Final Exam- Infant Development
Handedness/: a consistent preference for using one hand or the other in activities such as self -feeding typically is evident by...
12 months of age
According to a recent national survey of parents, listening to music is part of a typical day for approximately ____percent of children younger than 2 yrs.
80%
Although some parents may not like it, research has documented positive effects of____ on young children's language development
Barney and Friends
4 month old Andrew is participating in a study of his response to a variety of novel stimuli. When his mother brings him to the Laboratory, he is presented with mobiles, novel toys, the sound of an unfamiliar woman's voice, and a strong-smelling substance. According to the researchers, he is a "high reactive" infant. When Andrew returns for the next phases of the longitudinal study at 14 and 21 months and is presented with a person wearing a gas mask, a blood pressure cuff, and other unusual situations, he will most likely..
CHECK THIS ONE be classified as "high reactive" again
The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI)
Combines parent reports and checklists with a representative language sample
In one ingenious study of _____ perception, researchers first gave 1-month-old infants a bumpy pacifier to feel in their mouth and only later allowed them to look at that pacifier-after they had placed it next to a smooth pacifier that they had not explored orally.
Cross-modal
Interactive toys have elicited concern from some child development experts because..
DOUBLE CHECK they give children whose parents can afford to buy them an unfair advantage over other children by boosting their cognitive development
All of the following statements about pregnancy, parenthood, and employment in the U.S. are correct except.. - before 1978, it was legal to fire women who were pregnant - paid leave has recently been expanded to cover both mothers and fathers for a period of up to one year - the most uniform employment-related leave policy is the Family and Medical Leave Act - nearly 60% of all women with children younger than 3 yrs old participate in the paid labor force
DOUBLE CHECK paid leave has recently been expanded to cover both mothers and fathers for a period of up to one year
Studies of morpheme acquisition have shown all of the following except... morphemes that are acquired first are phonologically easier than morphemes that are acquired later, the order in which morphemes are acquired is a function of how semantically and grammatically complex they are, the frequency with which morphemes are used in adult speech does not predict the ease with which children acquire those morphemes, children acquire morphemes such as -s 's and ed in essentially the same order, although the rate of acquisition may vary
DOUBLE CHECK THIS ONE The frequency with which morphemes are used in adult speech does not predict the ease with which children acquire those morphemes or morphemes that are acquired first are phonologically easier than morphemes acquired later
Studies of infants' music perception abilities indicate all but what? - most studies have focused on 6-12 month olds - changes in pitch or tempo do not interfere with infants' ability to recognize a previously heard melody - by 6 months of age, infants can remember new melodies for at least a few weeks - fetuses are unable to hear music while in utero due to the muffling effects of the amniotic fluid surrounding.
Fetuses are unable to hear music while in utero due to the muffling effects of the amniotic fluid surrounding them.
When infants grasp objects between finger and thumb they are demonstrating
Fine motor skills
Which of the following modalities allows infants to learn about the properties of objects by their touch: vestibular, visual, haptic, proprioceptive
Haptic
All of the following are evidence that 2 yr old Simon has begun to develop a conscience except... - he is aware of the rules in his child-care setting and states them when other children misbehave - he makes little effort to fix a toy after he has broken it - he shows emotional distress when he is told that he has violated a rule about sharing toys in his child-care setting - he tries to clean up juice after he spills it
He makes little effort to fix a toy after he has broken it
Newborns prefer looking at: animal faces, human faces with open eyes that are focused on them, their own reflection in a mirror, abstract patterns that resemble human faces
Human faces with open eyes that are focused on them
In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except.. - high reactive infants show extreme degrees of motor activity and negative emotions, whereas low reactive infants showed low levels of motor activity and rarely became emotionally upset - two groups of children have been identified- inhibited to novelty and uninhibited to novelty - there is little continuity between infants' responses at 4 months and their responses when tested repeatedly up to the age of 13 - initial predispositions may be altered by subsequent experience, including parent's efforts to help inhibited children learn to feel more comfortable in novel situations
I DONT KNOW
Studies of cross-cultural differences in parents' management of infants' and toddlers' sleep have found all of the following except... - Dutch parents are more concerned with providing their newborns with rest and regularity, whereas US parents focus on providing stimulating interaction - in cultures that value interpersonal relatedness, parents reinforce this socialization goal through close physical contact with infants and toddlers - in the US, non-Hispanic white parents are more likely to report co-sleeping than are African American parents - Italian and Japanese parents are sympathetic to their young children's sleep problems and are more likely to report co=sleeping than are non-Hispanic white parents in the US
In the U.S. non-Hispanic white parents are mroe likely to report co-sleeping than are African-American parents
Cognitive science studies of infants' attention have shown that...
Individual differences in duration of looking time during habituation tend to be stable over time
If infants look longer at a video display that shows another infant's legs moving than at another video display that shows their own legs moving, researchers studying intermodal perception have concluded that...
Infants younger than 8 months are sensitive to the absence of a contingency between the feeling of their own legs' movements and the image of the other infant's legs moving
Sophia, mother of 1 yr old Peter, has heard about the Mozart effects and decides to find out more about it before she invests in buying CDs of all of Mozart's works. Based on research what does she discover?
It is not clear whether music instruction affects certain cognitive abilities because music has unique experiential properties or whether music instruction supports the development of cognitive abilities such as attention, concentration, and memorization. Musical training appears to boost performance on spatial-temporal tasks. The Mozart effect only lasts for about 10 minutes, the effects found with college students does not apply to preschoolers
The depth cue that infants are able to use at the earliest age ______ information
Kinematic
Which of the following is supported by studies of father-infant caregiving and interaction? - fathers often become more involved during the toddler period, after children begin to walk and talk - fathers tend to be more involved caring for infants when mothers idealize their own family of origin - fathers tend to be less engaged in child care tasks when both parents are employed outside of the home - fathers and mothers tend to engage in equal amounts of physical play with young children
fathers become more involved during the toddler period, after children begin to walk and talk
The approach to studying emotions that emphasizes the purposes and roles of emotions in the ongoing transactions between individuals is called the...
functionalist view
When infants and toddlers achieve control over balance and posture that enables them to perform actions such as sitting upright, crawling, and taking their first independent steps, they are using_____ motor skills
gross
Odors that infants find pleasant and familiar
have a soothing effect on their behavioral states
Whereas Piaget viewed cognitive development as the result of the child's own exploratory actions, Vygotsky believed that cognitive abilities develop...
in sociocultural contexts and through social interaction
A study comparing cultures that use proximal, distal, and intermediate styles of caregiving found that..
infants in the culture with the proximal caregiving style developed self-recognition later than infants in the other cultures
18 month old Raoul is on the autism spectrum; like many young children on the spectrum, he has more difficulty with ____ than with ___
initiating joint attention (IJA); responsive joint attention (RJA)
All of the following tend to occur after children show objective self-recognition except.. - commenting on their own emotions and internal states - referring to themselves as specific individuals - insisting on having others help them more with everyday tasks such as getting dressed - using personal pronouns such as me and mine
insisting on having others help them more with everyday tasks such as getting dressed
When it comes to evaluating the developmental effect of high-tech toys
insufficient objective research has ben conducted
5 month old Danielle is participating in a laboratory study in which her leg is tethered to an overhead mobile with a ribbon. To Danielle's delight, when she kicks her legs, the mobile moves. One week later, Danielle returns to the same laboratory setting, but the researchers do not attach a ribbon from her leg to the mobile. If Danielle remembers her previous visit to the lab, she will most likely...
kick her legs, because doing so the last time made the mobile move
Megan's parents hoped that she would learn to walk at an early age, so they gave her lots of time in an infant walker. According to studies of locomotor development, the most likely result will be that Megan will...
learn to walk later than infants who spend little or no time in an infant walker
Which approach would probably be most successful with a group of 2 yr olds when it comes to musical instruments?
making a set of percussion instruments available- drums, rhythm sticks, tambourines, and maracas
Studies of early institutionalization and social deprivation have found that...
many adoptees from orphanages show indiscriminate friendliness- behavior that is adaptive in institutional settings but creates parenting stress in adoptive family settings
The fact that infants are capable of lifting their heads while on their stomachs before they are capable of grasping a Cheerio between their forefingers and thumbs is an example of..
mass-to-specific motor development, cephalo-caudal motor development, and proximal-distal motor development
To track children's grammatical development, language researchers use a measure based on the number of morphemes in childrens' speech. This measure is known as the...
mean length of utterance (MLU)
According to a recent national survey of parents and very young children
more than 40% of children younger than age two watch television every day
Studies using the rouge test have shown that...
most children touch the spot of rouge on their nose by about 18 months
Which of the following statements about TV and very young children is inaccurate? - children who watch tv programs with prosocial themes tend to have better academic outcomes in adolescence - children often watch tv while engaging in other activities - most studies of tv's effects have used random assignment rather than quasi-experimental designs - children who watch more hrs of entertainment tv tend to spend less time reading than children who watch more educational/informative programs
most studies of tv's effects have used random assignment rather than quasi-experimental designs
The research of Andrew Meltzoff demonstrated that...
newborns are capable of rudimentary imitation
When infants looks at images on television screen, they...
perceive and respond to on-screen displays of emotion by the age of 12 months
The A-not-B error refers to infants'...
persistent searches for an object at a location (A) where it was previously found, despite having observed it being hidden anew at a different location (B)
A sense of despair and sadness so pervasive that it affects new mothers' ability to care for and interact effectively with their infants is termed
postpartum depression
The system of language that corresponds to the practical use of language is
pragmatics
In which order do fine motor skills usually develop
prereaching, smooth reaching, adjusting hands to grasp objects without visual feedback, drawing with objects such as crayons or markers
A sense that muscles are stretching
proprioceptive
According to John Bowlby, behavioral control systems evolved primarily to promote?
proximity and exploration
According to a recent Federal Reserve Bank analysis of the economics of the Perry Preschool Project...
public funding of early interventions saves money in the long run by reducing the need for special education services and welfare support
2 yr old Jeremy is participating in s a suty in which the researcher said that she was looking for a "crug." She then pulled an object out of a paper bag, looked happy, and said, "ah!" Later, when a different researcher asked Jeremy the name of the object, he told her that it was a "crug". This is an example of young children's ability to use...
referential cues
When researchers refer to children's horizontal relationships, what do they have in mind? And what don't they?
relationships with siblings, peers, and friends. Not with parents
Primary emotions are...
relatively easy for most adults to notice and interpret correctly. first emotions, survival value
Which attachment typology is associated predominately with displays of anger ad mixing contact seeking with rejecting contact when offered by the attachment figure?
resistant-C
Out of the following groups, the highest rate of disorganized/disoriented attachment has been found in... - samples in which the child has been physically abused or neglected - samples in which the mother is an adolescent - middle-class samples - lower-income samples
samples in which the child has been physically abused or neglected
All of the following dimensions are included in most definitions of temperament except.. - security of attachment - reactivity - activity level - emotional responsiveness
security of attachment
Longitudinal studies of infant-caregiver attachment....
show that infants who are securely attached receive higher ratings in childhood and adolescence on measures of social skills
Which of the following does not fit Mary Rothbart and john Bates's definition of the term temperament? - behavioral tendencies - situationally influenced - biologically rooted differences -relatively stable across time
situationally influenced
In the phenomenon of____. infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations
social referencing
According to Thelen, the concept that there is not a direct one-to-one correspondence between physical movement and motor-neuron firings but actions are put together from multiple components and possibilities as the action is being created in the moment is called
soft assembly
Egocentric speech
speech that is directed to himself or herself rather than to others.
Recent studies of infants' perception of objects suggests that they are able to use all of the following sources of information except.... movement of objects, still photos of objects taken from a single perspective, self-movement, accretion and deletion of adjacent patterns and textures
still photos of objects taken from a single perspective
Temperamental difficultness had been linked to all of the following except.. poorer cognitive development, stunted physical growth, lower security of attachment, less optimal personality development
stunted physical growth
Which infant sensory modality has been studied the least
taste
Sam had not yet acquired all of the morphemes that are commonly used by speakers of English. As a result, he produces utterances like "mommy sock", "more juice", and "no cookie". These utterances are examples of...
telegraphic speech
Compared with children from higher-income households, children from lower-income families..
tend to have fewer words per hour directed at them
Andrew's mother brings him to a university lab to participate in a study of language acquisition and is surprised that the researchers play recordings of nonsense sentences, comprised of incented words such as boga, giku, kuga, and gapi. Andrew is most likely participating in a study designed to...
