final exam POLS 110
Only after ___ federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent in additional troops did Central High school in little rock finally become integrated
President Dwight D eisenhower
__ is the process by which as substantial number of voters change their political party allegiance to the major parties.
Realignment
The freedom of ___ is the first freedom mentioned in the Bill of Rights
Religion
_____ was the oldest person to hold the office of president.
Ronald Reagan
The first woman to ever be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court was
Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Advantages of federalism
Size,experimentation,subcultures
A very short televised comment that captures a through or perspective with immediate impact on viewers is known as a -.
Sound bite
A law based on race is subject to strict scrutiny by the courts, because race is considered a ___ classification
Suspect
In the presidential parliamentary system of France, the division of powers between the president and Parliament is -
That the president focuses on foreign affairs with the parliaments focus on domestic affairs
Criticism of - led to the passage of the war Powers resolution
The Presidents roll in the Vietnam conflict
Fifteenth
The ____ Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race.
What was the first political cause in which women became actively involved?
The abolition movement.
If the president does not go back to Congress after 10 congressional working days -
The bill becomes law without the president signature
citizen journalism
The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information online by independent journalist, scholars, politicians, and the general citizenry.
After Clinton issued one in 1996, the supreme court declared _____ unconstitutional.
The line item veto bill
What was one of the major roadblocks to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
The longest filibuster in the history of the Senate.
bipartisan campaign act
The most significant change imposed by te newlaw was to ban the unlimited contributors to national political parties. The act also regulated the use of campaign ads paid for by intrest groups. The act increased the amount an individual can contribute to a federal candidate from $1000 to 2000. The amount an indiv. can give to all federal candidates was raised to $95,000 over a 2 year election cycle.
At 42, - was the youngest person to hold office of president
Theodore Roosevelt
The ___ Amendment stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of race
Thirteenth
The president has how many terms
To terms
supremacy clause
U.S constitution ___ means that states cannot use their reserved or concurrent powers to counter national policies
The ___ is the basis of all law in the United States.
U.S. Constitution
Each state has as many electoral votes as it has
U.S. senators and representatives
The perks of being the US President does not include -
Unlimited free sports, movies and concert tickets
The ___ Plan that was proposed at the Constitutional Convention favored LARGE states. It called for a legislature in which the number of representatives would be in proportion to each state's population.
Virginia
In United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court held that ____________
Virginia Military Institute, a state-financed institution violated the equal protection clause by refusing to accept female applicants
War Powers Resolution of 1973
What limits the presidents war making powers?
Television
What media has the greatest impaction Americans?
new
___ federalism involved a shift from nation centered federalism to state centered federalism
In Stone v. Graham (1980), the Supreme Court ruled that __________
a Kentucky law requiring that the Ten Commandments be posted in all public schools violated the establishment clause
To gain the necessary support for ratification of the new Constitution, the Federalists finally promised to add
a bill of rights
an amendment to the U.S constitution can be ratified by
a favorable vote from three fourths of the state legislature
totalitarian
a leader or group of leaders seek to control almost all aspects of social and economic life
confederal system
a league of independant sovereign states joined together by a central government that has only limited powers over them
unicameral legislature
a legislature with only one chamber
the elections of 1860, 1896, and 1932 are each considered to represent __, a process in which the minority party may emerge as the majority party, of the majority party is reestablished with a different coalition of supporters.
a realignment
conservative movement
a strongly ideological movement that arose in the 1950s and the 1960s and continues to shape conservative beleifs
pluralist theory
a theory that views politics as a contest among various interest groups at all levels of government - to gain benefits for their members.
an amendment to the U.S constitution can be proposed by
a two thirds vote in the senate and house of representatives
__ is accurate
a ward is a local unit of a political party's organization, consisting of a division or district within a city.
11. ________ of Californians get their news and information about state politics from television. a. 47% b. Two-thirds c. Half d. 12% e. 17%
a. 47%
2. Surveys show that ________ percent of Americans belong to at least one group. a. more than 85 b. nearly 50 c. about 37 d. only 25 e. about 60
a. more than 85
in most states, __ provides a list of registered voters and makes certain that only qualified voter cast ballots.
an election board
The "single-member district" represents
an institutional barrier to a multiparty system in the U.S.
when it was founded in 1972, the Green Party was
an issue-oriented party
writ of habeas
an order that requires an official to bring a specified prisoner into court and explain to the judge why the person is being held in prison.
A dictatorship is a form of
autocracy
In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court held that the udergraduate admissions policy at the University of Michigan violated the equal protection clause because it ____
automatically awarded every "underrepresented" minority applicant 1/5 of the points needed to guarantee admission
7. The National Education Association (NEA) is a __________ interest group. a. business b. labor c. public d. single-issue
b. labor
the result of a veto override is that the bill
becomes law against the wishes of the president
virginia plan
bicameral legislature, national executive branch, a national court system
2. If a state has 8 members in the U.S. House of Representatives, it has __________ electoral votes. a. 4 b. 8 c. 10 d. 13
c. 10
2. The states with the most electoral votes in 2004 and 2008 were ________. a. Rhode Island and Vermont b. New Hampshire and Alabama c. California and Texas d. West Virginia and Maryland e. Oregon and North Dakota
c. California and Texas
12. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 __________. a. banned PAC contributions b. prohibited microtargeting c. banned soft money d. outlawed "issue advocacy" groups
c. banned soft money
9. Most of the states hold ________, beginning early in the election year. a. presidential debates b. nominating conventions c. presidential primaries d. caucuses e. electoral colleges
c. presidential primaries
8. AARP represents the interests of __________. a. consumers b. manufacturers c. senior citizens d. gun owners
c. senior citizens
achieve the nomination is through
campaign strategy
____ law spells out the duties that individuals in society owe to other persons or to their governments, excluding the duty not to commit crimes
civil
One of the tactics used by the civil rights protesters in the 1960s was __, the deliberate and public refusal to obey laws considered unjust.
civil disobedience
One of the tactics used by the civil rights protestors in the 1960s was ___________ the deliberate and public refusal to obey laws considered unjust
civil disobedience
In 1948, for the first ever, the Democrats adopted a __ plank as part of the party platform at their national convention.
civil rights
Under the "strict- scrutiny" standard, a law or action that discriminates against a particular group or class individuals must be necessary to promote a __ in order to find that the equal protection clause has not been violated
compelling state interest
john locke
concepts expressed in the declaration of independence clearly reflect thomas jefferson familiarity with european political philosophy particularly the works of
john locke
concepts expressed in the declaration of independence reflected european political philosophy. provided philosophical underpinnings by which the american revokution could be justified
how bill becomes a law
congress drops bill into box
existing amendments
constitutions have been proposed by a two thirds vote in the senate and in the house of representatives
new nation under articles of confederation
created postal system
The ____ Committee of each national political party evaluates teh claims of national party convention delegates to the legitimate representatives of their states
credentials
____ law has to do with wrongful actions committed against society for which society demands redress
criminal
5. Interest groups __________. a. do not try to influence the outcome of elections b. are usually less tightly organized than political parties c. run candidates for political office d. are often policy specialists
d. are often policy specialists
9. Interest groups use many techniques, both direct and indirect, to influence government policy. Direct techniques include __________. a. rating systems and mobilizing constituents b. television publicity and mass mailings c. demonstrations and "issue ads" d. lobbying and providing election support
d. lobbying and providing election support
8. Voter turnout for primaries is __________ than it is in general elections. The voters who do go to the polls are often __________. a. higher/weak supporters of their party b. lower/weak supporters of their party c. higher/independents d. lower/strong supporters of their party
d. lower/strong supporters of their party
1. Every ________ years, seats in the House of Representatives are reapportioned based on the outcome of the census conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. a. six b. eight c. two d. ten e. four
d. ten
Racial segregation that is legally sanctioned was called
de jure segregation.
james otis jr
declared that there could be no taxation without representation
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution
does not specify what powers are reserved to the states
the mascot of democratic party is the __.
donkey
5. ________ is the drawing of a legislative district's boundaries in such a way as to maximize the influence of a certain group or political party. a. Apportionment b. Cloture c. Authorization d. Reapportionment e. Gerrymandering
e. Gerrymandering
the majority of american colonoists came from
england and scotland
central government created by the articles of confederation was able to
enter into treaties and alliances with foreign powers
to __ describes a solidarity incentive for joining a political party.
express agreement with the views of other like-minded people.
Whats is an advantage of federalism for the united states is that the existance of numerous government subunits is?
facilitates experimentation with innovative policies and programs at the state or local level
In Federalist Paper No. 10, Madison argued that the nation's size was actually an advantage in controlling
factions
supremacy clause
final word when federal conflicts with state or local laws
Today, the president travels at all times with the - the briefcase containing the codes used to launch a nuclear attack
foot ball
In 1798, congress designated the Native American tribes as _______ so that the government could sigh land and boundary treaties with them
foreign nations
monarchy
form of autocracy in which a king, queen, emperor, empress, tsar and tsarina is the highest authority in the government. monarchs usually obtain their power through inheritance
representative democracy
form of democracy in which the will of the majority is expressed through groups of individuals elected by the people to act as their representatives
limited government
form of government based on the principle that the powers of government should be clearly limited either through a written document or through wide public understanding. it is characterized by institutional checks to ensure that governmentserves public rather than private interests
__ of Americans identify themselves as conservative.
forty percent
the major parties revise their platforms every...
four years at the partys national convention
cooperative
frank d. roosevelt new deal legislation ushered in an area of ___ federalism and also marked the real beginning of an era of national supremacy
An interest group that successfully lobbies for clean air laws means that "everyone who breathes that air will benefit, whether they paid for the lobbying effort or not." This is known as the ________ problem that many interest groups face.
free rider
an example of an issue-oriented third part in U.S. history is the __ party.
free soil
bill of rights
functions to protect the rights of those in the minority against the will of the majority.
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution _________-(1865)
granted freedom to the slaves
The thirteenth Amendment to the U.S constitution
granted freedom to the slaves
tenth amendment
grants of funds to the states from the national government are one way that the ___ amendment to the US constitution can be bridged
tea party movement
grassroots conservatives movement that arose in 2009 after barrack obama became president. the movement opposes big government and current levels of taxation and also rejects political compromise
the devine right theory
held that God gave those of royal birth the unlimited right to govern other men and women.
In the Bakke case, Allan Bakke argued that he was a victim of "reverse discrimination" and a "quota system" that collectively had denied
him admission to medical school.
congress
house of rep = 2 years senate = 6 years president = 4 years
which of the following statements about the bill of rights is true
it was added by the federalists to appease several states and secure ratification of the constitution
bill of rights
king or queen could not interfere with parliamentary elections, the king/queen had to have parliaments approval to levy (collect) taxes or to mantain an army, the king/queen had to rule with the consent of the peoples representative in parliament
presidential democracy
lawmaking & law enforcing branches of government are seperate but equal
parliamentary democracy
lawmaking & law enforcing branches of government overlap
John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay
led the national republicans
civil liberties
legal and constitutional rights that protect citizens from gov't actions
natural rights
life liberty and property
limited government
magna carta of england established the principle
parliament
national legislative body in countries governed by a parliamentary system such as britain and canada
in 1832, both parties settled on the __ as the method of choosing candidates for president and vice president.
national nominating convention
The Democratic and Republican candidates for president are formally nominated by the
national party conventions.
implied powers
necessary and proper clause is the basis for the powers of the national government
Under the Articles of Confederation,
nine states had to approve any law before it was enacted, so most laws were difficult to enact.
under the FECA, there is __ limit on the total amount of PAC contributions during an election cycle.
no
Since the 1960, the supreme court has defined seditious speech to mean
only the advocacy of imminent and concrete act of violence against the government
in an __ primary, voters can vote for a party's candidate regardless of whether they belong to the candidate's party.
open
when major campaigns take time to discover negative information about opposing candidates, they are engaging in
opposition research
1774
parliament passes the intolerable acts first continental congress
1765
parliament passes the stamp act americans hold stamp act congress
1766
parliament withdraws the stamp act, parliament passes the declaratory act
meritocracy
rulers have earned or merited the right to govern because of their special skills or talents
except for the Department of Justice, the head of each executive department is known as the
secretary
Equal protection clause
section 1 of the 14th amendment, which states that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"
Speech "that urges resistance to lawful authority or that advocates the overthrowing of a government" is called:
seditious.
after being appointed to the position, each executive department head is confirmed by the
senate
if no vice pres. candidate receives the required number of electoral votes, the
senate chooses the v.p., with each state delegation casting only a single vote
the ______ amendment gives the right of trial by jury in civil cases (1791)
seventh
more than 11 thousand
since the constitution was written, ___ amendments have geen introduced in congress
commerce
since the courts decision in gibbons v. ogden 1824 the national government has used the ___ clause to justify its regulation of virtually all areas of economic activity
in a confederal system
sovereign states are joined together by a central government that has only limited powers over them
checks & balances
staggered terms of office for members of the house of representatives members of the senate and the president reflect the principle
1765 british parliament passed
stamp act which imposed the first direct tax on the colonists
Under the doctrine of ____, judges normally are obligated to follow the precedents established by prior court decisions.
stare decisis
The first amendment to the constitution ____
states that "Congress shall make no law..... abridging the freedom of speech"
how are # of seats in house of rep calculated
states with larger populations have many more rep. than states with smaller pop. They are reapporitioned based on the outcome of the decennial census conducted by the US census bureau
the electors are selected during each presidential election year by the
states' political parties
____ law is the body of law enacted by legislature
statutory
federalism
system of shared sovereignty between two levels of government one national and one subnational occupying the same geographic region
In Barron v. Baltimore (1833), the Supreme Court ruled that:
the Bill of Rights did not apply to state laws
The goal of the National American Woman suffrage association was
the enfranchisement of women
dual
the era of ___ federalism came to an end in the 1930s
the power of states to run primary elections is limited by
the first amendment right of freedom of association
__ is an invisible but real discriminatory barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to top positions of power or responsibility
the glass ceiling
If no presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes
the house of representatives votes on teh candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote
if no presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes,
the house of representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote
The most common previous occupation of the U.S. presidents has been
the legal profession
madisonian model
the model of government devised by james madison in which the powers of the government are seperated into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial
constitutional monarchies
the monarch shares governmental power with elected lawnmakers
spending limits public financing
the money for general campaign funds comes from check off option on federal income tax returns
the structure of each party's national organization includes four major elements:
the national convention, the national committee, the national chairperson, and the congressional campaign committees
boston tea party
the passage of coercive acts which closed boston harbor and placed the government of massachussets under direct british control
seperation of powers
the principle of diving government powers among executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches of government
The framers of the Constitution designed the Senate to represent
the states
1764 british parliament passed
the sugar act which prompted a nonimportation movement that soon spread to several colonies
wesburry vs sanders/one person one vote
the supreme court held that congressional districts must have equal populations "1 person 1 vote"
gibbons v. ogden 1824
the supreme court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was an exclusive national power
In December, after the general election, electors meet in ___ to case their votes for president and vice president
their state capitals
the founders reacted negatively to the idea of strong political parties because..?
they thought the power struggles that would occur would eventually topple the balanced democracy they wanted to create
The poverty rate for blacks is roughly _______ that for whites
three times
In a compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention, it was agreed that ____ of all slaves were to be counted for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives
three-fifths
migration and other demographic trends can make a particular type of voter more numerous, shifting the balance of support between the major political parties. this process is known as __.
tipping
1783
treaty of paris signed
Seditious Speech ___________-
urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates overthrowing the government
Seditious speech
urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates overthrowing the government
In comparison to political parties, interest groups are:
usually pushing only a handful of key policies.
social contract
voluntary agreement among individuals to create a government and to give that government adequate power to secure the mutual protection and welfare of all individuals
james madison
was a delegate to the constitutional convention
Literacy tests
were used in many southern states to restrict African American participation in elections
A(n) _____ is an order requiring that an official bring a specified prisoner into court and show the judge why the prisoner is being kept in jail.
writ of habeas corpus
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requires employers to accommodate their employees' religious practices unless such accommodation causes an employer to suffer an
"undue hardship"
Thomas Jefferson wanted the establishment clause of the First Amendment to be a _______
"wall of separation between church and state"
Excluding Obama, since 1966 which president has been the most successful at passing legislation.
...
Generally, women has been more successful politically in the __ states than elsewhere
...
In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme court
...
In presidential parliamentary system of France, the prime minister and the rest of the cabinet may be from one party, while the president is from another.the French this situation
...
Legislative success For a president is defined as how often the president
...
Obama's first year legislative success rate was
...
Sandra Day O'Conner
...
The Senate must approve a _____ before it becomes effective.
...
The elections of 1860, 1896, 1932 are each considered to represent —, A process in which the minority party may emerge as the majority party, or the majority party is reestablished with a different coalition of supporters.
...
act exclusively inwhen congress chooses to ___ an area in which the states and national government have concurrent powers, congress is said to have preempted the area
...
chapter 11
...
consitiutional instructions for nominating candidates
...
convention system
...
minimum number of seats guaranteed in the house of representatives for every state
1
Of the more than ten thousand members who have served in the U.S. House of Representatives, what percentage of them have been women?
1%
reasons for the perpetuation of the american 2-party system:
1) 1st major political division (federalist and anit-federalist) 2) american election laws tend to favor major parties 3) the rules governing campaign financing favor the major parties 4) single-member congressional districts and the winner-take-all electoral system prevent third parties from enjoying electoral success; third-party candidates have little incentive to run for office. 5) since 3rd parties normally do not win, americans tend not to vote for or to contribute to them, so they continue not to win
what do political parties do?
1) recruit and nominate candidates for political office 2) help educate the public about important current political issues 3) coordinate policy among the various branches and levels of government 4) the "out party" does what it can to influence the "in party" and its policies, and to check the actions of the party in power 5) balance competing interests (political parties are essentially coalitions) 6) coordinate campaigns
The democratic republicans split into two groups in the mid 1820s:
1) the Democrats (mostly small farmers and debtors) and 2) the National Republicans (a coalition of bankers, businesspersons and southern planters--later the Whig Party)
the effect of third parties
1) they have brought many political issues to the public's attention 2) they can influence voter turnout and also election outcomes and reduces an incumbent party's chances of winning the election 3) provide a voice for dissatisfied americans
Women now constitute nearly _______ of state legislators
1/4
total number of senators
100 (2 per state)
The reserved powers of the states are derived from the ___________-
10th amendment
The Bill of RIghts became part of the Constitution in:
1791
Criticisms of _____ led to the passage of the war powers resolution.
...
twice, in__ and __, no presidential candidate got an electoral college majority.
1800;1824
in the 2012 election cycle, the average house candidate spent about
1.1 million
The ____ stipulates that no state shall deprive individuals of the privileges and immunities enjoyed by citizens of the U.S.
14th Amendment
about - of the public regularly listens to talk radio.
17 percent
The Bill of Rights became part of the Constitution in ___________
1791
the congressional caucus system collapsed in __. it was widely seen as undemocratic.
1824
realigning elections also occurred in what years?
1860, 1896, and arguably, 1968
first televised presidential debate was
1960
The first televised presidential debate took place in
1960, between Kennedy and Nixion
The televised presidential debates in - included a third party candidate, H. Ross Perot.
1992
total # of house members
435
In a recent poll, - of respondents believed that the news media leaned left.
46 percent
Mexican Americans constitute about _______ of the Latino population living in the United States
65%
What percentage of Americans support "political, economic, and social equality for women today?
67%
The prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishments" and excessive bail is included in the ________ (1791)
8th amendment
The prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishments" is included in the ________
8th amendment
Public Opinin poll
A numerical survey of the public's opinion on a particular topic at a particular moment.
Media scholar Kathleen Jamieson suggests that media bias plays a role in shaping presidential campaigns and elections. It is a bias -
Against losers
What is the largest and most important television network in the Arab world?
Al Jazeera
Chief Legislator
As the ___ the President can: 1. Propose legislation program to congress in traditional State of the Union address 2. Suggest budget to congress and submits annual economic report.
Peer Group
Associates, often close in age to one another; may include friends, classmates, co-workers, club members, or religious group members. Peer group influence is a signifi cant factor in the political socialization process.
a secret ballot that is prepared, distributed, and counted by government officials at public expense is known as the __ ballot.
Australian
The whig party had the support of
Bankers, business owners, and the Southern planters
Why did the Supreme Court invalidate the 1875 Civil Rights Act?
Because the 14th Amendment was aimed at limiting state action, not the actions of private citizens.
Why do campaign managers use negative ads?
Because they work
__ and __ have the most electoral votes
California; Texas
______ refers to what the government can NOT do.
Civil Liberties
A method used in the Senate to close off debate and bring a bill to a vote is called ___.
Cloture
____ segregation means racial segregation that occurs because of laws or governmental decisions.
De Jure
What did Board of Education v. Dowell and Freeman v. Pitts allow?
De facto segregation in public schools
_____ segregation means segregation because of previous conditions, not deliberate intentions
De factor
When the president - he is performing his role as head of state
Decorates war heroes
The __ party emerged in 1828, when Andrew Jackson ran against John Quincy Adams and won the presidency.
Democratic
The constitution
Does not mention political parties
What is not a specific presidential power found in article 2 of the Constitution
Faithfully represent a national party and nominate a national party chairs man
Generally, the term civil rights refers to the right of all Americans to equal treatment under the law, as provided by the __ Amendment to the constitution
Fourteenth
Econimic Issues
Historically, _______ have had the strongest influence on voters' choices.
Veto is a Latin word meaning
I forbid
Congress has declared War -
In only five different conflicts
An issue oriented third-party
Is formed to promote a particular clause
Which president made the following remark regarding the importance of freedom of expression and the press? " a nation this is afraid to let its people judge truth and falsehood in an open market is a nation that is afraid of its people"
John F Kennedy
The youngest person elected president was
John F. Kennedy
___ is the authority of a court to hear and decide a particular case
Jurisdiction
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Bureau of Prisons are subagencies of the ___ Department
Justice
__________ constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States
Latinos
the states of ___ and __ are the only exceptions to the winner-take-all feature of the electoral college.
Maine; Nebraska
Strictly defined, the term - means "communication Channels"
Media
Most Hispanics living in the United States, by place of origin, are from ________
Mexico
The government of Great Britain banned commentator - from entry into the country due to his remarks about Muslims.
Michael Savage
Television is the primary news source for - of the citizenry.
More than 65 percent
Television is the primary news source for ____________ of the citizenry.
More than 65 percent
What was the first woman elected to a leadership post in the US Congress?
Nancy Pelosi
When supreme court justice potter Stewart stated," I know it when I see it," he was referring to
Obscenity
Voters choices
Often depend on the perceived character of the candidates rather than on their qualifications or policy positions.
Which case of the Supreme Court stated that the separation of races is NOT a violation of the Constitution?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Choosing a vice president running mate is something the president does as -
Political party later
division of powers
a basic of principle of federalism established by the U.S constitution by which powers are divided between the national and state governments
rule of law
a basic principle of government that requires those who govern to act in accordance with established law
which of the following is not accurate?
a categorical grant is given to a state for a broad area such as criminal justice or mental health programs
unitary system
a centralized governmental system in which local or subdivisional government exercise only those powers given to them by the ce ntral government
the family's influence in political socialization is important because
a child first sees the political world through the eyes of his or her family
veto power
a constitutional power that enables the chief executive (president or governor) to reject legislation and return it to the legislature with reasons for the rejection. this prevents or at least delays the bill from becoming a law.
block grant
a federal grant given to a state for a broad area such as criminal justice or mental health programs
confederation
a league of independent states that are united only for the purpose of achieving common goals
when elections fail, __ preconditions for freedom are not invariably lacking
a liberal, market economy
competative federalism
a model of federalism devised by Thomas R. Dye in which state & local governments compete for business & citizens who in effect "vote with their feet" by moving jurisdictions that offer a competative advantage
hyperlocalism
a niche, that is narrowing the focus of the news to the local area
Nomination for public office is
a partyʹs selection of a candidate
a delegate is
a person selected to represent the people of one geographic area at a party convention
federalist
a person who believes in sharing power between the states and the national government. wealthy and educated should rule
great compromise
a plan for bicameral legislature in which one chamber would be based on population and the other chamber would represent each state equally. the plan also known as the connecticut compromise resolved the small state/large state controversy
spin doctor
a political candidate press adviser who tries to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning the candidate a particular spin
soft money is
a political contribution not regulated by federal law.
open primary
a primary in which voters can vote for a partys candidates regardless of whether they belong to that party.
republic
a representative democracy in which there is no king or queen and the people are sovereign
Kim Jong II in North Korea is an example of
a totalitarian dictator
15%
about ___ of state and local revenue comes from the national government
progressivism
alternative more popular term for the set of political beleifs also known as liberalism
ideology
americans are often placed in two broad political camps liberals and conservatives
In 1800, an article describing Thomas Jefferson as having a "weakness of nerves, want of fortitude, and total imbecility of character" appeared in the Federalist Gazette of the United states. this is an example of
an attack ad
tax
an example of a concurrent power is the power to
independent expenditures
an expenditure for activities that are independent from those of a political candidate or a political party
interest groups
an organization of people sharing common objectives who actively attempt to influence government policymakers through direct and indirect methods.
institution
an outgoing organization that performs certain functions for society
1786
annapolis convention shays rebellion
In an ______, the power and authority of the government are in the hands of a single person
autocracy
1773
boston tea party
The Supreme Court has ruled that public schools
cannot sponsor religious activities
The Supreme Court has ruled that public schools ____________
cannot sponsor religious activities
The importance of ____ law is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the common law tradition
case
As ____, the president can grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesty.
chief executive
marbury v. madison 1803
chief justice john marshall enunciated the principle of judicial review
Precinct-level presidential caucuses
choose delegates to county caucuses/conventions where delegates to the state convention
Under the ___________, the government may restrict expression if that expression would cause a dangerous condition, actual or imminent, that Congress has the power to prevent
clear and present danger
According to the __, government should be allowed to restrain speech only when that speech clearly presents an immediate threat to public order
clear and present danger test
The First Amendment first applied to
congress not the states
1788
constitution ratified
underfunded federal mandate
critics charge that the no child left behind act is a
15. Most campaign financing is provided by: a. the candidate's own funds. b. political finance associations. c. political parties. d. political action committees. e. wealthy individuals.
d. political action committees.
14. The introduction of primary elections: a. reinforced the importance of political parties in campaigning. b. shifted the focus of campaigns from parties to individual candidates. c. shifted the focus of campaigns from ideology and policy issues to character and appearance. d. reinforced the importance of television in campaigns. e. shifted the focus of campaigns from individual candidates to political parties.
d. reinforced the importance of television in campaigns.
15. In spite of legislation and regulations that have been created in an attempt to reduce the __________, it is still common for those who leave positions with the federal government to become lobbyists or consultants for the private-interest groups they helped to regulate. a. solidary incentives b. political action committees (PACs) c. purposive incentives d. revolving door syndrome
d. revolving door syndrome
Today, busing order to end ___ segregation are not upheld by the courts
de facto
those who attend a political party nominating convention are called __, and they are chosen to represent the people of a particular geographic area.
delegates
in the 2012 presidential elections, Fred Eyechaner gave more than 8 million to __ super PACs and committees
democratic
the election of 1932 brought FDR to the presidency and the __ back to power at the national level.
democrats
when the former confederate states rejoined the union after the civil war, the republicans and the __ were roughly even in strength, although the republicans were more successful in presidential contests.
democrats
Franklin roosevelt
demonstrated the political power of the radio.
civil liberties
describe what the government cannot do
which of the following is not true of the second continental congress
did not declared that it desired to seperate from britain and establish independent states
______ lobbying techniques : making personal contacts with key legislators, providing expertise and research results for legislators, offering expert testimony before congressional committees , providing legal advice to legislators and following up on legislation
direct
A bill of attainder is a legislative act that
directly punishes a specifically named individual (or a group of individuals) without a trial
social conflict
disagreements among people in a society over what the societies priorities should be
the federal trial courts are called
district courts
federalism
drafting the constitution, ___ was the solution to the debate over wether the national or the states should have ultimate sovereignty
7. ________ are non-print sources, such as cable television, talk radio, and the Internet, where Californians can get political information. a. Push technology b. e-Politics c. The alternative news d. Independent media e. The new media
e. The new media
13. ________ remain the most underrepresented of California's racial minorities. a. Gays and lesbians b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. Latinos e. Women
e. Women
the party organization
each major party has a national organization with national, state, and local offices
political socialization usually begins during
early childhood
Which of the following is nota fundamental principle on which American democracy is based?
economic equality
among the factors affecting voter turnout, ___ appears to be the most important
education
In the United States today, citizens who are at least ____ years of age have the right to vote.
eighteen
majority leader
elected by the cancus of majority party members to act as a spokespersonf or the party and to keep the party together. Helps plan the parties legislative programs and organizes other party members to support legislation favored by the party.
Most modern monarchies are constitutional monarchies, in which the monarch shares governmental power with
elected lawmakers
Andrew Jackson
elected president in 1828; democrat
Blanket primaries
elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.
__ isn't a typical way to nominate a candidate for public office
electoral college
public services
essential services that individuals cannot provide for themselves such as building and maintaining roads establishing welfare programs operating public schools and preserving national parks
The Eighth Amendment prohibits _______
excessive bail and fines, as well as cruel and unusual punishments
____ is a system of shared sovereignty between two levels of government -- one national and one subnational--occupying the same geographic region
federalism
factions
federalists paper no. 10 madison argued that the nations size was actually an advantaged in controlling
debate over ratification
federalists were at a advantage because they stood for the status quo
which of the following is not accurate
first continetal congress required each colony to establish an army
substantive due process
focuses on the content of legislation. If a law or other government action limits a fundamental right, it will be held to violate the substantive due process, unless it promotes a compelling or overriding state interest. compelling state interests could include the public's safety.
Today, the president travels at all times with the "___," the briefcase containing the codes used to launch a nuclear attack
football
The Jeffersonian Republicans dominated politics
for twenty years
In 1789, Congress designated the native american tribes as __ so that the government could sign land and boundary treaties with them
foreign nations
no society has existed without some form of
government
The Supreme Court
has held that state laws forbidding the teaching of evolution in the public schools are unconstitutional
The Supreme Court ___________
has held that state laws forbidding the teaching of evolution in the public schools violate the establishment clause
in 1824, the __ had to decide the presidential contest. it picked John Quincy Adams, even though Andrew Jackson had won more popular and electoral votes
house of representatives
congress has declared war
in only five different conflicts
a candidate who wins the popular vote nationally
may yet lose in the electoral college.
The free exercise clause of the First Amendment
means that individuals can act in any way they want on the basis of their religious beliefs
A ____ district is a congressional district whose boundaries are drawn so as to maximize the voting power of minority groups
minority-majority
picket fence federalism
model of federalism in which every level of government is involved in implementing a policy is sometimes referred to as a ___
democrat-republican party
more sympathetic to the "common man" and favored a more limited role for government
after the 2010 elections, many of the new republican members of congress were pledged to the Tea party philosophy of
no-compromise conservation
both the whigs and the democrats remained vague on the issue of slavery. the democrats divided into...?
northern and southern camps
Each state is guaranteed at least ____ seat(s) in the House of Representatives, no matter what its population
one
moderates
persons who views fall in the middle of the political spectrum
A "splinter" or "personality" party in U.S. history was the:
reform party
The freedom of ________ is the first freedom mentioned in the Bill of Rights
religion
party plaform-declaration of beliefs
represents the official party position on various issues, although neither all party members nor all candidates running on the party's ticket share these positions exactly
The first 8 amendments to the Constitution
reserve certain rights and powers to the people and to the states
government serves at least three essential purposes
resolves conflicts it provides, public services, and it defends the nation and its culture against attacks by other nations
british parliament
responded to the boston tea party by passing the coercive and directly controlling massachussets government
natural rights
rights that are not bestowed by government but are inherent within every manwomen and child by virtue of the fact that he or she is a human being
during the 1970s and 1980s, a large block of democrats in congress, mostly from the south, sided with the republicans on almost all issues. in time, these conservative democrats were replaced by conservative republicans. this shift is best described as a
rolling realignment
In lawrence v. texas(2003), the supreme court ruled that
sodomy laws violate the fourteenth amendment's due process clause
a political candidate's press advisers try to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning the candidate a ___ (as it has come to be called), or interpretation, that is favorable to the candidate.
spin
the oldest executive departments are
state and treasury
the immediate aftermath of 1968 was spearheaded by
the McGovern-Fraser Commission.
the electoral college system is primarily a winner-take-all system, in which
the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes
three fifths compronise
the deadlock over how slaves would be counted for the purpose for determining representation in the house of representatives was settled by the
apportionment
the distribution of house seats among the states on the basis of their respective populations
as more states opted to hold presidential primaries,
the drama of national party conventions diminished
electoral college
the group of electors who are selected by the voters in each state to elect officially the president and vice. the number of electors in each state is equal to the number of that states representatives in both chambers of congress
picket fence
the model in which every level of government is involved in implementinga policy is referred to as ___ federalism
For many years, the courts assumed that the Bill of Rights limited only the actions of
the national government
For many years, the courts assumed that the Bill of Rights limited only the actions of _________
the national government
in a unitary system
the national government is a "creature" of the subdivisional governments
articles of confederation
the nations first national constitution which established a national form of government following the american revolution. the articles provided for a confederal form of government in which the central government had few powers
new deal
the policies ushered in by the roosevelt administration in 1933 in an attempt to bring the united states out of the great depression. the new deal included many government spending in addition to thousands of regulations governing economic activity.
not a drawback of federalism
the political and cultural interests of regional groups may be reflected in the laws governing those groups
McCulloch v. maryland 1819
the supreme court established the doctrines of implied powers and national supremacy
brown v. board of education of topeka 1954
the supreme court reversed plessyv. ferguson , the court held that segregation by race in public education is unconstitutional .
Buckley v Valeo
the supreme courts declared unconstitutional a provision in the 1971 act that limited the amount each individusal could spend on his or her campaign ruling that it violated the 1st amendment guarentee of free speech
republic
the system of government in the united states is best described
states
the tenth amendment to the constitution that reserves numerous powers for
as the Whigs and the Democrats competed for the White House throughout the 1840s and 1850s...
the two-party system as we know it today emerged
which of the following about categorical grants are true?
they target a specific purpose as defined by federal law
if a state has a thirty-six members in the house of representatives, it has __ electoral votes.
thirty-eight
____ view of representation holds that representatives should serve the broad interests of the entire society, and not just the narrow interests of their constituents.
trustee
primary news source for americans
tv
congress can override a presidential veto with a
two-thirds vote by the members present in each chamber
canada
under the articles of confederation the national government did not have the ability to prevent the various states from entering into agreements with foreign powers. britain began negotiations with influential vermonters with the aim of annexing the district of vermont
one vote in
under the articles of confederation, each state had ___ the unicameral assembly of representatives
not a fundamental principle of american democracry
unrestricted individual freedom
competative
when state or local governments offer lower taxes or more services in order to attract business and citizens they are engaging in ___ federalism
fiscal federalism
when taxes are collected by one level of government (national) and spent by another level (state or local) the process is called ___
israel
which of the following countries does not have a federal system?
by __, the convention system was the most common method of nomination political party candidates at the state and national level.
1840
chapter
19
One electoral vote in California now corresponds to roughly 685,000 people, while an electoral vote in Wyoming represents about
190,000
The Nineteenth Amendment to the constitution was ratified in ______ giving women the right to vote
1920
1st scheduled radio program was in
1920. between waren harding and james cox
Beginning in about -, the number of adults reading a daily paper began to decline even though circulation remained steady due to population growth.
1950
Political advertising first appeared on television during the - presidential campaign.
1952
The Supreme Court extended first amendment protection to the cinema in - .
1952
to choose its convention delegates.
1968
By 2002, how many Americans said they would vote for an African American?
95%
Executive Office Of the President (EOP)
A group of staff agencies that assist the president in carrying out major duties. Franklin D. Roosevelt established the EOP in 1939 to cope with the increased responsibilities brought on by the Great Depression.
Executive Agreement
A binding international agreement, or pact, that is made between the president and another head of state and that does not require Senate approval. They have the same legal rights as treaties.
Political Action committees (PACs)
A committee that is established by a corporation, labor union, or special interest group to raise funds and make campaign contributions on the establishing organization's behalf
Treaty
A formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries.
A political party is best defined as
A group of people who organize to win elections, operate government, and determine policy
sound bite
A televised comment, lasting for only a few seconds, that captures a thought or a perspective and has an immediate impact on the viewers.
If a vacancy occurs in the vice presidency -
A vice president is nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority vote of both chambers of Congress
A signing statement is
A written statement appended to a bill
Signing Statement
A written statement, appended to a bill at the time the president signs it into law, indicating how the president interprets that legislation.budget.
- Suspended certain constitutional liberties, blockaded southern ports, spend funds that Congress had not approved, and band transportable correspondence from the US mail
Abraham Lincoln
_____ suspended certain natural liberties, blockaded southern ports, spent funds that congress has not appropriated, and banned treasonable correspondence from the US mail.
Abraham Lincoln
who was the first elected Republican president in 1860
Abraham Lincoln
political advertising
Advertising undertaken by or on behalf of apolitical candidate to familiarize voters with the candidate and his or her views on campaign issues; also advertising for or against policy issues.
___ is best defined as a policy calling for the establishment of programs that give special consideration, in jobs and college admissions, to members of groups that have been discriminated again in the past.
Affirmative action
_______ is best defined as a policy that fives special consideration, in jobs and college admissions, to members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past
Affirmative action
some commentators contended that Green Party candidate Ralph Nader "spoiled" the chances of __ in the 2000 presidential election, because many of those voted for Nader would have voted democratic had Nader not been on the ballot.
Al Gore
The __ requires that all public buildings and public services be acessible to persons with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The ______ requires that all public buildings and public services be accessible to persons with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
speaker of the house
An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
Chief Diplomat
As the ___ the President can: 1. Accept the legal existence of another country's government (power of recognition) 2. Receives foreign heads of state
Head of state
As the ___ the President can: 1. Decorate war heroes 2. Dedicates parks and post offices
Commander and Chief
As the ___ the President can: 1. Set up military governments in conquered lands 2. End fighting by calling a cease-fire (armistice)
Chief Executive
As the _______ the president can: 1. appoint, with Senate approval, and remove high-ranking officers of the federal government.
In _____, the supreme Court decided that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state laws
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Which president appointed more women to his cabinet than any other in history?
Bill Clinton
Many of our liberties were added by the _________ ratified in 1791
Bill of Rights
Which part of the Constitution do civil liberties refer to?
Bill of Rights
Following world war 2, - became the dominate form of communication.
Broadcast television
Jim Crow laws
By the late 1880's, southern legislatures began to pass a series of segregation laws-laws that separated the white community from the black community.
chapter 9:
Campaign and Elections
In the 20th century presidents did not order troops into what country?
Canada
When the president negotiates and signs treaties with other nations, he is performing his role as
Chief diplomat
_____ refers to what the government must do to ensure equal protection under the law.
Civil Rights
What act was used to reduce the power of the Democratic party in the South?
Civil Rights Acts of 1865
Thomas Paine's classic pamphlet, ____, presented one of the most rousing arguments in favor of independence.
Common Sense
Congress
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. public work projects that create local jobs
Congress
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. trade rules that benefit a big local employer
Eight of the top ten talk-radio shows are politically
Conservative
Buy 2014, 42% of the electorate claimed to be independent. This trend is known as
Dealignment
in __, after the general election, electors meet in their state capitals to cast their votes for president and vice president
December
_____ claimed the presidential power to regulate the economy. Since that time Americans have expected the president to be actively involved in economic matters and social programs.
During the great depression in the 30s, Franklin Roosevelt
The prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishments" is included in the ___ Amendment. (1791)
Eighth
President ________ warned the nation in 1961 of the military-industrial complex gaining "unwarranted influence."
Eisenhower
Which of the following Supreme Court rulings concluded that state-supported school prayer violated the establishment clause?
Engel v. Vitale
The media are a dominant presence in people's lives largely because they provide -
Entertainment
During the 1930's, father Charles Edward Coughlin, advocated anti-semitism and expressed sympathy for Adolfo hitter. Coughlin's - connected eventually destroyed his popularity.
Fascist
During the -1930's, the nations most successful radio commentator was -.
Father Charles Edward Coughlin
The - to the constitution upholds the important role of a free press.
First Amendment
Th Jeffersonian republicans dominated politics
For 20 years
Party Identification
For establishing voters, ___ Is one of the most important and lasting pridictors of how a person will vote.
Political
For many Americans, where they fall in the ___ spectrum is a strong indicator of how they will vote.
The equal protection clause of the ___ amendment reads: "no state shall.. deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Fourteenth
The ____________ Amendment includes protection from unreasonable searches and seizures
Fourth
An example of the issue oriented third-party in the United States is the — party
Free soil
...
From where does a governments legitimate authority derive
The 161 signing statement of _____ challenged more than 1100 clauses of federal law - more legal provisions than were challenged by all previous presidents put together.
George W Bush
The 161 signing statements - challenged more than 1100 clauses of federal law, more legal provisions then were challenged by all previous presidents put together
George W. Bush
In 1968, the American Independent Party's presidential nominee was:
George Wallace.
- Set a precedent for the president to act as chief legislator by submitting proposals and legislation to Congress
George Washington
_____ set a precedent for the president to act as chief legislator by submitting proposed legislation to congress.
George Washington
The infamous "daisy girl" ad appeared in which presidential race?
Goldwater VS. Johnson (1964)
Legislative successfully president is defined as how often the president -
Got his way on roll call votes on which he took a clear position
When the president lights the national Christmas tree, he is performing his role as
Head of state
Vito is a lot more meaning
I forbid
Currently, — largely determined by them in the book candidates for state legislatures
Ideological activist
Which of the following is TRUE about the presidential nomination process?
In most states, presidential primaries are held with the national convention delegates
Presidential
In the last two _____ elections, voter turnout was about 60 percent.
.Fitting events into a familiar story or filtering information through preconceived ideas.
In the news business, framing reforest to.
In many states — cannot participate in primary election
Independents
The task of teaching says and about the issues is the party role of
Informing the public
Register
Inmost states, voters are required to _____ before voting.
The first presidential caucus is held in
Iowa.
What is a different approach to integration schools today in parts of the country besides being based on race?
It is based on income today.
- Was the first president to issue a signing statement
James Monroe
____ laws required the segregation of the races.
Jim Crow
The concepts expressed in the Declaration of Independence reflected European political philosophy. In particular, the theories of _____ provided philosophical underpinnings by which the American Revolution could be justified
John Locke
Excluding Obama, since 1966 which president has been the most successful at passing legislation
Johnson
I'm in formal group of unofficial presidential advisers has been called a - since the Andrew Jackson's presidency
Kitchen cabinet
___ constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United states
Latinos
In ________ the Supreme Court outlined a three-part test to determine whether government aid to parochial schools violates the establishment clause
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
____________ is a published report of a falsehood that tends to injure a person's reputation of character
Libel
an example of an ideological third party in the U.S. is the __ party.
Libertarian
Used only under Clinton before being ruled unconstitutional, the - enables a president to veto one or more specific items within a large bill
Line item veto
Who influenced Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence?
Mahatma Gandhi
Candidates campaign managers and political consultants use - to creat newsworthy events for journalists and tv camera crews to cover.
Managed new coverage
A candidate who wins the popular vote nationally
May yet lose in the electoral college
In the _____, the Pilgrims set up a government and promised to obey its laws.
Mayflower Compact
supremacy clause
McCulloch v. maryland 1819 chief justice john marshall declared that no state could use its taxing power to tax an arm of the national government. he was defining the meaning of
Which one of the following groups tends to vote Republican?
Men
Most Hispanics living in the United States, by place of origin, are from
Mexico
Which of the following Supreme Court rulings created a "three-part test" for defining obscenity?
Miller v. California
The U.S supreme court developed a series of statements informing criminal suspects of their constitutional rights in
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Exit polls into thousand 12 showed the families making $100,000-$200,000 per year were
More likely to support the Republican party
Which of the following is a constitutional requirement for becoming president?
Must be a natural born citizen
What is a constitutional requirement for becoming president of the United States?
Must be at least 35 years old
___ was the first woman to lead the house representatives as speaker
Nancy pelosi
In the news business, Hyperlocalism refers to -
Narrowing the focus of news to the local area.
Candidates use - to focus on flaws In their components positions on various issues.
Negative issue ads
Online activists who support a particular candidate but are not controlled by the candidates organization are known as -.
Netroots groups
The ninth state to ratify the Constitution, thus formally putting it into effect, was
New Hampshire
The _____ Plan that was proposed at the Constitutional Convention favored SMALL states. It called legislature in which each state would have only one vote
New Jersey
The equal protection clause was originally intended to protect ___ after the Civil War
Newly freed slaves
managed news coverage
News coverage that is manipulated (managed) by a campaign manager or political consultant to gain media exposure for a political candidate.
Media
Newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the Internet, and any other printed orelectronic means of communication
In his second two years in office, president Obama issued _____ vetos.
No
Which of the following statements is accurate?
No state can impose a residency requirement of more than thirty days as a qualification for voting
Executive privilege is best defined as
On inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts
netroots groups
Online activists who support the candidate but are not controlled by the candidate's organization.
In his first two years in office, president Obama issued _____ vetos.
Only twice
Political Views
Opinion leaders, major life events, peer groups, economic status, and occupation may also influence a person's ______.
Eight - is a really nice from punishment or the legal consequence of a crime and the restoration of a person's rights and privileges
Pardon
Agents of Political socialization
People and institutions that influence the political views
The Supreme Court's __________ doctrine states that certain freedoms are so essential to a democracy that any law that limits these freedoms should be presumed to be unconstitutional unless the government can show that the law is absolutely necessary
Perferred-Postion
The Supreme Court established the separate-but-equal doctrine in____________
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
negative political advertising
Political advertising undertaken for the purpose of discrediting an opposing candidate in the eyes of the voters. Attack ads are one form of this.
Concurrent powers
Powers held by both the federal and the state governments in a federal system
On executive order is a -
Presidential order to carry out a policy or policies describe in a law passed by Congress
An executive order is a
Presidential order to carry out policies
According to Richard Neustadt, in his book presidential power
Presidential power is the power to persuade
When a television show or Internet blogger provides information on the relatively low rates of U.S taxation compared with the rest of the world, with the idea that this information may sway viewers in favor of a tax increase, the journalist is using the agenda setting technique of -.
Priming
____ due process requires that any governmental decision to take life, liberty, or property be made equitably.
Procedural
___________ due process requires that any governmental decision to take life, liberty, or property be made equally
Procedural
gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
The concept of "infotainment" refers to -.
Programs the inform and entertain at the same time.
In the news business, priming refers to-
Promoting specific facts or ideas that may affect the publics thinking on related topics.
— is the process by which as substantial Number of voters choose their political parties allegiance to the major parties
Realignment
Beginning with the presidential actions of 2000, and the press had made much of the supposed cultural differences between the
Red states that vote for Republican candidates and blue states that vote for Democratic candidates
redistricting
Redrawing congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states as well as population shifts within a state.
By the mid-1850s, on the way Coalition had fallen apart and most northern Whigs were absorbed into the new — party, Which opposed the extension of slavery into new territories
Republican
Until the 1930s, African-Americans have been overwhelmingly
Republican
The Great Depression of the 1930s destroyed the belief that the — could better manage the economy, and contribute the realignment in the two-party system
Republicans
President Gerald Ford granted a pardon to former president _____ after the Watergate affair.
Richard Nixon
In ____, the supreme court held that the right to privacy is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy, subject to regulations
Roe V. Wade (1973)
In _________, the Supreme Court held that the "right to privacy....... is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy," subject to certain regulations
Roe v. Wade (1973)
In, _______, the Supreme Court held that the "right to privacy...... is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy"
Roe v. Wade (1973)
___ was the first woman to sit on the supreme court
Sandra Day o'connor
Into thousand nine, Pres. Obama had the most successful legislative year of any president -
Since the opening day of Franklin Roosevelt presidency
Voting Rights
Some restrictions on ________, such as registration, residency, and citizenship requirements, still exist. Most states also deny _____ to prison inmates or felons.
A law based on a suspect classification is subject to ___ strict scrutiny by the courts.
Strict
In Adarand Construtiors, Inc v. Pena (1995) the Supreme Court held that any federal, state, or local affirmative action program that uses racial classifications as the basis for making decisions is subject to ____________ scrutiny by the courts
Strict
In Adarand Constructors Inc. v. Pena (1995) the Supreme Court held that any federal, state, or local affirmative action program that uses racial classifications as the basis for making decisions is subject to ____ by the courts
Strict scrutiny
The current Supreme Court standard for assessing the constitutionality of _____________ is the imminent lawless action test.
