Final Exam - Chapter 19-26

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

Cervical lymph nodes

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

The most prevalent antibody in blood and lymph is

IgG

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related?

Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which type of cell responds to multiple antigens?

Natural killer cell

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?

Systemic circuit

Tendons and ligaments have

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive. b: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized. c: Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. d: Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell. e: Cardiac muscle has more well-defined terminal cisternae.

a, c, d

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH.

an increase

In an ECG, the P wave is generated when the

atria depolarize

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

c, a, e, b, d, f

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the partial pressure of

carbon dioxide rises.

Chemotaxis is the process by which

cells migrate along chemical gradients.

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is

chloride

If a physiologic condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called

compensation.

Precapillary sphincters will

control blood flow into the true capillaries. cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. open when the tissue needs nutrients. close when the tissue's needs have been met.

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by _______ activity of the Na+/K+ pumps.

decrease; stimulating

Feelings of thirstiness are brought on by

decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to

dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

directly, indirectly

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to

draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

During ventricular contraction, the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart.

false

Edema is an example of

fluid sequestration

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled.

Atrial contraction occurs just before

isovolumic contraction

When blood oxygen is _____, erythropoietin is released, which ______ production of erythrocytes.

low; stimulates

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to

lubricate membranes of the pericardium.

When bicarbonate levels fall due to an accumulation of fixed acids in the body, the result is

metabolic acidosis.

Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as

metabolic alkalosis.

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in

metabolic water intake.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located

near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophils

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

passive immunity.

Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake?

preformed

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to

reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.

The most common type of acid-base imbalance is

respiratory acidosis.

When pH decreases, the kidney responds by

secreting H+

The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively

slow (takes hours to days) but powerful.

The renal threshold of a substance refers to

the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

thymus gland

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.

true

It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole.

true

Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

true

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart.

true

Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.

true

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that

two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

High levels of ADH cause

vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

ventricular repolarization

The term "epicardium" is another name for the

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Renal failure would likely lead to

volume excess

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?

Renal medulla

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b , e

Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium

a, b, c

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane

a, d , f

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a, d, e

Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to

dehydration.

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

efferent arteriole.

In the process of urine formation, first

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increased levels of

fixed acid.

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

Fixed acid is regulated by the _____ through the absorption and elimination of _____.

kidney; bicarbonate and H+

Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the

kidneys

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles.

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal.

Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a _________ percentage of body fluid.

low

Renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to

low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Inflammation is a(n)

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.

true

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

Interstitial fluid composes about ________ of the body's extracellular fluid.

2/3

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as

CD4+ cells

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Contraction of the right ventricle

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

Eosinophils

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Numbness

The most abundant cation within cells is

Potassium

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

Sodium

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid

are completely reabsorbed.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

blood pressure

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle

detrusor

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hematopoiesis

The thirst center of the brain is located in the

hypothalamus

The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in

immunity and fluid balance.

IgA is primarily found

in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm.