final exam perception

what are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene of both parents are heterzygous?

75%

nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervouse system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitters?

ACETYLCHOLINE

evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by an

EEG

which f the following is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?

EPSP's increase the frequency

which of the following specialties would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam?

Psychosociolist

An IPSP represents

a temporary hyperpolerization

with respect to drug effects, "efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to:

activate a receptor

Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?

active transport

a drugs that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called an

agonist

A drug that blocks effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)

antagonist

in hemorrhage, cells in the penumbra

are flooded with excess oxygen

sympathetic is to (blank) as parasympathetic is to (blank)

arousal; reaxation

where do most action potentials begin?

at the axon hillock

to say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug:

binds to that receptor

what deficits does a person suffer after damage to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe

blindness

dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as

catecholamines

large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the

cell body

across mammalian species, the most constant strucure (in terms of relative size) is the

cerebellum

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

chromosomes

what is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons

collateral sprouts

after you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. which theory attempts to explain this finding?

color-constancy theory

temporal cortex

contains cells but respond selectively to complex shapes but are insensitive to distinctions that are critical to other cells - Shape consistency is the ability to recognize an object's shape despite changes in direction or size

if one structure is on the left side of the body and another on the right, they are said to be (blank) to each other

contralateral

according to the retinex theory, we perceive color by

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

coronal

vision is to (blank); as hearing is to (blank)

cranial 2 and cranial 8

the net effect of each cycle of the sodium potassium pump is to

decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

diaschisis refers to the

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

a neuron can have any number of (blank), but no more than one (blank)

dendrites; axon

A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is

densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

at high doses, MDMA

destroys axons that release seratonin

what is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon

differentiation

most habit forming drugs activate which type of synapse

dopamine

what type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in parkinson's disease

dopamine

which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs

dopamine

the view of the brain from above is called the (blank) view

dorsal

opiate drugs bind to receptors in the brain for

endorphins

the law of specific nerve energies states that

every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Depolarization is to (blank) as hyperpolarization is to (blank)

excitation;inhibition

Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are

exerted into synaptic cleft

focal hand dystonia, sometimes called musicians cramp is caused by

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are born with

fetal alcohol syndrome

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex

frontal

the optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells

ganglion

drugs that grossly distort perception are known as

hallucinogens

which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?

heart rate

which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

horizontal

A chemical is called a(n) (blank) when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body

hyperpolarization

what is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?

hyperpolarization

chemicals known as (blank) and (blank) neuron migration

immunoglobins; chemokines

vesicles are located

in . presynaptic terminals

many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:

increase the surface area available for synapses

the raphe system (blank) the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the (blank)

increases;forebrain

which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins

induce aptosis of neurons

In a redlex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:

interneurons

glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. what is this effect called?

iontropic

apoptosis

is a programmed mechanism of cell death

the medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it

is contained in the skull

prosopognasia

is the inability to recognize faces o Occurs after damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex - For cognitive psychophysiologists, the key to enlightenment is electrical - More precisely, we attempt to study electrical fields and currents in the brain and correlate this cortical activity with your sensations and perceptions - As psychologists, we attempt to quantify behavior. For us it is the behavior od your neurons

visual agnosia

is the inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision o Caused by damage to the pattern pathway usually in the temporal cortex

how does light excite a rod or cone?

it converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal

the binding or large scale integration problem is the difficulty of

knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object

which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"

lateral

after ischima, neruons deprived of blood

lose much of their oxygen and glucose supplies

cannabinoids are a class of chemicals that include:

marijuana

once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it

may return to the primary visual cortex

breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing,sneezing all are controlled by which structure?

medulla

the hippocampus plays a major role in

memory

where do metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?

mitochondria

compared to an adult; a fetus has

more neurons

functionally, cranial nerves cary which kind of information

motor sensory

the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function

movement

migration is the

movement of primitive neurons and glia

magnocellular cells are to (blank) as parvocellular cells are to (blank)

movement;color

the ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to

much of the cerebral cortex

what disease is related to the destruction of myelin sheaths

multiple sclerosis

for some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called?

myelination

feature detectors

neurons whose response indicate the presence of a particular feature/ stimuli - Receptive fields become larger and more specialized as visual information goes from simple cells to later areas of visual processing

sympathetic is to (blank) as parasympathetic is to (blank)

norepinephrine; acetylcholine

the brain are most often linked to drug addiction is the

nucleus accumbens

- End stopped or hyper-complex cells

o Are similar to complex cells but with a strong inhibitory area at one of its bar shaped receptive field o Respond to a bar- shaped pattern of light anywhere in its large receptive field, provided the bar does not extend beyond a certain point

simple cells

o Found exclusively in primary visual cortex (v1) o Fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones o Bar shaped or edge shaped receptive fields with vertical and horizontal orientations outnumbering diagonal ones

complex cells

o Located in either v1 or v2 o Have large receptive field that cannot be mapped into fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones o Responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation and most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its access

Ischemia is to (blank) as hemmorrhage is to (blank)

obstruction : rupture

axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex

occipital lobe

what type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord

oligodendrocytes

the pons acts as a bridge between

on one side of the nervous system to the other

according to the all or none law

once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time

a blind person who suddenly loses the ability to rea braille has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

parietal lobe

together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the (blank) nervous system

peripheral

voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across he membrane alters their

permeability

a continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called

phantom limb

by both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:

pituitary gland

high concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are stored in the:

presynaptic terminal

the main difference between methylphenidate (ritalin), when taken as a medication for a add, and cocaine, when taken as a drug of abuse, is that methylphenidate

produces the same effects more slowly

proliferation is the

production of new cells

nerve growth factor (NGF)

promotes survival and growth of the axon

which if the following actions is most likely to be dependent on inotropic effects

rapid muscle contraction

which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?

rapid sequence of EPSPs

the "decision" for a neuron to fire is determine by the

ratio of epsp's to ipsp's

the primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the:

refractory period

according to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the

relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

one function of the thalamus is to

relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

what is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron?

resting potential

horizontal cells receive their input from (blank); they send output (blank)

rods and cones; bipolar cells

after central nervous system damage; myelin

secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth

after damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

sensation from the affected body area

the amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter

seratonin

in general, a single neuron releases (blank) neurotransmitters and can respond to (blank) neurotransmitters

several; only one

compared to inotropic effects, metabotropic effects are

slower and longer-lasting

which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?

somatic

simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this phenomenon called?

spatial summation

a drug produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreases fatigue is referred to as a

stimulant

cognitive psychotherapy

study electrical fields and currents in the brain and correlate this cortical activity with your sensations

what provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?

substances found in diet

specialized junctions between neurons are called:

synapses

the final stage of neurodevelopment is called

synaptogenesis

an electroencephalograph measures

the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain

the central nervous system s composed of

the brain and spinal cord

the key into a lock analogy best describes

the drugs affinity for a receptor

if you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

the fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision

to what does saltatory conduction refer?

the transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon

which of these is trye of glial cells

they do not transmit info over long distances

the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation

touch

if a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person's right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to

touch on the right toe

axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

white matter

chalmers' fundamental "hard problem" is

why and how brain activity is associated with conciousness

computerized axial tomography creates an image from

x-rays