Subersive Speech
If a law or other governmental action limits a fundamental right, it will be held to violate __ due process, unless it promotes a compelling or overriding state interest.
Substantive
The ___ banned the use of white primaries
Supreme Court's decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944)
A law based on race is subject to strict scrutiny by the courts, because race is considered a(n) ____________ classification
Suspect
A law based on a ______________, such as race, is subject to strict scrutiny by the courts
Suspect Classification
Talk radio is sometimes characterized as the Wild West of the media because -
Talk-show host often exaggerate their political biases for effect; no journalist conversations are observed.
Today, - consumes at ,east one-half of the total budget for a major political campaign.
Televised political advertising.
The reserved powers of the states are derived from the ___ Amendment(1791)
Tenth
a negative issue ad
The 1964 "daisy girl" ad is an example of what?
baker vs carr
The Supreme Court ruling that all state districts must be equal in population; One man, one vote
The Internet was created by -.
The United States military
Nineteenth
The ____ amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote.
Congress has an advantage of the president in -
The ability to regulate foreign and interstate commerce
Vital Center
The center of the political spectrum; those who hold moderate political views. The center is vital because without it, it may be diffi cult, if not impossible, to reach the compromises that are necessary to a political system's continuity.
Perhaps the most important protection against basis in news reporting is -
The commitment to professionalism of most journalists
Gender Gap
The difference between the percentage of votes cast for a particular candidate and the percentage of votes cast for the same candidate by men.
Free rider program
The difficulty that exist when individuals can enjoy the outcome of an interest groups efforts without having to contribute such as by becoming members of the group
Podcasting can best be defined as -
The distinction of audio or video files to personal computers or mobile devices such as smart phones.
podcasting
The distribution of audio or video files to personal computers or mobile devices such as smartphones.
What did the Supreme Court use in its decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
___ requires that illegally obtained evidence not be admissible in court
The exclusionary rule
________ require(s) that illegally obtained evidence not be admissible in court
The exclusionary rule
____________ states that illegally obtained evidence is not admissible in court
The exclusionary rule
The supreme court has held that a right to privacy is implied by other constitutional rights guaranteed in
The first, third, fourth, fifth, and ninth amendments
Rupert Murdochs media holdings in the United States, which include - promote conservative politics.
The fox television networks and the Wall Street journal.
Government can be best defined as
The individuals and institutions that make society's rules and that also prossess the power and authority to enforce those rules.
Which of the following is NOT a drawback to federalism?
The lack of uniformity of state laws can complicate business transactions that cross state borders
Political Socialization
The learning process through which most people acquire their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and knowledge.
What did the Supreme Court say to the lower federal courts with their decision of Brown v. Board of Education?
The lower federal courts had to take an activist role in ending segregation.
agenda setting
The media's ability to determine which issues are considered to be important by the public and by politicians
Voting-age Population
The number of people residing in the United States who are at least eighteen years old.
"honeymoon period"
The period of the presidency when his success record if very high. It is usually in the beginning of the first term.
Patronage
The practice of giving government jobs to individuals belonging to the winning political party.
Pardon
The presidents power to grant a ____ serves as a check on judicial power. A _____ is a release from punishment or the legal consequences of a crime.
political consultants
The professionals who advise candidates on various aspects of their campaigns, such as media use, fundraising, and polling.
The Enforcement Act of 1870 specified criminal sanctions for interfering with _____.
The right to vote.
Chief Diplomat
The role of the president in recognizing and interacting with foreign governments..
guarantees the right to counsel at various stages in a some criminal proceeding, the right to speedy and public trial (1791)
The sixth amendment
_____ was the youngest person to hold the office of president.
Theodore Roosevelt
Pork legislation
These are federal expenditures tacked on to bills to "bring home the bacon" to a particular congressional member's district.
What happened to African Americans after the federal troops that occupied the South during Reconstruction were withdrawn?
They lose the right to vote.
Which presidents were elected president under the democratic republican banner?
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe
Revolving door
Those who leave positions with the federal government to become a lobbyist or consultant for the private interest groups they helped to regulate
When the president _____, he is performing his role as head of state.
Throws out the first pitch of the season
Accurate
To achive the most ______ results possible, pollsters use ramdom sampling. If the sample is properly selected, the opinions of those in the sample will be representative of the opinions held by the population as a whole. Nevertheless, how a question is phrased cansignifi cantly affect how people answer it.
What did the Second Civil Rights Act entitle people to?
To full enjoyment of public accommodations.
Law of 1972
To prevent presidential abuse of the power to make executive agreements, Congress passed a ______ that requires the president to inform Congress within sixty days off making any executive agreement.
In 2000, for the first time since 1888, the Electoral College vote diverged from the popular vote.
True
The Republican Party has controlled both the White House and Congress since the 2002 midterm elections.
True
—Of Americans identify themselves as republican
Twenty-five percent
Members of the House of Representatives are elected every ___________ years.
Two
The Senate must approve a treaty by a _____ before it becomes effective.
Two thirds vote by the members present
Congress can override a presidential veto with a
Two thirds vote by the members present in each chamber
national party conventions
Unique in western democracies. The national conventions are help in late summer. Delegates adopt the partys platform and nominate the presidential and vice presidential candidates.
In Everson v. board of education (1947), The supreme court
Upheld a new jersey law that allowed the state to pay for bus transportation of students who attended parochial schools
In the 2012 presidential election, all over the United States, the more — the country, the more likely it was to vote Democrat
Urban
The _________ made it illegal to interfere with anyone's right to vote in any election held in this country
Voting Rights Act of 1965
What caused a dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote n the 1960's?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The ___ made it illegal to interfere with anyone right to vote in any election held in this country
Voting rights act of 1965
42%
What is the percentage of the respondents stated that they had a "great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in television news>
Chief Executive
What role is the president playing when he enforces laws and federal court decisions, along with treaties signed by the US?
Congress overrides the veto with 2/3 vote
When can a bill become a law against the wishes of the president?
Cases of inpeachment
When is the president not allowed to grant Pardons?
Policy Voting
When people vote for candidates who share their positions on particular issues, they are engaging in ___.
Which of the following statements is not accurate?
When the framers of the Constitution created the office of the president, they were following the model of a democratically elected chief executive that was characteristic of many countries in the world at that time.
"going public"
When the president is using press conferences, public appearances, and televised events to arouse public opinion in a certain direction, he is sad to be _____.
throughout the 1840s and 1850s, both political parties, the __ and the __, were large, with well-known leaders and supporters across the nation.
Whigs; Democrats
Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, both political parties, the— and the —, were large, with well known leaders and supporters across the nation
Whigs; democrats
Executive staff agencies, the - has the most direct contact with the president
White House office
Regents of the university of california v. bakke (1978) was a caseinvolving an __ who claimed to have been a victim of discrimination when denied admission to the university of california's medical school at davis.
White male
President
Who has the advantage in dealing with national crisis, Congress of the president?
President
Who has the advantage in influencing public opinion, Congress of the president?
Congress
Who has the advantage in legislative authorization, Congress or the president?
Senate
Who ratify treaties?
Grandfather clauses in state laws had the effect of restricting the franchise to those
Whose ancestors had voted before the 1860s
talk-show hosts often exaggerate their political biases for effect.
Why is talk radio sometimes characterized as the Wild West of the media?
What function is performed at the national party convention
Writing a party platform
articles of confederation
__ served as the first national constitution
cooperative
___ federalism grew out of the desire to solve the pressing national problems caused by the great depression
In stone v. graham (1980), the Supreme Court ruled that
a Kentucky law requiring that the Ten Commandments be posted in all public schools violated the establishment clause.
Native americans had no civil rights under U.S law until
1924, when the citizenship rights spelled out in the fourteenth amendment were extended
political advertising first appeared on television during the ___ presidential campaign
1952
In which of the following presidential election years did a "realigning election" not occur?
1960
The first televised presidential debate took place in
1960, between Kennedy and Nixon
Cable television networks arrived in the
1970's
Cable television networks arrives in the - .
1970's
not until __ did ordinary voter in all states gain the right to select delegates to the national presidential nomination conventions
1972
federal election campaign act of 1971
1974 legislation designed to regulate campaign contributions and limit campaign expenditures.
Debates have been a pRt of every presidential election since
1976
The Internet, including email and the World Wide Web, came into widespread use by the General public in the -.
1990's
Modern talk radio took off in the United States during the - after the -.
1990's; repeal of the fairness doctrine
In congress, the Democrats were the dominant party from the Great Depression until when?
1994, when the Republicans gained control of both chambers. The Republicans held control of Congress from then until 2006, except for two years when the Democrats controlled the Senate by one vote. Following the elections of 2006, the Democrats again had a majority in Congress
In its first opportunity to rule on the issue, the Supreme Court extended first amendment protections to the Internet in -.
1997
Which amendment gives women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
the right to vote shall not be denied on account of gender or sex (1920)
19th amendment
The _______ prohibits Congress from passing laws "respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise of thereof"
1st amendment
first british setlements
1st permanent english setlement in north america was jamestown in present day virginia jamestown was established in 1607
a new party agenda is usually announced every...
2 years as a new session of Congress gets underway
Cable tv received substantial first amendment protections from the Supreme Court in -.
2000
In 1963, when the Equal Pay Act was enacted, women earned ______ for every dollar earned by men
58 cents
By law, the president is required to inform Congress within - of making any executive agreement
60 days
The war Powers resolution of 1973 prevents the president from keeping troops abroad for more then - unless Congress authorizes a long period
60 days
In a 2013 poll by the Pew Research Center, - of respondents agreed that "press criticism of political leaders keeps them from doing things that should be done"
68 percent
The _____ provides the right to have the "Assistance of Counsel" in criminal prosecutions
6th Amendment
Among United States inter net users, about - read blogs
77 percent
Today, how many African Americans serve in elective office in the United States?
8,500
It is estimated that for every dollar earned by men, women earn about
80 cents
It is estimated that for every dollar earned by men, women earn about ______
80 cents
Approximately, how many elected officials are in the US today?
8500
There are about _____ governments in the United States today
88,500
lobbyist
A person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches
Diplomat
A person who represents one country in dealing with representatives of another country.
In the 1800, and article describing Thomas Jefferson as having a "weakness of nerves, want of fortitude, and total imbecility of character" appeared in the federalist gazette of the United States. This is an example of -.
A personal attack ad
New federalism
A plan to limit the federal government's role in regulating state governments and to give the states increased power deciding how they should spend government revenues
issue ad
A political advertisement that focuses on a particular issues. They can be used to support or attack a candidate's position or credibility.
spin doctor
A political candidate's press adviser who tries to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning the candidate a particular "spin" (interpretation, or slant)
Biased sample
A poll sample that does not accurately represent the population
White Primary
A primary election in which African Americans were prohibited from voting. The practice was banned by the Supreme Court in 1944.
cloture
A procedure for ending filibusters in the senate and bringing the matter under consideration to a vote
Numerical Survey
A public opinion poll is a _______ of the public's opinion on a particular topic at a particular moment, as measured through the use of samples.
spin
A reporter's slant on, or interpretation of, a particular event or action.
The the context of news coverage, spin is -
A reporters slant on, or interpretation of, a particular event or action
Federal mandate
A requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply with certain rules
The media's ability to determine which issues are considered to be important by the public and by politicians means that the media are engaged in -.
Agenda setting
Some commentators contended that the Green party candidate Ralph Nader spoiled the chances of — in the 2000 presidential election, because many of those who voted for Nader would have voted democratic had Nader not been in the ballot
Al gore
states with the fewest electoral votes include __ and __
Alaska; north Dakota
print media
Communication channels that consist of printed materials, such as newspaper and magazines.
electronic medi
Communication channels that involve electronic transmissions, such as radio, television, and the internet.
mass media
Communication channels, such as newspapers and radio and television broadcasts, throughout which people can communicate to large audiences.
The — party emerged in the 1828, when Andrew Jackson ran against John Quincy Adams and won the presidency
Democratic
which group dominated American politics in the early 1800s? then split into two groups in the mid-1820s?
Democratic Republicans
In the early days of America, opponents of the Federalists became known as:
Democratic Republicans.
The election of 1932 Franklin Roosevelt to presidency and the —back to power of the national level
Democrats
When the former Confederate states joined the union after the Civil War, the Republicans in the new— were roughly even in strength, although The Republicans were more successful in presidential contests
Democrats
In the mid-1820s, the Jeffersonian republicans split into two groups, the __ and the __.
Democrats; National Republicans
In the mid-1820s the jeffersonian Republicans split into two groups, the — and the —.
Democrats; national Republicans
What was forbidden by the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
Discrimination in housing
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Dissentef from the majority opinion in the case of abortion said that the ruling was an alarming departure from three decades of supreme court decisions on abortion
The mascot of the Democratic Party is the
Donkey
Which Supreme Court case contributed the most to making the civil War inevitable?
Dred Scott
The _____________ clause of the fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees that state governments will not arbitrarily deprive any person of life, liberty, or property
Due Process
The Supreme Court has used the ___ clause to ___ the protections guaranteed by the national Bill of Rights into the liberties protected under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Due process; incorporate
- Claim the presidential power to regulate the car to me. Since that time, Americans have expected the president to be actively involved in economic matters and social programs.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Franklin D Roosevelt
law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.
Federal Election Campaign Act
which two major political factions were formed even before the Constitution was ratified
Federalist and Anti-Federalists
After Thomas Jefferson won the presidency and his party won control of congress, the __ never returned to power and became the first American political party to go out of existence
Federalists
After Thomas Jefferson won the presidency and his party won control of congress, the — never returned to power and became the first American political party to go out of existence
Federalists
The battle over ratification of the Constitution was fought chiefly by two opposing groups, the
Federalists and the Anti-Federalists
two major political factions, the __ and __, were formed even before the constitution was ratified.
Federalists; Anti-Federalists
Two major political factions, the — and —, were formed even before the constitution was ratified
Federalists; anti federalists
The first major political division in the United States, between the — and the —, established a precedent that contributed to the domination of the two party system
Federalists; anti-Federalist
The __ Amendment prohibits Congress from passing laws "respecting an establishment of religion.." (1791)
First
The ___ Amendment prohibits Congress from passing laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion (1791)
First
Frances Perkins
First woman appointed to a cabinet post by Franklin D.Roosevelt
Posses on tax rates, subsidize, and decreases and increases government spending levels is known as - policy
Fiscal
In the news business, framing can mean
Fitting events into a familiar story or filtering information through preconceived ideas.
— of Americans identify themselves as conservative
Forty percent
The ____________ Amendment includes protection from unreasonable searches and seizures (1791)
Fourth
The protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" is found in the ___ Amendment. (1791)
Fourth
When a journalist fits events into a familiar story or filters information through preconceived idea, the journalist is engaged In the agenda setting technique know as -.
Framing
___ appointed the first woman to a cabinet post
Franklin D roosevelt
Ever since ___ held his first "fireside chats" on radio, politicians have realized the power of radio.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
_______ appointed the first woman to a cabinet post
Franklin D. Roosevelt
_______ appointed the first woman to a cabinet post
Franklin D. Roosevelt Frances Perkins
The president who use the veto power most frequently, totaling 372 regular votes, was -
Franklin DelanoRoosevelt
realigning election of 1932
Franklin Roosevelt was elected to the presidency and the Democrats came back to power at the national level
Ever since - held the first "fireside chats" on radio, politicians have realized the power of that medium
Franklin d Roosevelt
terms of office of house/senate members
House: 2 year
Federal grants
How does the federal government exercise control over matters that have traditionally been under the control of the state government
Sample
In the context of opinion polling, a group of people selected to represent the population being studied.
Ramdom Sample
In the context of opinion polling, a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen
Sampling Error
In the context of opinion polling, the diff erence between what the sample results show and what the true results would have been had everybody in the relevant population been interviewed
that physician- assisted suicide violated the eighth amendment prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments
In washington v. glucksberg(1997), the supreme court held
Additional powers that are necessary to carry out the specific responsibilities of Pres. are set forth in the Constitution. They are known as - powers
Inherit
mass media
Instant dissemination to a mass audience. communication from a single source to many people, separates the sender and receiver (i.e. newspaper, magazine, book, radio, TV, film, etc)
The first presidential caucus of the campaign season is traditionally held in
Iowa
The war against terrorism and the U.S. involvement in Iraq apparently helped President Bush win re-election against :
Senator John Kerry in 2004.
