Final Exam Cog Pysch Part 2

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

A component

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?

Analytical

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

Divergent

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Medial Thalamus

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The frontal and temporal lobes

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed

ambiguity

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; canary

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

casual

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

semantics

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

synapse activity

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree; oak

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved.

when semantics

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor