are _________________? cavities lined with cartilage small sacs containing synovial fluid semilunar cartilage pads tendon sheaths intervertebral discs

semilunar cartilage pads

8) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules sequence of the nucleotides three-dimensional structure of the double helix arrangement of the histones

sequence of the nucleotides

35) Cells with the following characteristics: cylindrical in shape, a single nucleus, are often branched and are connected by intercalated disk, would only be found in which tissue? bone cardiac muscle spinal nerves smooth muscle skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

42) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum spinosum

stratum basale

34) Which of these cells are labile cells, that is, continue to divide throughout their entire lifespan? gametes neurons cardiac muscle cells skeletal muscle cells stratum basale cells in the epidermis

stratum basale cells in the epidermis

17) The RNA responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosomes for protein formation is_______. rRNA mRNA tRNA ssRNA mtRNA

tRNA

4) What is the primary function, and thereby the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue? the design of the fibers the ability to respond to nervous stimulation the diversity of activity of muscle tissue the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy absorption and assimilation of nutrients

the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy

21) If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution with a solute impermeable to the cell membrane, what could happen? the cells will swell and ultimately burst. the cells will lose water and shrink. the cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. the cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.

the cells will lose water and shrink

9) A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________. the release of energy the consumption of energy a synthesis forming a larger molecule

the release of energy

15) Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? the skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. the skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. it is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin. bright red, flushed appearing skin in blotches

the skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

16) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. the smooth ER the rough ER both smooth and rough ER the cytoplasm

the smooth ER

23) Wolff's law states that ________. vertical growth of bones is dependent on age the thickness and shape of a bone is dependent on stresses placed upon it the function of bone is dependent on shape the diameter of a bone is dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts osteoblasts, like wolves, run in packs

the thickness and shape of a bone is dependent on stresses placed upon it

30) Which of the following is true about paranasal sinuses? they open into the oral cavity. they enhance the resonance of the voice and lighten the skull. they contain passages acting as one-way valves. they are found in maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones. they allow intervertebral articulation

they enhance the resonance of the voice and lighten the skull

6) Epithelial cells that stretch from a cuboidal shape/columnar shape to a squamous shape are classified as? stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium * transitional epithelium stratified columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium

4) Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. visceral pericardium covers the heart's outer surface, and parietal pericardium lines the heart's internal walls. serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid.

visceral pericardium covers the hearts outer surface, and parietal pericardium lines the hearts internal walls

2) ________ is the most abundant chemical substance in the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight. oxygen protein water hydrogen

water

29) Which of the following is true regarding the generation of resting membrane potential (RMP)? When the Na/K pump is activated 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out. Both K+ and Na+ can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion. Maintenance of the RMP is exclusively based on ion diffusion across the membrane. In the polarized state, K+ and Na+ concentrations are in static equilibrium.

when the Na/K pump is activated 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out

41) Vernix caseosa is a ________. substance contributing to acne during adolescence whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands to protect fetal skin coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men a sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns a parasitic infection of the skin

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands to protect fetal skin

29) Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek? zygomatic bone temporal bone sphenoid bone palatine bone occipital bone

zygomatic bone