In a recent study, the Pew Research Center for the people and the press found that 64 percent of reporters in both national and local media applied the term - to themselves.
Moderates
Constitutional monarch
Monarch shares governmental power with elected lawmakers , most constitutional monarchs today serve merely as ceremonial leaders of their nations as in Spain Sweden and the United Kingdom
in the 1890s, the democrats allied themselves with the __ movement, which advocated inflation as a way of lessening the debts of farmers in the South and West.
Populist
In the 1890s, the Democrats allied themselves with the — establish themselves in the minds of many Americans as a party that knew how to manage the nations economy, and they remained dominate in national politics until the onset of the great depression
Populists
According to the ______ any law thatlimits the freedom of speech or the press- freedoms essential to democracy- should be presumed unconstitutional unless the government can show that the law is absolutely necessary
Preferred-Position doctrine
According to Richard Neustadt, in his book presidential power, -
Presidential power is the power to persuade
The White House office includes the
Presidents Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, and the council to the president
Line item veto
Presidents have often argued in favor of a ____ that would enable them to veto just one or several items in a bill.
According to the succession act of 1947, if both the president and the vice president die, resign, or are disabled, the - will then act as president
Speaker of the house of representatives, on his or her, resignation as speaker and as representative
A - is a political candidate's press advisor who tries to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning the candidate a particular interpretation or slat.
Spin Doctor
Went to third party splits the vote, taking electoral victory aware from one party and handing it to another, the third-party is playing the — role
Spoiler
In 1765, the British Parliament passed the _____ Act, which imposed the first direct tax on the colonists.
Stamp
What is the problem with the blurring of racial distinctions when it comes to the civil rights agenda?
State and federal governments use the classifications to determine eligibility for certain benefits.
An example of a splinter party in U.S. history is the __ party.
States' Rights(Dixiecrat)
Voting for governors and members of the electoral college takes place on a —basis, which hurts third-party candidates
Statewide, winner take all
California democratic party v jones
The Supreme Court case that found California's version of blanket primary as unconstitutional in 2000
What was the result of Plessy v. Ferguson?
The development of a system of legal raicla segregation.
Which of the following is not part of the test the supreme court developed in Miller v. California (1973) to determine if a book or film is legally obscene?
The work taken as whole lacks serious political or scientific value
Inherent Powers
These are power to the president that are necessary to carry out the specific responsibilities of the president as set fourth in the Constitution.
Public Officials
They lern about public opinion through election results, personal contacts, interest groups, and media reports. The only relatively precise way to measure public opinion is through the use of public opinion polls.
How did the racists of the South use the Supreme Court's direction of "all deliberate speed" with integration?
They used it to stall efforts toward integration.
Migration and other demographic trends can make a particular type of motor more numerous, shifting the balance of support between the major political parties. This process is known as—
Tipping
What was one of the major goals of the National Organization of Women?
To ratify the ERA
"football"
Today the president travels at all times with the ___, the briefcase containing the codes used to launch a nuclear attack.
The Senate must approve the treaty by a - before it becomes effective
Two thirds vote of the members present
The presidential strategy known as going public refers to
Using appearances to arouse public opinion
Which of the following is an "indirect" lobbying technique?
Using newspaper and magazine ads.
The presidential strategy known as going public refers to
Using press conferences, public appearances, and televised events to arouse public opinion in favor of certain legislative program
public financing
Using tax dollars to fund something, such as election-campaign expenses
president of senate
Vice President
The - has been called the first "television war"
Vietnam War
The ____________ has been called the first "television war."
Vietnam War
the ___ has been called the first "television war"
Vietnam War
In united states v. Virginia (1996), The supreme court held that
Virginia Military institute, a state- financed institution, violated the equal protection clause by refusing to accept females applicants
direct primary
Voters cast their ballots directly for candidates
suspect classification
a classification, such as race, that provides the basis for a discriminatory law. Any law based on a suspect classification is subject to strict scrutiny by the courts-meaning that the law must be justified by a compelling state interest.
three fifths compromise
a compromise reached during the constitutional convention reached by which three fifths of all slaves were to be counted for purposes of representation in the house of representatives.
equality
a concept that holds at a minimum that all the people are entitled to equal protection under the law
malapportionment
a condition in which the voting power of citizens in one district is greater than the voting power of citizens in another district
preemption
a doctrine rooted in the supremacy clause of the constitution that provides the national laws or regulations governing a certain area take precedance over conflicting state laws or regulations governing that same area
mayflower compact
a document drawn up by pilgrim leaders in 1620 on the ship mayflower. the document stated that the laws were to be made for the general good of the people
categorical grant
a federal grant targeted for a specific purpose as defined by federal law
dictatorship
a form of government in which absolute power is exercised by an individual or group whose power is not supported by tradition
autocracy
a form of government in which the power and authority of the government are in the hands of a single person
federal system
a form of government that provides for a division of powers between a central government and several regional governments. in the U.S the division of powers between the national government and the states is established by the constitution
first continental congress
a gathering of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies held in 1774 protest the corcive acts
congressional district is
a geographic area that is served by one member in the house of representatives
political party
a group of individuals who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine policy
A political party is best defined as
a group of people who organize to win elections, operate government, and determine policy.
faction
a group of persons forming a cohesive majority
bill of attainder
a legislative act that inflicts punishment on particular persons or groups with out granting them the right to a trial
bill attainer
a legislative act that inflicts punishment on particular persons or groups without granting them the right to a trial
bicameral legislature
a legislature made up two chambers or parts. the U.S has a bicameral legislature composed of the house reprensentative and the senate
checks and balances
a major principle of american government in which each of the three branches is given the means to check to restrain or balance the actions of the others
picket-fence federalism
a model of federalism in which specific policies and programs are administered by all levels of government- national, state, and local
cooperative federalism
a model of federalism in which the states and the federal government cooperate in solving problems
new federalism
a plan to limit the federals government role in regulating state governments and to give the states increased power to decide how they should spend government revenues
federalists
a political group led by alexander hamilton and john adams that supported the adoption of the constitution and the creation of federal form of government
anti federalists
a political group that opposed the adoption of the constitution because of the document centralists tendancies and because it did not include a bill of rights
media consultant
a professional who produces candidates' television, radio, and print advertisements.
shays rebellion
a rebellion of angry farmers in western massachussets in 1786 led by a former revolutionary war captain daniel shays. this rebellion and the other similiar uprisings in the new england states emphasized the need for a true national government.
federal mandate
a requirement in federal legislation that forces the states and municipalities to comply with certain rules, if the federal government does not provide funds to the states to cover the costs of compliance the mandate is referred to as an unfunded mandate
conservatism
a set of beleifs that include a limited role for the national government in helping individuals and in the economic affairs of the nation and support for traditional values and lifestyles
liberalism
a set of political beleifs that include the advocacy of active government including government intervention to improve the welfare of individuals and to protect civil rights
According to Lemon v. Kurtzman
a state's school aid must be clearly secular, not help/hurt religion, and be clear of government entanglement with religion.
democracy
a system of government in which people have ultimate political authority
direct democracy
a system of government in which political decisions are made by the people themselves rather than by representatives. this form of government was practiced in some parts of ancient greece
dual federalism
a system of governments in which the federal and the states governments maintain diverse but sovereign powers
ideology
a system of political ideas that are rooted in religious or philosophical beleifs concerning human nature, society, and government
federalism
a system of shared sovereignty between two levels of government one national and one subnational occupying the same geographic region
sound bite
a televised comment lasting for only a few seconds, that captures a thought or perspective and has immediate impact on viewers
social contract
a voluntary agreement among individuals to create a government and to give that government adequate power to secure the mutual protection and welfare of all individuals
3. By default, the lines of the congressional districts are drawn by the ________, or by a designated body such as an independent commission. a. state legislatures b. electoral college c. House of Representatives d. U.S. Supreme Court e. Senate
a. state legislatures
8. All California citizens who are eighteen or older are eligible to vote, unless: a. they are in a mental institution or prison. b. they have been convicted of a felony within the past 20 years. c. they are in prison or on parole for a felony crime. d. they are in a mental institution or a drug rehabilitation facility. e. they have a felony charge pending or are in prison.
a. they are in a mental institution or prison.
15. Whenever Congress is unable to pass a complete budget by October 1, it passes __________. a. continuing resolutions b. authorization bills c. entitlement programs d. appropriations bills
a. continuing resolutions
inherent
ability of the national government to regulate immigration is an example of its ___ power
power
ability to influence the behavior of others usually through the use of force persuasion or rewards
importance of incumbency in reelection
ability to raise money
one advantage of federalism in the United States is that state governments can
act as "laboratories" for public-policy experimentation
secession
act of formally withdrawing from membership in an alliance; the withdrawal of a state from the federal union
Government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, create ____ law in the form of rules and regulations
administrative
In late summer of a presidential election year, delegates gather at each party's national convention to declare their support for the party's ticket. In addition to nominating the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates, delegates
adopt the official party platform
Kathleen Hall Jamieson, an expert on politics and the media, suggests that media bias plays a role in shaping presidential campaigns and elections. It is a bias
against "losers"
Since 1971, the Supreme Court has used a test to determine whether government aid to parochial schools is constitutional. To be constitutional, the ____________
aid must avoid an "excessive government entanglement with religion"
Since 1971, the supreme court has used a test to determine whether government aid to parochial schools is constitutional. To be constitutional, the
aid must avoid an "excessive government entanglement with religion"
capitalism
an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth producing property, free marketsand freedom contract. the privately owned coorporation is the preeminent capitalist institution.
according to some lawyers, a 501(c)4 organization could make limited contribution directly to a candidate's campaign
and could conceal the identities of its donors.
____ is the distribution of House seats among the states on the basis of their respective populations
apportionment
lexington & concord
april 19, 1775 redcoats foughts against minutemen in the towns, the first battles of the american revolution
The Miranda warnings ________
are a series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights
block grants
are federal grants given to a state for broad areas such as criminal justice or mental health programs
Political parties in the U.S.
are fragmented and decentralized
federal states
are laws enacted by the U.S. congress
In most advanced industrialized countries, national campaigns
are limited by law to no more than two months
under the federal election campaign laws, public financing for the general election is provided, if presidential candidates
are willing to accept campaign-spending limits
necessary and proper clause
article 1 section 8 clause 18 of the constitution which gives congress the power to make all laws and "necessary and proper" for the federal government to carry out its responsabilities also called the elastic clause
expressed
article I section 8 of the constitution enumerates twenty seven powers that congress may exercise. two of these ___ powers are the power to coin money and the power to regulate interstate commerce
coin money, regulate interstate commerce
article I section 8 of the constitution enumerates twenty seven powers that congress may exercise. two of these expressed powers are the power to ___ and the power to ___
supremacy clause
article VI clause 2 of the constitution which makes the constitution and the federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws
1781
articles of confederation ratified independence secured with british surrender at yorktown
congress of the confederation
articles of confederation which served as the nations first national constitution established the ___ as the central governing body
which of the following is not an executive department
arts and humanities
each state has
as many electoral votes as it has US senators and representatives
john locke
asserted tha people are born with natural rights to life liberty and property
majority leader in senate
assist their respective leadership in rounding-up votes, and acting as liaisons between the leadership & the rank & file.
A(n) ___ ad is a negative political advertisement that discredits the character of an opposing candidate
attack
issue add
attacks candidates on particular issue. Differs on issues and allows candidates to capitalize on the power of tv to improve their image
In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) the Supreme Court held that the undergraduate admissions policy at the University of Michigan violated the equal protection clause because it ___________
automatically awarded every "underrepresented" minority applicant 1/5 of the points needed to guarantee admission
9. __________ now manage nearly all aspects of a presidential candidate's campaign. a. Delegates b. Professional political consultants c. Electors d. Political party chairpersons
b. Professional political consultants
6. Most legislative candidates have found ________ to be the most efficient way to spend their money. a. newspaper advertising b. direct mail c. radio d. television e. Internet advertising
b. direct mail
6. The most common campaign medium used by candidates for California state legislature is: a. radio ads. b. direct mail. c. television ads. d. newspaper ads. e. social networking websites.
b. direct mail.
liberalism
best defined as a set of beleifs that value big government as unnecessary tool for correcting unfair social and economic outcomes
shays rebellion
best describes as an uprising in western massachussets in 1786 were indebted farmers seized county courthouses and disrupted the debtors trials
the delegates to the constitutional convention were
best educated & wealthiest class
1791
bill of rights ratified
in a __ primary, voters can vote for candidates from more than one party.
blanket
1770
boston massacre
how american political parties are structured
both major parties are fragmented and decentralized
sound mic
brief comment lasting few seconds captures thought or perspective immediate impact on viewers
13. The House ________ Committee regulates the flow of bills through the House, and normally will specify the amount of time to be spent on debate. a. Budget b. Standards of Official Conduct c. Rules d. Oversight and Government Reform e. Ways and Means
c. Rules
4. ________ are most likely to vote. a. Young people b. Democrats c. Suburban homeowners d. Big-city residents e. The poor
c. Suburban homeowners
5. ________ is an example of a public-interest group. a. The Tea Party b. The National Education Association c. The American Civil Liberties Union d. AARP e. The American Medical Association
c. The American Civil Liberties Union
Since 1945, the president, as ___, has been responsible for deciding if and when to use nuclear weapons.
commander in chief
____ law is the body of law developed from judicial decisions in English and U.S. courts.
common
print media
communication channels that consist of printed materials such as newspapers
electronic media
communitcation channels that involve electronic transmissions such as radio television and internet
The Jeffersonian Republicans thought that __ should dominate the government.
congress
each executive department was created by ___ as the perceived need for it arose
congress
the U.S. constitution gives ___ the power to declare war
congress
preempted
congress chooses to act exclusively in an area in which the states and the national government have concurrent powers congress is said to have ___
constitutional convention compromised on slavery
congress could prohibit slave importation into the country beginning in 1808
The Articles of Confederation, which served as the nation's first national constitution, established the ____ as teh central governing body.
congress of the confederation
1776
congress passes the declaration of independence
1789
congress proposes bill of rights
new jersey plan
congress would be able to regulate trade and impose taxes, one vote each state, supreme law of the land, executive office= more than one elected by congress, executive office appoint a national supreme court
1777
congress writes the articles of confederation
the idea that governments and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed
consent of the people
the party in government
consists of all the candidates who have won elections and now hold public office; helps to organize the government's agenda
the party in the electorate
consists of all those people who describe themselves as democrats or republicans
imposing taxes on exports
constitution expressly prohibits the national government from
implied
constitutional basis for the ___ powers of the national power is found in article I section 8 clause 18 often called the necessary & proper clause
necessary and proper
constitutional basis for the implied powers of the national government is found in article I section 8 clause 18 and is often called ___ clause
three fifths compromise
constitutional convention settled the deadlock between the southern states and the northern states over how slaves would be counted in determining representation in congress
expressed powers
constitutional or statuory powers that are expressesly provided for by the U.S constitution also called enumerated powers
elastic
constitutional provision that gives congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper for the federal government to carry out its responsabilities is often referred to as ___ clause
limited government
constitutions created by each of the colonies at the request of the second continental congress all called for
the __ committee of each national political party evaluates the claims of national party convention delegates to be the legitimate representatives of their states.
credentials
13. ________ played a crucial role in stirring up the recall of Governor Gray Davis in 2003. a. The Internet b. All of these choices c. Television news coverage d. Talk radio e. Newspaper editorials
d. Talk radio
Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of deliberate intentions but because of social and economic conditions and residential patterns is called ________- segregation
de facto
Racial segregation that occurs not as result of deliberate intentions but because of social and economic condition and residential patterns is called ___ segregation
de facto
by 2014, 42 percent of the electorate claimed to be independent. this trend is known as __.
dealignment
bill of rights
debate over ratification the anti federalists argued vigorously that the constitution needed a
the constitution
does not mention political parties.