test his ability to learn to recognize different kinds of recurring patterns
The cognitive phenomenon for which Piaget's assertions have been replicated and supported by the majority of subsequent studies is
the A-not-B-error
Cognition
the extraction of meaning from perceptual information
All of the following statements about computers and very young children are consistent with the findings of a recent national parent survey except... - the majority of household with children younger than age three own a computer - many very young children first use a computer at home with a parent - the majority of children under age three use computers on a daily basis - the majority of computers in household with children younger than age three are connected to the internet
the majority of children under age 3 use computers on a daily basis
Sensation
the rudimentary transformation of chemical or energy information by sense organs into neurochemical signals
The distance between a child's ability to solve a problem alone and the performance that can be achieved when assisted by a more capable individual is known as...
the zone of proximal developement
Studies of computers in the early childhood classroom have found all of the following except.. - computer technology is neither inherently beneficial or detrimental to children's development - children prefer using the computer with peers rather than alone - educators need to use the same criteria to evaluate software that they would use to select books or other classroom material - there are few computers in early childhood classrooms
there are few computers in early childhood classrooms
All of the following statements about social play are supported by research except... play with peers and siblings appears to be universal and begins at a very early age, mothers are more likely than fathers to use play as an opportunity for teaching infants about words and routines, adult-infant play often consists of singing games with hand and arm movements, or there are few cross-cultural differences in the way that parents play with their infants
there are few cross-cultural differences in the way that parents play with their infants. Some cultures view play as unimportant or appropriate for only child participants.
Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except... - there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant - parents know whether an infant's behavior in a particular setting is typical or not - parental reports and questionnaires are less expensive to use than observational methods - parents have more experience with their infants across a wide range of settings
there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant
If 2 yr old Claire is like other children her age, she most likely
thinks that a ball shown on a tv would roll if the tv were tilted
One recent national survey parents of very young children showed that they
usually believe that television has more positive than negative effects
In a laboratory study, 4 month old Martin watches a ball roll down a track despite the presence of a visible barrier in its path. The procedure being used in this study appears to be...
violation of expectation
20 month old Jessie rejects offers of help at mealtime and insists on serving herself, just like the rest of her family. She behaves the same way in her child-care setting, insisting on putting on and trying to zip up her jacket on her own. Based on this behavior, it is likely that Jessie..
would show self-recognition is the rouge test
All of the following are accurate statements about the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on children's viewing except.. - parents are instructed to add 1 hr of television every year so that the amount of daily television or screen time matches their child's age - it reflects concerns about links between childhood aggression and tv viewing - relatively few parents of children under the age of 3 follow the AAP's recommendations - it is supported by studies showing that infants learn language better from an in-person speaker than they do from a videotaped display of the same person
Parents are instructed to add 1 hr of tv every year so the daily amount matches that of the child
Which approach asserts that learning to play an instrument should resemble learning to speak a first language?
The Suzuki Method
Reasons infants typically have poor vision
The visual cortex is immature at birth, in order to follow a moving object they are only bale to make a series of short jerky eye movements, the distance from the front of the eye to the retina limits the size and clarity of the retinal image. Not because cones do not develop until about 4 months of age
The factor that appears to be most strongly related to infants' and toddlers' ability to judge and adjust their own physical abilities in novel settings is
Their cumulative locomotor experience
Studies employing neurophysiological responses to measure temperament have found all of the following except... - compared to uninhibited children, inhibited children show greater pupillary dilation and larger changes in blood pressure when responding to novel stimuli - inconsistent correlations exist between infants' temperament classification and levels of the stress hormone cortisol - there are few differences between extremely shy and extremely bold children in heart rate reactivity to unfamiliar people and events - high reactive infants appear to be genetically predisposed to have a lower threshold for activation of the sympathetic nervous system
There are few differences between extremely shy and extremely bold children in heart rate and reactivity to unfamiliar people and events
All of the following statements about secondary emotions are accurate except. - they are sometimes called social emotions - they are also known as self-conscious emotions - they require the ability to engage in self-reflective thought - they are expressed primarily through facial expressions rather than body posture
They are expressed primarily through facial expressions rather than body posture
T or F: By 10-12 months infants discriminate between features that belong in their own culture's music and features that do not belong, much as they become specialized at detecting phonemic distinctions that are made in the language spoken around them
True
T or F: Infants perceive the emotional meaning communicated nonverbally when parents speak, much as they perceive the emotional meaning communicated nonverbally when parents sings a lullaby or engage them with a more playful song.