15. During presidential elections, political analysts and news media outlets place a great deal of emphasis on what they call ________, states where voters are not clearly leaning toward either major candidate leading up to the elections. a. political thickets b. states of disarray c. boomerang states d. war zones e. battleground states
e. battleground states
7. A(n) ________ is a person selected to represent the people of one geographic area at a political party convention. a. candidate b. lobbyist c. poll watcher d. elector e. delegate
e. delegate
8. Because of advantages such as franking privileges, access to the media, and name recognition, ________ are more likely than ________ to win congressional elections. a. men/women b. conservatives/liberals c. Democrats/Republicans d. Republicans/Democrats e. incumbents/challengers
e. incumbents/challengers
7. The AFL-CIO is an interest group that represents ________. a. senior citizens b. business c. agribusiness d. environmentalists e. labor
e. labor
12. For the general election campaign, ________ receive federal funding for almost all of their expenses if they are willing to accept campaign-spending limits. a. candidates for state and local offices b. candidates for the U.S. Senate c. all candidates for federal office d. congressional candidates e. presidential candidates
e. presidential candidates
the giving or withholding of federal grant dollars
federal government has been able to exercise control over matters that have traditionally been under the control of state governments such as the minimum drinking age by
house of representatives
federal official may be impeached by
senate
federal official who has been impeached is trried by
The first major political division in the U.S., between the __ and the __, established a precedent that contributed to the domination of the two-party system.
federalists; anti-federalists
The ____ Amendment to teh Constitution guaranteed suffrage to the African American males.
fifteenth
Which of the following constitutional amendments stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of race?
fifteenth amendment
september 17 1787
final draft of the constitution was approved by the delegates
The establishment clause
forbids the government from establishing an official religion
In 1789, Congress designated the Native American tribes as ___________ so that the government could sign land and boundary treaties with them
foreign nations
the president and vice president are elected every __ years
four
An example of an "issue-oriented" party in U.S. history was the:
free soil party
liberty
freedom of individuals to beleive act and express themselves as they choose so long as doing so does not infringe on the rights of other individuals in the society
civil liberties
freedom to practice whatever religion we choose and to be free from any stare imposed religion
The feminist movement that began in the 1960s sought ___________ for women
full political, economic, and social equality
Our First Amendment rights are considered __________
fundamental
Our first amendments right are considered ___ rights
fundamental
The stonewall Inn uprising launched the
gay power movement
The "Stonewall Inn" 1969 incident led to renewed political activism on the part of :
gays
a __ is held to select the US president, vice president, and senators and representatives in congress.
general election
The Jeffersonian Republican party
generally thought that government policies should serve farming interests.
republicans
in 1776 __ oppossed strong central government supported unicameral legislatures and tended to be less prominent than their political counterparts
costs of running a campaign
in 2006 they spent 1.3 billion and 2008 2.9 billion
three fifths
in a compromisereached during the constitutional convention it was agreed that each slave would count as ___ of a person in determining representation in the house of representatives
__ is accurate.
in an indirect primary, voters choose delegates, who in turn choose the candidates.
supremacy clause
in article VI of the constitution makes the constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws
regulate interstate commerce
in gibbons v. ogden 1824 the supreme court held that the power to ___ was an exclusive national power
direct democracry
in its purest form is possible only in small communities where citizens can meet to decide policy
In brown v board of education of topeka (1954) the supreme court held that segregation by race___ was unconstitutional
in public education
when citizens vote for president and vice president, they are not voting directly for the candidates. instead, they are voting for electors who will cast their ballots
in the electoral college
one advantage of federalism
in the united states is that state governments can act as "laboratories" for public policy experimentation
The Fifth Amendment ___________
includes a protection against self-incrimination
The fifth Amendment ____________
includes a protection against self-incrimination
The Fifth Amendment ___________
includes a protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy nor be deprived of life liberty and property (1791)
The Supreme court has made it clear that sexual harassment ________
includes harassment by members of the same sex
the secession of the southern states in 1860-61 and the ensuing civil war resulted in?
increased power for the national government
shays rebellion
indebted farmers in western massachussets seized county courthouses and disrupted debtors trials in 1786. an attack was also launched on the national government arsenal. this uprising known as ___ was an important catalyst for change because it helped to convince many americans that a true national government had to be created
in many states, __ can't participate in primary elections.
independents
more voters identify themselves as what?
independents (about 40%)
____ lobbying techniques: shaping public opinion, rating systems , issue ads , 527s and 501(c)4s. mobilizing constituents , going to court , demonstrations
indirect
in an __ primary, voters cast ballots for delegates who in turn choose the candidates.
indirect
civil liberties
individual rights protected by the Constitution against the powers of the government.
civil liberties
individual rights protected by the constitution against the powers of the government
In essence, political parties are essentially coalitions of
individuals and groups.
government
individuals and institutions that make societys rules and also possess the power and authority to enforce those rules
the task of teaching citizens about the issues is the party role of __.
informing the public.
The ____ of representation requires representatives to mirror the views of their constituents.
instructed-delegate view
Under the _____ standard, a law or action that discriminates against a particular group or class of individuals must be neccessary to promote a compelling stat interest and must be narrowly tailored to meet that interest in order to find that the equal protection clause has not been violated
intermediate scrutiny
primary source of most americans
internet
The separate-but-equal doctrine
is a Supreme Court doctrine holding that the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment prohibits racial segregation
picket fence federalism
is a model of federalism in which specific policies and programs are administered by all levels of government national state and local.
new federalism
is a model of federalism in which the federal governments role in regulating state governments is limited and the states are given increased power to decide how they should spend government revenues
microtargeting
is a process that involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention.
The separate- but equal doctine
is a supreme court doctrine holding that the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment prohibits racial segregation.
a confederation
is a voluntary association of independent states that are united only for the purpose of achieving common goals.
John Locke was an English philosopher who argued that people are born with natural rights to
life, liberty, and property
In most advanced industrialized countries, election campaigns are
limited by law to no more than two month
checks & balances
major principle of american government ___ was devised to ensure that no one group or branch of government can exercise exclusive control
ways of nominating presidential candidates
majority of syayes hold presidential primaries beginning early in te election year. the presidentil primaries do not follow the same rules the staes are for nominting.
The supremacy clause in the Article VI of the constitution
makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws
The talk radio audience is predominately -
male, middle-aged, conservative.
Candidates' campaign managers and political consultants have shown increasing sophistication in creating newsworthy events for journalists to cover, an effort commonly referred to as
managed news coverage
1990s, after the repeal of the fairness doctrine
modern talk radio took off in the U.S. during the...
primary elections tend to attract a __ electorate
more ideological
exit polls in 2012 showed that families making 100,000 to 200,000 per year were
more likely to support the republican party.
when the whig coalition fell apart in the mid-1850s, what happened?
most whigs were absorbed into the new Republican Party, which opposed the extenstion of slavery into new territores
Which of the following is a constitutional requirement for becoming president of the United States?
must be a natural born citizen of the US
for the constitutional framers, the appeal of federalism was that it retained state powers and local traditions while establishing a strong national government capable of handling common problems, such as
national defense
attack add
negative political advertisement that describes the character of opposing candidate
nation centered ; state centered
new federalism initiated in the 1970s involved a shift from ___ federalism to ___ federalism
The equal protection clause was originally intended to protect ________ after the Civil War
newly freed slaves
congress have power to regulate interstate commerce
no export taxes would be imposed on products exported by the states
theocracy
no seperation of church and state
Beginning in 1800, members of Congress who belonged to the two political parties held caucuses to
nominate candidates for president and vice president
A(n) ________ is a partyʹs official selection of a candidate to run for office
nomination
louisiana
nonpartism- all candidates participate in the same primary regardless of party.
A sit-in is a tactic of ___ that was used successfully in the civil rights movement.
nonviolent civil disobedience
Malcolm X was an advocate of
nonviolent civil disobedience.
The District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands all send ____ to the House of Representatives.
nonvoting delegates
in 1964, a coalition of __ and __ crafted major civil rights legislation.
northern democrats;republicans
The Supreme Court has ruled that congressional districts must contain, as nearly as possible, an equal number of
people
The framers of the Constitution designed the House of Representatives to represent the
people as a whole.
standing committee
permanate ideal with legislation concerning a particular area membership is generally divided between the parties according to the # of members in each chamber
1787
philadelphia convention drafts U.S constitution
revising the articles of confederation
philadelphia meeting that became the constitutional convention was called for sole and express purpose of
mayflower compact
pilgrims set up a government and promised to obey its laws
"The document drawn up by each party at its national convention that outlines the policies and positions of the party" is called the party ________.
platform
The supreme court establish the separate- but- equal doctrine in
plessy v ferguson (1896)
the ______theory believes that politics is a contest among various interest groups
pluralist
_____ maintain that the influence of interest is democratic because individual interest are indirectly represented in the policymaking process through these groups
pluralists
the federal election campaign act (FECA) allowed corporations, labor unions, and special interest groups to set up national__ to raise money for candidates.
political action committees(PAC)
negative add
political advertising undertaken for the purpose of discrediting an opposing candidate in voters eyes. Attack ads are one form of negative political advertising
__ now manage nearly all aspects of a presidential candidate's campaign
political consultants
candidate center campaigns
political consultants now manage nearly all aspects of a presidential candidate campaign
socialism
political ideology that lies to the left of the liberalism on the political spectrum. socialists are scarce in the united states but common in many other countries
libertarianism
political ideology that opposes government involvement in issues of private morality
Are Political parties mentioned in the U.S. Constitution?
political parties AREN'T mentioned in the constitution
__ best describes the way in which political parties perform the function of balancing competing interests
political parties are essentially coalitions-alliances of individuals and groups with a variety of concerns and opinions who join together to support the party's platform, or parts of it.
__ best describes the way in which political parties perform the function of selecting candidates.
political parties narrow the field of candidates through primary elections.
with the rise of candidate-centered campaigns, the role of the __ in managing campaigns has declined.
political party
The presidential primary was begun in the early twentieth century, most strongly pushed by
political reformers who wanted to take nominations out of the hands of party bosses
Resolving conflicts over what society's priorities should be is the essence of
politics
The twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed ____ in national elections
poll taxes
__ are representatives from each political party who are allowed to monitor polling places to make sure that the election is run fairly and that fraud doesn't occur
poll watchers
____ are representatives from each political party who are allowed to monitor polling places to makes sure the election is run fairly and to avoid fraud
poll watchers
A literary digest poll incorrectly predicted that Alfred Landon would win the presidential election in 1936 because teh
pollsters used an unrepresentative sample
Implicityly, the principle of limited government rests on the concept of
popular sovereignty
two
possible ways for an amendment to be added to the constitution
example of concurrent power?
power to levy and collect taxes
state party organization
powers and duties differ from state to state. at the local level, there is generally a party unit for each district in which elective offices are to be filled
concurrent powers
powers held by both the federal & state governments in a federal system
concurrent
powers held by both the federal and state governments in a federal system are called ___ powers
police powers
powers of a government body that enables it to create laws for the protection of the health, safety, welfare, morals of the people in the US most police powers are reserved to the states
police
powers of a state to enact whatever laws are necessary to protect the health, morals, safety, and welfare of its people called ___ powers
implied powers
powers of the federal government that are implied by the expressed powers in the constitution article 1 section 8
inherent powers
powers of the national government that although not always expressly granted by the constitution are necessary to ensure the nations integrity and survival as a political unit inherent powers include the powers to make treaties and the power to wage war or make peace
madisonian model
powers of the national government were seperated into different branches: legislative, e ecutive, judicial
reserved to the states or to the people
powers that are not delegated to the national government by the constitution nor prohibited to the states are
A(n) ____ is a court decision that furnishes an example or authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts and legal issues.
precedent
supremacy
preemption is a doctrine rooted in the ___ clause of the constitution
According to the __,any law that limits the freedom of speech or the press-freedoms essential to a democracy should be presumed unconstitutional unless the government can show that law is absolutely necessary
preferred-position doctrine
Each executive department head is appointed by the
president
the ___ is the head of the executive branch of the federal government
president
veto power
president checks congress by holding
national party organization
presidential candidate is the official leader of the party; every 4 years, the parties hold national conventions to nominate their presidential and vice presidential candidates; party platform in developed; each state elects a number of delegates to the national party committees; each national committee organizes the national conventions and plan how to win the next election; national chairsperson is chosen to serve as the administrative head of the national party; each party also has a congressional campaign committee
Executive Order
presidential order to carry out a policy or policies described in a law passed by Congress.
Today, a majority of the delegates to the national convention are selected through
presidential primaries.
The majority of the states hold presidential ____, beginning early in the election year.
primaries
a __ allows voters to go to the polls to decide among candidates who seek nomination for office from their party.
primary election
closed primary
primary in which only party members can vote to choose that partys candidate
popular sovereignty
principle of limited government rests on the concept of
Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis stated in 1928 that the right to _______ is "the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men"
privacy
In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that ________
sodomy laws violate the 14th Amendment's due process clause
loopholes in campaign financing rules
soft money- they did not prohibit individ. or coroporations from contributing to political parties. Many contributors would make donations to the national parties to cover costs of such activities as registering voters, printing brochures, advertising
the term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote democratic after the civil war
solid south
model of cooperative federalis m grew out of the need to?
solve the pressing national problems caused by the great depression
In televised news reporting, a brief comment, lasting for only a few seconds, that captures a thought or a perspective and has an immediate impact on the viewers is referred to as a(n)
sound bite
the most common type of governmental unit in the United States is the
special district
a __ is held at the state or local level when the voters must decide an issue before the next general election.
special election
when a third party splits on the vote, taking electoral victory away from one party and handing it to anther, the third party is playing the __ role.
spoiler
The lines of the congressional districts are drawn by the authority of
state legislatures
Today, most delegates to each major partyʹs national convention are chosen by
state presidential primaries
US term limits vs thornton
state restrictions on who could vote run for congress were unconstitutional
canadian form of federalism
states are sovereign
The first amendment to the constitution
states that "congress shall make no law.. abridging the freedom of speech"
voting for governors and members of the electoral college takes place on a __ basis, which hurts third-party candidates.
statewide, winner-take-all
A law based upon a "suspect classification" would normally come under:
strict scrutiny.
If a law or other governmental action limits a fundamental right, it will be held to violate ________ due process, unless it promotes a compelling or overriding state interest
substantive
after the supreme court's decision in Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission(2010) and a federal court of appeals ruling in Speechnow vs. FEC(2010), a new type of organization came into existence to take advantage of the new rules. known officially as "independent-expenditure only committees," the new bodies were soon dubbed
super PACs
The Federalists (led by Alexander Hamilton)
supported a strong central government that would encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing
The federalist party
supported a strong central government that would encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing.
In states with caucuses
supporters of candidates try to get elected as delegates through a pyramid of meetings
mcculloch v. maryland 1819
supreme court established the doctrine of implied powers
gibbons v. ogden 1824
supreme court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was an exclusive national power
Burning the American flag as a gesture of protest is an example of
symbolic speech
____ continue(s) to be a leading source of political and public affairs information for most people
television
which of the following media has the greatest influence on political socialization?
television
Of all the media, ____ the greatest impact
television has
confrence committee
temporary committees with members from 2 chambers:formed for the purpose of achieving agreement between the house and the senate on the exact wording of legislative acts when the 2 chambers pass legislative proposals in diff forms
Affirmative action is best defined as a policy ___________
that gives special consideration, in jobs and college admissions, to members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past
most americans beleive
that the governments role in providing equality to the american people should involve ensuring that all persons have the oppurtunity to fullfill their potential
The Supreme Court has held that a right to privacy is implied by other constitutional rights guaranteed in ___________
the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 9th Amendments
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of essays in defense of the Constitution, collectively known as
the Federalist Papers
If not vice-presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes
the Senate chooses the vice president, with each senator casting one vote
after the electors cast their votes, the ballots are sent to
the US senate, which counts and certifies them before a joint session of congress held early in January
pennsylvania charter of priveledges; pennsylvania frame of government
the ___ and ___ were both used to established the principles that were later expressed in the U.S constitution and the bill of rights
establishment of public schools; regulation of marriage and divorce
the ___ and the ___ have traditionally been considered to be entirely within the purview of state and local governments
connecticut compromise
the ___ compromise called for a bicameral legislature with a lower chamber in which the number of representative from each state would be determined by the nmber of people in that state and an upper chamber that would have two members from each state
virginia plan
the ___ plan that was proposed at the constitutional convention favored large states. it called for a legislature in which the number of representatives would be in proportion to each states population
new jersey plan
the ___ plan that was proposed at the constitutional convention favored small states. it called for a legislature in which each state would have only one vote
authority
the ability to legitimately exercise power to make and enforce laws
Secession
the act of formally withdrawing from membership in a Alliance ,the withdrawal of a state from the Federal Union
fiscal federalism
the allocation of taxes collected by one level of government (national government) to another level (state or local governments)
tyranny
the arbitrary or unrestrained exercise of power by an oppressive individual or government
Whips
the leadership of each party includes assistants to the majority and minority leaders known as whips. Whips try to determine how each is going to vote on certain issues and then advice the party leaders on the strength of party support
picket fence
the massive social programs undertaken by the federal government in the 1960s and 1970s also precipitated greater involvement by state and local governments. the national government could not implement those programs alone. this period of time was charecterized by a model of federalism that is sometimes referred to as ____ federalism.
dual
the model of ___ federalism assumes that the states and the national government are more or less equals with each level of government having seperate and distinct functions and responsabilities
cooperative
the model of ___ federalism views the national and state governments as complementary parts of a single government mechanism the purpose of which is to solve the problems facing the entire united states
the first step in the long road to winning an election is
the nomination process
the problem with straw polls is that
the opinions expressed usually represent only a small subgroup of the population, or a biased sample
the largest component of parties, consisting of all the people who describe themselves as democrat or republican, is known as
the party in the electorate
__ best describes the way in which political parties perform the function of coordinating policymaking.
the political party is usually the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other.
realigning election
the popular support for and relative strength of the parties shift
the fifteen executive departments, which are directly accountable to ___, are the major service organizations of the federal government
the president
seperation of powers
the principle of limited government rests on the concept of
Lasswells definition of politics
the process of determining who gets what when and how in a society
virginia plan
the proposals of the ___ delegation immediately set the agenda for the constitutional convention
horizontal
the relationship among the states in our federal system of government are sometimes referred to as ___ federalism
absolute monarchies
the ruler held complete and unlimited power
The McGovern-Fraser Commission was set up to reform
the rules for selecting delegates to the Democratic National Convention.
miranda v. arizona 1966
the supreme court decision made the miranda warning enunciated
devolution
the surrender of transfer of powers to local authorities by a central government
divine right theory
the theory that a monarchs right to rule was devired directly from god rather than from the consent of the people
the U.S has a two- party system. this means that
the two major parties-the democrats and the republicans-dominate national politics
in December, after the general election, electors meet in __ to cast their votes for president and vice president
their state capitals
In a(n) _____, there is no separation of church and state. Rather, the government rules according to religious precepts.
theocracy
almost 90,000
there are ___ governments in the united states
3,000
there are about ___ counties in the united states today
19,000
there are about ___ municipalities in the united states
13,000
there are about ___ school districts in the united states
16,000
there are about ___ townships in the united states
special districts
there are more ___ than any other type of governmental unit in the united states
who determines the lines for congressional districts
they are drawn by authority of state legislative.
which of the following of the articles of confederation is true
they provided that each state no matter what its size had one vote in congress
no soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner nor in time of war but in manner of prescribed by law (1791)
third amendment
The "incorporation" of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment did not really begin until the:
third decade of the twentieth century.
a state has thirty-five congressional districts, it sends ____ representatives to the House.
thirty-five
common sense
thomas paine urged colonists to rethink their unhappiness with britain because america needed the strong central government of britain in order to survive
The addition of superdelegates to the Democratic national conventions was spearheaded by
those who felt the McGovern-Fraser Commission had opened up the delegate selection
in the 2012 presidential elections, Mitt Romney carried almost all of the rural parts of Ohio. Barack Obama, however, won Ohio by a margin of approximately __ percentage points.
three
the district of Columbia has
three electoral voters
The District of Columbia has
three electoral votes
all but one constitution ratified by
three fourths of legislatures
The poverty rate for blacks is roughly __ that for whites
three times
Which are parts of the test the Supreme Court developed in Miller v. California (1973) to determine if a book or film is legally obscene?
to be ruled obscene must:1 excite unwholesome sexual desire, 2 offensively depict prohibited sexual conduct and 3 lack serious literacy, artistic, political or scientific values.
incentives for joining political parties
to express their solidarity with the views of other like-minded people; to enjoy the excitement of politics; to enjoy the benefits of patronage; or to actively promote a set of ideas and principles; usually join bc of their overall agreement with what the party stands for
tenth amendment
to the constitution does not specify what powers are reserved to the states
interstate commerce
trade that involves more than one state
impeached by house of rep
treasony bribery high crimes & misdemeanors
The Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Mint are subagencies of the ____ Department.
treasury
The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been interpreted by the courts to mean that states must
treat all individuals equally and may not discriminate "unreasonably" against a group or class of individuals.
currently, __ states choose national convention delegates through caucuses.
twelve
__ of Americans identify themselves as republicans.
twenty-five percent
members of the house of representatives are elected every __ years
two
john marshall
under the leadership of ___ the supreme court established the superiority of federal authority under the constitution in cases that came before the court in the early 1800s
a system in which the national government can choose to delegate certain activities to subnational units and can also choose to take away powers that have been delegated is a
unitary system
The supreme court
upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine in brown v board of education of topeka (1954)
In 1997 the Supreme Court _________
upheld the states' rights to ban assisted suicide, but did not hold that state laws permitting assisted suicide were unconstitutional
in the 2012 presidential elections, all over the U.S., the more __ the county, the more likely it was to vote democrat.
urban
1775
violence erupts at lexington and concord second continental congress
mayflower compact
was americas first written constitution
shays rebellion
was an indication to american political and bussiness leaders that the national government under the articles of confederation was too weak
concept of federalism
was an invention of the american founders
party more democratic by
weakening the power of party leaders to choose convention delegates.
plutocracy
wealth exercise ruling power
new
welfare reform legislation passed by congress in 1996 is an example of ___ federalism
both the democrats and whigs were large with..
well-known leaders, and had grassroots organizations of party workers
Affirmative action programs
were first developed under president Franklin D. Roosevelt
the colonies in north america that were settled before the american revolution
were located along the atlantic seaboard of todays united states
before the mids 1700 the majority of american colonists
were loyal to the british monarch and viewed britain as their homeland
The Democratic Republicans (anti-federalists)
were more sympathetic to the "common man" and favored a more limited role for government
"Jim Crow" laws _____________
were segregation laws, separating the white community from the black community
fiscal
when taxes are collected by one level of government and spent by another level the process is called ___ federalism
supremacy clause
whenever state or local officials take office they become bound by an oath to support the U.S constitution in recognition of the
britain
which of the following countries has a unitary system of government?
japan
which of the following countries has a unitary system of government?
canada
which of the following has a federal system of government?
Under the 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act, strict definitions now apply to determine :
who must register with the clerk of the House and the secretary of the Senate as a lobbyist.
To be the presidential candidate of a major political party, a person must
win a majority of the delegates at the partyʹs national convention
The specific goal of the presidential nomination game is to
win the majority of delegate votes in order to win the party nomination
The "glass ceiling" refers to the small percentage of
women who hold top corporate management positions in the United States.
in the 2000 presidential elections, Al Gore
won the popular vote
in the 2008 presidential elections, barack Obama
won the support of only 32.6 percent of eligible voters
The founders of the United States feared that a direct democracy
would deteriorate into mob rule
A(n) __________ is an order requiring that an official bring a specified prisoner into court and show the judge why the prisoner is being held in jail
writ of habeas corpus
A(n) __________ is an order requiring that an official bring a specified prisoner is being held
writ of habeas corpus
__ functions is performed at the national party conventions
writing a party platform
The arrest of Rosa parks for violating local segregation laws spurred the local African American community to organize a
year-long boycott of the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama
in 2000, for the first time since __, the electoral college vote diverged from the popular vote.
1888
Under the USA Patriot Act of 2001, the FBI is authorized to use ____________ to demand personal information about individuals from private companies such as banks and phone companies
"National Security Letters"
How were slaves referred to in the original Constitution?
"Other persons"
in a unitarys system, any subnational government is a
"creature of the national government"
Beginning with the presidential elections of 2000, the press has made much of the supposed cultural differences between the
"red" states that vote for the republican candidate and the "blue" states that vote for the democratic candidate.
In adar and constructors, inc v pena, the supreme court held that any federal, state, or local affirmative action program that uses racial classification as the basis for making decisions is subject to __ by the courts
"strict scrutiny"
If a law or action prevents some group of persons from exercising a fundamental right, the law or action will be subject to the __ standard for determining whether the equal protection clause has been violated
"strict-scrutiny"
Under the ___ standard, a law or action that discriminates against a particular group or class or individuals must be necessary to promote a compelling state interest in order to find that the equal protection clause has been violated
"strict-scrutiny"
Under the "intermediate scrutiny" standard laws based on gender classifications are permissible if they are
"substantially related to the achievement of an important governmental objective"
Under the "intermediate-scrutiny" standard, a law based on gender classifications is permissible if it is
"substantially related to the achievement of an important governmental objective"
Thomas Jefferson wanted the establishment clause of the first amendment to be a
"wall of separation between church and state"
political scientist Harold Lasswell defined politics as the process of determinating
"who gets what, when, and how" in society
In Brown II (1955) the Supreme Court ordered desegregation to begin
"with all deliberate speed"
In Brown ll (1955) the supreme court ordered desegregation to begin
"with all deliberate speed"
In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first
"woman's rights" convention in Seneca Falls, New York.
It is estimated that for every dollar earned by men, women earn about ________ cents.
$0.76
In 2008, - was spent on political advertising for broadcast tv.
$2.3 billion
according to an estimate by the research firm PQ Media, spending on political advertising for broadcast TV in 2008 reached
$2.3 billion
PACs spending limit
$5000
For the 2012 election cycle, total spending on political advertisements reached about -.
$9.8 billion
The Lemon test, enunciated by the Supreme Court in 1971 to determine whether government aid to parochial schools is constitutional, states that the aid must __________
(1) be for clearly secular purpose; (2) neither advance nor inhibit religion in its primary effect; and (3) avoid "excessive government entanglement with religion"
Native Americans had no civil rights under U.S. laws until ________
1924, when the citizenship rights spelled out in the 14th amendment were extended to American Indians
The total number of electoral votes available is
538
There are __ electoral college votes.
538
Of the more than ten thousand members who have served in the U.S. House of representative, only __ percent have been women
1
the Republican party remained the majority party in national politics from what year to what year? what destroyed the majority support?
1860 until 1932. the economic and social impact of the Great Depression destroyed the majority support
the electoral college vote diverged from the popular vote in three elections during our nation's history; these divergences occurred in
1876,1888, and 2000
The reserved powers of the states are derived from the ___________-(1791)
10th amendment
According to the chapter data, the percentage of the workforce represented by unions from 1952 to 2005 has shown a decline from over 40 percent (1952) to around ________ percent in 2005.
13
The _____ prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude.
13th Amendment
What was used to constitutional end inequality for African Americans?
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments and the Emancipation Proclmation
The equal protection clause of the _____ Amendment reads: "No state shall...... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
14th
Generally, the term "Civil Rights" refers to the rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law, as provided by the ____________ to the Constitution
14th Amendment
Which part of the Constitution do civil rights refer to?
14th Amendment
"No state shall.. deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." (1868)
14th amendment
The ___ allowed males of all races the opportunity to vote.
15th Amendment
the right to vote shall not be denied on account of race,color (1870)
15th amendment
The right to bear arms described in the Second Amendment was incorporated in ______
2010
According to numerous analysts, by what year will the Social Security Administration be paying out more funds in benefits than it collects in taxes?
2018
In talk radio, no liberal commentator ranks higher than - place in the ratings.
20th
In a 2013 Gallup poll measuring the publics confidence in various institution, - of respondents stated that they had a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in television news.
23 percent
The - addresses the question of what should be done if the president becomes in capable of performing the duties of the office
25th amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1967
a candidate must win at least ___ electoral votes, cast by the electors, to become president through the electoral college system
270
to win the presidency, a candidate needs __ electoral college votes.
270
In 2012 presidential elections, mitt Romney carried almost all of the rural parts of Ohio. Brock Obama, however, one Ohio by a margin of approximately — percentage points
3
By 2050, Latinos are expected to constitute about __ percent of the U.S Population
30
By 2050, Latinos are expected to constitute about ______ of the U.S. population
30%
Thre constitutionally-required minimum age for a person to become president is
35 years
In 2004, President Bush won the election by less than a ________ percent margin of the popular vote and won a greater percentage of the votes in ________ of the twenty states that he had lost in 2000.
3; 15
total presidential campaign spending, including by candidates who lost in the primaries and through independent expenditures, reached __ in the 2011-2012 election cycle.
4.5 billion
Nearly ___ percent of Asian americans over the age of twenty- five have college degrees
40
Today, almost - of the worlds inhabitants use the Internet.
40 percent
Elected at -years old, John F. Kennedy was the youngest elected president
43
Today, the House of Representatives has a fixed membership of ____ members.
435
According to a Pew Research Center survey following the 2012 presidential election, - of Americans said they went online for election news.
47 percent
Mitt Romney was dogged by negative media coverage during the 2012 presidential campaign when he claimed that -
47 percent of the people think they are victims, pay no taxes, and will vote for Obama no matter what.
The protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" is found in the _____
4th Amendment
Today, more than ______ of the state legislators in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas are of Hispanic ancestry
5%
under the FECA, political action committees(PACs) can contribute up to __ per candidate in each election.
5,000
Veto
A Latin word meaning I forbid; the refusal by an offi cial, such as the president of the United States or a state governor, to sign a bill into law.
Push Poll
A campaign tactic used to feed false or misleading information to potential voters, under the guise of taking an opinion poll, with the intent to "push" voters away from one candidate and toward another
Grandfather Clause
A clause in a state law that had the effect of restricting the franchise to those whose ancestors had voted before the 1860; one of the techniques used in the South to prevent African Americans form exersing theri right to vote.
National Security Council (NSC)
A council that advises the president on domestic and foreign matters concerning the safety and defense of the nation; established in 1947.
Poll Tax
A fee of several dollars that had to be paid before a person could vote; a device used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting.
The most common previous occupation of U.S presidents has been
A legal profession
What is the ward
A local unit of political parties organization, consisting of divisions or districts within a city
Press secretary
A member of the White House staff who holds news conferences for reporters and makes public statements for the president.rld.s
The 1964 "daisy girl" ad is an example of
A negative issue ad
personal attack ad
A negative political advertisement that attacks the character of an opposing candidate.
Straw Poll
A nonscientific poll; a poll in which there is no way to ensure that the opinions expressed are representative of the larger population.
political consultant
A rpofessional political adviser who for a feww, works on an area of a candidates campaign. Political consultants include campaign mangers, pollsters,media advisers, and get out the vote organizers
Watergate Scandal
A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offi ces in 1972 by members of President Nixons reelection campaign staff . Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.
Solid South
A term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War
Literacy Test
A test given to voters to ensure that they could read and write and thus evaluate political information, A technique used in many southern states to restrict African Americans participation in elections.
A signing statement is -
A written statement, appended to a bill at the time the president signs it into law, indicating how the president interprets that legislation
The first Republican president was:
Abraham Lincoln.
1. Speaker of the House of represantatives 2. President Pro tem of the Senate 3. Presidential cabinet in order of creation of department.
According to the Succession Act of 1947, list who become president is both the president if both the president and the vice president die, resign, or are disabled?
Which of the following agricultural interest groups has the most members?
American Farm Bureau Federation
an example of a personality party in the U.S. is the __ party.
American Independent Party
What was the major organization that advocated the enfranchisement of women?
American Woman Suffrage Association
Cabinet
An advisory group selected by the president to assist with decision making. Traditionally, the cabinet has consisted of the heads of the executive departments and other offi cers whom the president may choose to appoint.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
An agency in the Executive Offi ce of the President that assists the president in preparing and supervising the administration of the federal budget.
priming
An agenda setting technique in which a media outlet promotes specific facts or ideas that may affect the public's thinking on related topics.
framing
An agenda setting technique that establishes the context of a media report. It can mean fitting events into a familiar story or filtering information through preconceived ideas.
Executive Privilage
An inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts. The president can also accord the privilege to other executive offi cialsion.
When it was founded in 1972, the Green party was
An issue oriented party
Since 1888, all states in the United States have used the ___ ballot- a secret ballot that is prepared, distributed, and counted by government officials at public expense.