True
T or F: Over the first year of life, infants create internal working models that represent their caregiving experiences
True
T or F: Researchers studying music perception use many of the same procedures as researchers studying language acquisition, including conditioned head turning
True
T or F: from 7 to 24 months infants; increasing mobility offers them new ways to show their preference for a particular caregiver by seeking to be close to him or her when they are distressed or uncertain about a situation
True
T or F: infants are able to use visual information to adjust their posture
True
T or F: infants being to differentiate between their usual caregiver and a stranger between 2 and 7 months of age, showing a preference for their usual caregiver between 6 and 9 months
True
T or F: infants learning to walk on their own fall down frequently because their gait tends to be inconsistent
True
T or F: infants prefer looking at patterns with high contrast
True
T or F: infants visual acuity is approximately 20/20 by 8 months of age
True
T or F: most children can run by the time they are 2 yrs old
True
Tor F: Newborn infants visual acuity is limited to abut 20/400
True
Who said, "Somebody has got to be crazy about that kid"?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Attachment theorists suggest that optimal coordination of the Behavioral Control System occurs when...
a caregiver signals he or she is psychological available to the infant, a child is able to actively explore their environment, and a caregiver is responsive to an infant's signals
A one-word utterance that is used to communicate any of a range of meanings is referred to as...
a holophrase
When Carlos receives a gift of an unusual toy and adjusts his exploratory actions to its characteristics, he is engaging in...
accommodation
Typical order of the development of gross motor skills
achieving head control, rolling over, independent sitting, independent walking
All of the following characteristics are found in the language of children with autism except...; echolalia, or pronoun reversal, pragmatic deficits, unusual patterns of vocal stress or intonation, an atypical order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes
an atypical order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes
Auditory localization, the ability to detect the source of sounds...
appears to undergo a U-shaped developmental change from birth to about 6 months of age
Compared with peer relationships, sibling relationships..
are usually more emotional, in both positive and negative ways. also closer physically, less cooperation and flexibility, and more conflicts
Infants' long-term memory ability increases when parts of the hippocampus mature, typically
around 12 months
Motor milestones are usually included in infant assessments of development
because they typically appear in a predictable order in normally developing infants
In households where tv is used heavily, children are less likely to read and spend time outside. They also begin watching before the age of 1 yr. What has not been found?
behavioral effects are not observed until the age of 5 yrs
Which of the following has been shown to be moderately successful as a predictor of later intelligence? achieving a low score on the Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Sensorimotor Development, getting a high score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, being a "long looker" in a test of habituation, or being a "short looker" in a test of habituation
being a "short looker" in a test of habituation
Which theory of early word learning asserts that infants learn language easily because they are guided by a set of assumptions about the possible meanings of new words?
constraints/principles
Which of the following is not considered a reliable indicator of child care quality? - cost - caregiver-to-child ratio - stimulating and nurturing interactions between children and caregivers - the education of caregivers
cost
When infants look at images on tv screens they cannot
differentiate between images on screen and real-wpr;d entities by 9 months, comprehend the content of "brain enhacing videos and DVDs in teh ways that older adults and children do, or know that on-screen objects cannot be touched or grasped by 6 months of age
Robin and her 5 month old son have developed their own style of interaction, which includes looking at each other often, sharing emotions, and communicating vocally and verbally. Researchers would say that their interactions are characterized by...
dyadic synchrony
According to the_____ theoretical view, the visual system perceives meaningful information directly, without any intermediate steps to interpret it
ecological
Juanita's mother helped her learn how to dress herself by making up a song to accompany the actions involved in putting on a shirt and articles of clothing. Later, wen Juanita gets dressed on her own, she sings this song. According to Vygotsky's theory, this is an example of...
egocentric speech
The phenomenon in which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as..
emotional contagion
What does EAS stand for in Buss and Plomin's temperament theory?
emotionality, activity, sociability
Infant memory is enhanced if...
enabling relations are present
Order in which milestones are achieved when learning to sing
exhibiting vocal contagion, experimenting with repetitive melodic patterns, creating spontaneous songs, imitating excerpts of songs
Which of the following is an example of how contrasting semantic relations might help young children learn new words? an older sibling says, "we want milk and cookies. a researcher says, "where is a Zav?. a teacher says, "I want everyone to wear dugnarees tomorrow.". a parents says, ""bring me the chartreuse scarf, not the blue one".
A parent says, "Bring me the chartreuse scarf, not the blue one."
Researchers using brain imaging techniques to study autism have found evidence for all of the following except.. deficits in theory of mind are the underlying cause of autism, children with autism show a preference for nonspeech signals rather than speech samples-the opposite of the pattern that is usually found in children without autism, brain activity in children without autism changes in response to certain characteristics of speech samples but brain activity in children with autism does not change in response to the same samples, or the brains of children with autism process social stimuli differently than the brains of comparison children without autism
Deficits in theory of mind are the underlying cause of autism
What would be the best way to test infants' ability to perceive amodal properties of events?
Displaying two different visual images that are accompanied by a soundtrack matching one of the images
The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth was designed to...
Distress infants, evaluate the quality of attachment relationships, and activate the Behavioral Control System
the NICHD study of ealy child care and youth development has found all of the following except.. - infants in high-quality child care tend to have fewer behavior problems at 2 and 3 yrs of age than infants in poor-quality child care - child care jeopardizes the infant-parents attachment relationships only when the care is not optimal and the mother is not sensitive in her interactions with her infant - infants and toddlers in high-quality child care tend to have more advanced language development than infants and toddlers in poor-quality child care - even when child care is high-quality, it has few positive effects on the cognitive development of low-income infants and toddlers
Even when child care is high-quality, it has few positive effects on the cognitive development of low-income infants and toddlers
T or F: Infants prefer listening to infant-directed speech but tend to dislike infant-directed music
False
T or F: The distinction between primary and secondary emotions is that primary emotions depend on more advanced developmental capacities.
False
T or F: attachment behaviors have to be learned, a process that takes most of the first year of life
False
T or F: extending muscles away from the body is called flexion
False
T or F: infants perceive the full range of colors that older children and adults perceive
False
T or F: the perception system has been shown to be functionally separate from the action (motor) system
False
Hannah, a newborn infant is coming home from the hospital for the first time. Her parents want her nursery to provide optimal visual stimulation. Research would support including all of the following features except pastel colors. especially light yellow and light green
Patterns featuring areas of high contrast such as red and white or black and white, moving objects such as mobiles, patterns that resemble faces
In all spoken languages, there are variations of sound that function as speech units and signal differences in words through combinations of vowels and consonants. These are called..
Phonemes
According to Piaget, mental representation contributes to all of the following abilities except... using gestures to communicate ideas, pretend/symbolic play, deferred imitation, or repeating actions to achieve specific outcomes
Repeating actions to achieve specific outcomes
When infants encounter new objects and use action that they have previously used to interact with other similar objects, Piaget's theory says that they are using
Schemes
Martha wants her firstborn son to have a good relationship with his newborn brother. To help them get along together, she should try to do all of the following except... - be understanding if her oldest son becomes more clingy or aggressive for a while or even develops problems sleeping or using the toilet - talk with her oldest son about his baby brother's needs and feelings - promote a secure attachment relations by responding to the baby's distress quickly and sensitively, just as she did when her older son was an infant - send her older son to stay with his grandparents for a few weeks after the baby comes
Send her oldest to the grandparents for a a few weeks after the baby is born
If Max is a typically developing infant, he will look longest at which type of visual display? a sesame street video, moving dot pattern, static grid pattern, or static pictures of faces
Sesame Street video
During which substage of sensorimotor cognitive development did Piaget believe deferred imitation would appear
Stage 6
Jack a 2 yr old fan of Teletubbies, probably enjoys watching that program because...
The characters have infant-like bodies and facial features (including large heads with expressive eyes)
Studies of overregularication- the phenomenon in which children say "mouses" or "falled" instead of "mice" and "fe;;"- indicate that...
The more often parents correctly use an irregular form, the less often children overregularize it
Gibson's concept of "affordances" in motor development refers to
The properties of objects that allow or inhibit specific motor abilities
Visual acuity
The smallest spacing that can be perceived between parts of a pattern
One-month-old Carlos sometimes flings his arms and legs out quickly when he is placed onto the mattress in his crib. This actions stimulates his ____sense
Vestibular
Describe the concept of "goodness-of-fit" as it is related to infant temperament
When a child's successful adjustment depends on the interaction between her temperament and the demands of the environment