Australian
Political parties in the United States
Are fragmented and decentralized
The requirements for being president of the United States are set forth in the - of the Constitution
Article 2 section 1
Head of state
As the ___ the President can: 1. Throws out first pitch of baseball season 2. Lights the national Christmas tree
Chief Legislator
As the ___ the President can: 1. Veto a bill passed by Congress 2. Call special sessions of Congress
Commander and Chief
As the ___ the president can 1. Commit troops for up to ninety days in response to a military threat. 2. Make secrete agreements with other countries
Chief Diplomat
As the ____ the President can: 1. Negotiate and sign treaties with other nations, with Senate approval. 2. Can make pacts (executive agreements) with other heads of state without Senate approval.
Chief Executive
As the ____ the president can 1.Handle national emergencies during peacetime, such as riots or natural disasters.
Chief Executive
As the _____ the president can: 1. Grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesty
The term divided government refers to
At least one house of Congress being controlled by different party than the White House
Which of the following statements is not accurate?
At times the supreme court has imposed limits on speech in the interest of protecting other rights of Americans
In his role as _____, the president can commit troops for up to ninety days in response to a military threat.
Commander in chief
aka swing states. A state in which no candidate has overwhelming support, meaning that any of the major candidates have a reasonable chance of winning the state's electoral college votes
Battleground states
In the 1960s ___________ called for black separatism
Black Muslim leader Malcolm X
In the 1960s, ___called for black separatism
Black Muslim leader Malcolm X
Choose the Supreme Court ruling where the Court ordered desegregation to begin "with all deliberate speed."
Brown v. Board of Education
Which Supreme Court case held that public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Which of the following forms of mass communication. Media was the most recent to be extended first amendment protections by the U.s. Supreme Court?
Cable television
Increased Internet usage has -
Caused the advertising revenues to go to aggregators, such as Google, lowering as revenues for the news media.
When the president negotiates in the signs treaties with other nations, he is preforming his role as-
Chief diplomat
As - the president can grant represses pardons and amenities
Chief executive
As _____, the president can appoint, with Senate approval, and remove high ranking officers of the federal government.
Chief executive
As _____, the president can grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties.
Chief executive
In his role as - The president can appoint, with Senate approval, and remove high ranking officers of the federal government
Chief executive
In his role as _____, the president can handle national emergencies during peacetime, such as riots or national foods disasters.
Chief executive
In his role as - The president suggest a budget to Congress and submit an annual income report
Chief legislator
In his role as _____, the president purposes a legislative program to congress in the traditional state of the union address.
Chief legislature
The - advises the president on important matters and directs the operations of the presidential staff
Chief of staff
_____ refers to the rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law
Civil Rights
Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in public places of accommodation and in employment was outlawed by the _________
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The ___ provided that federal fund could be withheld from any federal or state government project or facility that practiced any form of discrimination
Civil Rights act of 1964
In 1948, for the first time ever, the Democrats adopted a(n) —clean test part of the party platform at their national convention
Civil rights
Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in public places of accommodation and in employment was outlawed by the
Civil rights act of 1964
The __ greatly expanded the remedies available for victims of sexual harassment, including back pay, job reinstatement, and other compensation
Civil rights act of 1991
And his role as - the president can set up military governments in conquered lands
Commander in chief
The Jeffersonian republicans thought that — should dominate the government
Congress
The US constitution gives _____ the power to declare war.
Congress
Under the U.S. Constitution, only the - how's the right to declare war
Congress
If a president does not send a bill back to congress after ten congressional working days,
Congress can kill the bill with a pocket veto
President
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. Homeland securaty
Congress
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. military bases that remain operative
President
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. national defence
President
Congress of the president? Like to have legislative success in: 1. national economy
The ___ Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, called for a bicameral legislature in which one chamber would be based on population and the other chamber would represent each state equally
Connecticut
Expressed powers
Constitutional or statutory powers that are expressly provided for by the u.s constitution also called enumerated powers
Television
Continues to be the leading source of political and public affairs information for most people.
caucus
Early parties were organized by gatherings of important persons, who often met in secret. These meetings were called ____. Held by party leaders to choose political candidates
The ___ was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote voluntary action programs to foster equal job opportunities.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Congress
Even though the president can use all his persuasive powers to work in achieving a legislative agenda, who retains the ultimate lawmaking authority?
An ___ punishes individuals for committing an act that was legal when the act was committed.
Ex post facto law
___ are prohibited by the Constitution
Ex post facto laws
The presidents power to grant a part in service as a check on - power
Executive
A _____ is a binding international pact that is made between the president and another head of state that does not require Senate approval.
Executive agreement
A dash is a binding international pack that is made between the president and another head of state that does not require Senate approval
Executive agreement
To — solidarity incentive for joining a political party
Express agreement with the views of other like-minded people
In 1974
General Ford advanced to the office of president and Nelson Rockefeller was named vice Pres. For the first time in the US history, neither the president northern vice president Had been elected to his position
The Jeffersonian Republican Party
Generally thought that government policies should serve farming interests
Education
Generally, those with more _________ have more knowledge about politics and policy than those with less ______.
In 2009 president Obama had the most successful legislative year of any president since the opening days of _____ presidency.
George W Bush
This Fox News commentator promoted the tea party movement in 2009 and sponsored the restoring honor rally at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C
Glenn Beck
What did the Supreme Court rule in Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.?
Governments can be held accountable for the actions of their employees.
Which president made the following observation about the presidency? " all the president is, is a glorified public relations man he spends his time flattering, kissing, and kicking people to get them to do what they're supposed to do anyway."
Harry Truman
Most third parties
Have been short-lived
Traditionally, the cabinet has consisted of the dash and other officers who the president may choose to a point
Heads of the executive departments
Congress has declared war
In only five different conflicts
The executive office of the president
Is a group of staff agencies that assist the president and caring out major duties
Voter Turnout
Is affected by several factors, including educational attainment, income level, age, and minority status.
The concept of freedom of the press -
Is not always immediately extended to new types of media as they come into existence
Polling
Is used extensively by political candidates and policymakers to learn which issues are of current concern to Americans. Many journalists base their political coverage during campaigns almost exclusively on poll findings, though the media sometimes misuse polls.
According to Joyce Ladner of the Brookings Institution, what was the problem with the civil rights movement?
It didn't envision remedies for cross-racial problems.
losers
It has been suggested that the media use the winner-loser framework to describe events throughout the campaigns, contribution to a bias against __________.
What did the Constitution say about women's suffrage?
It left it to the states
________ became known as the "Master builder of the Constitution."
James Madison
_____ was the first president to issue a signing statement.
James Monroe
Actions taken under an executive order issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 subjected many __________ Americans to curfews and evacuated many of those on the West Coast to "relocation centers"
Japanese
Under an executive order issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942, many __ were evacuted to interment campes or "relocation centers"
Japanese Americans
The first third party candidate to participate in a presidential debate was:
John Anderson
the youngest person elected president was
John F. Kennedy
In October 2002, Congress passed a - authorizing the use of US Armed Forces against Iraq
Joint resolution
The first "woman's rights" convention was organized in 1848 by
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady staton
this president came closest to winning a majority of the popular vote, even though he had the support of fewer than 40 percent of the electorate.
Lyndon Johnson
is a condition that results when, based on population and representation, the voting power of citizens in one district becomes greater than the voting power of citizens in another district.
Malapportionment
Some news organizations have created special niches in which to build their audiences, like - particular ethnic groups and hobbyists.
Narrowcasting to
Franklin Roosevelt programs to fight the depression were called the
New Deal
Franklin Roosevelt's programs to fights the Depression were called the __.
New Deal
After the 2010 election, many of the new republican members of congress were pledged to the tea party philosophy of
No-comprise conservatism
In 1946, coalition of — and — crafted major civil rights legislation
Northern democrats; republicans
The war Powers resolution of 1973 requires the president to
Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops
And his first two years in office, president Obama exercise the veto power
Only twice
The presidential practice of reporting individuals to government or public jobs to reward those who help the president when the office is known as -
Patronage
Academic
People with an ___ background tend to liberal because they tend to know more about many differnt issues.
In which ways to political parties perform the function of balancing competing interests
Political parties are essentially collations- alliances of individuals and groups with a variety of concerns and opinions who joined together to support the party platform, or parts of it.
in which way do political parties perform the function of selecting candidates
Political parties narrow field of candidates through the primary elections
Trying to execute the party's platform is something the president does as
Political party leader
Early Childhood
Political socialization usually begins during___.
after the election of 1896, the __ established themselves in the minds of many Americans as the party that knew how to manage the nation's economy, and they remained dominant in national politics until the onset of the Great Depression.
Republicans
Only ___ did not send any delegates to the Constitutional Convention
Rhode Island
During the 1970s and 1980s, a large bloc of democrats in congress, mostly from the south, sided with the Republicans on almost all issues. In time, these conservative Democrats were replaced by conservative Republicans. This shift is best described as a
Rolling alignment
At 69, - what's the oldest person elected president
Ronald Reagan
The first woman to serve as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by ___
Ronald Reagan Sandra Day O'Conner
The first woman to serve as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by ___
Ronald Reagan, Sandra day o'connor
front loading
Scheduling presidential primary elections early (E.G., February or March) in an election year.
"...the right of the people to keep and bear Arms.." (1791)
Second amendment
Disadvantages of federalism
Self rule abuse ,lack of uniformity of state laws, block progress and impede national laws,problems coordinating government policies
Generational Effect
September 11 atacks, JFK assacination, Pearl harbor. These are exaples that can be categorized as___.
In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), The supreme court
Set the precedent that all forms of state aid to church-related schools are forbidden under the constitution
The president on advantage over Congress in -
Setting foreign-policy goals and objectives and
Angry farmers in western Massachusetts seized country courthouses and disrupted debtors' trials in 1786. This uprising, known as ___, was an important catalyst for change because it helped to convince many Americans that a true national government had to be created
Shay's Rebellion
What was an effective technique to successfully integrate interstate buses?
Sit-ins
The ___ Amendment provides the right to have the "Assistance of Counsel" in criminal prosecutions(1791)
Sixth
By law the president is required to inform congress within _____ of making any executive agreement.
Sixty days
Which Supreme Court case found white primaries to violate the 15th Amendment?
Smith v. Allwwright
The federalists party
Supported a strong central government that would encourage the development of commerce and manufacturing
Considering the electorate as a whole, - remains (s) the dominate medium in terms of political influences.
Television
Al Jazeera is the largest and most important television network in
The Arab world
- proved to be more devastating to newspapers, in the sense of declining circulation, than other forms of media.
The Internet
John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon
The first televised presidential debate took place in 1960 between who?
Chief Executive
The head of the executive branch of government. In the United States, the president.
The presidents power to grant a pardon serves as a check on _____ power.
The judicial power
Kitchen Cabinet
The name given to a presidents unoffi cial advisers. The term was coined during Andrew Jacksons presidency
Articles of confederation
The nation's first national constitution which established a national form of government following the American Revolution the articles provided for a confederal form of government in which the central government had few powers. Each state could send from 2 to 7 representatives to the Congress each state no matter what size had only one veto
The structure of each parties national organization includes four major element
The national convention, the national committee, the national chairsperson, and the Congressional campaign committee
Which of the following is NOT part of the test the Supreme Court developed in Miller v. California (1973) to determine if a book or film is legally obscene? The average person applying contemporary community standards finds that the work taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest; The work taken as a whole lacks serious literary or artistic value; The work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way a form of sexual conduct specifically prohibited bu an antiobscenity law; The work taken as a whole is offensive or disturbing; The work lacks serious political or scientific value
The work taken as a whole is offensive or disturbing
Vote-eligible Population
The number of people who are actually eligible to vote in an American election.
The largest component of parties, consisting of all people who describe themselves as Democrat or Republican, is known as
The party in the electorate
Chief of Staff
The person who directs the operations of the White House Offi ce and who advises the president on important matters.
Head of State
The person who serves as the ceremonial head of a countrys government and represents that country to the rest of the world.s
White House Office
The personal offi ce of the president. White House Offi ce personnel handle the presidents political needs and manage the media.
What has been the Supreme Court's position on the constitutionality of the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance?
The phrase has not yet been ruled on or considered by the Court.
In which ways to political parties perform the function of coordinating policymaking
The political party is usually the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches corporate with each other
From its beginning, radio has been a favorite outlet for -.
The political right
What were three things used in the south to prevent African Americans from voting?
The poll tax, white primaries, and the grandfather clause.
What is the doctrine that holds that segregation in schools and public accommodation does not imply that one race superior to the other?
The separate but equal doctrine.
Commander in Chief
The supreme commander of a nations military force.
male, middle-aged, and conservative
The talk-radio audience is predominantly what?
The United States has a two-party system. This means that
The two major parties the Democrats and the Republicans dominant National politics
Public Opinion
The views of the citizenry about politics, public policies,a complex collection of opinions held by many people on issues in the public arena.
A representativ democracy is a system of government in which
The will of the majority is expressed through a smaller group of individuals elected by the people to act on their behalf
The average person applying contemporary community standards finds that the work taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest; The work taken as a whole lacks serious literary or artistic value; The work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way a form of sexual conduct specifically prohibited bu an antiobscenity law; The work taken as a whole is offensive or disturbing; The work lacks serious political or scientific value
The work taken as a whole is offensive or disturbing
25th Amendment
What amendment states that when the president believes that he or she is incapable of performing the duties of office, he or she must inform the congress in writing of this fact. Then the vice president takes control until the president can return to work.
Writes an Economic Report of the President
What does the president present to congress yearly to make economic recommendation about our nations economy?
Executive Agreements
What does the president use most offend to set foreign policy?
Chief diplomat
What role is the president playing when he directs US foreign policy and is the nation's most important representative in dealing with foreign countries?
Chief Legislator
What role is the president playing when he informs Congress about the condition of the country and recommends legislative measures?
Commander and chief
What role is the president playing when he leads the nations armed forces?
Political party leader
What role is the president playing when he makes chooses like: 1. choosing the vise president 2. makes several thousand top governmental appointments, often to party faithful patronage
Head of State
What role is the president playing when he performs ceremonial activities as a personal symbol of the nation.
Political party leader
What role playing is the president playing when he: 1. Tries to execute the party platform 2. May attend party fund-raisers 3. May help reelect party members running for office as mayors, governors, or members of Congress.
President
Who has the advantage in setting foreign policy, Congress of the President?
Congress
Who has the advantage in the regulation of foreign and interstate commerce?
Congress
Who has the power to declare war?
The dangers of 24/7 exposure were reflected in one of the most damaging gaffes that dogged Barack Obama during the 2012 presidential campaigns. It came about when he attempted to explain.
Why the wealthy should pay more taxes
In the 2000 presidential elections, Al Gore
Won the popular vote
Czars
___ are responsible for a certain policy area. Critics of Obama's administration say it undercuts the authority of the cabinet members. It also undermines the Congress because cabinet members need to be confirmed by the Senate, where as ___ are responsible only to the president.
horizontal
___ federalism includes agreements known as interstate compacts among two or more states to regulate the use or protection of certain resources such as water or oil and gas
3.Which of the following types of groups has the highest percentage of Americans who belong? a. Religious groups b. Health, sport, and country clubs c. PTA and school groups d. Professional and trade associations
a. Religious groups
5. ________ account/s for as much as 80% of all spending for statewide races in California. a. Television b. Newspaper and Internet advertising c. Travel expenses d. Professional image consultants e. Direct mailers
a. Television
6. The ________ is a(n) umbrella organization that includes small and large corporations and businesses. a. U.S. Chamber of Commerce b. National Grange c. AFL-CIO d. Consumers Union e. NRA
a. U.S. Chamber of Commerce
1. Each state has as many electoral votes as it has ________. a. U.S. senators and representatives b. poll watchers c. caucuses and primaries d. delegates to the national conventions e. Democrats and Republicans
a. U.S. senators and representatives
14. Groups that use issue ads are referred to as "527s" __________. a. after the provision of the tax code that covers them b. because they are limited, under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, to airing five issue ads on television every day for two weeks before an election c. after the provision of the Federal Election Campaign Act that limits PACs from creating more than 527 ads in any election cycle d. because they are allowed, under federal law, to spend $50,270 producing issue ads in any election cycle
a. after the provision of the tax code that covers them
11. Barriers to registration and voting may include: a. all of these choices b. citizenship status among the Latino and Asian populations. c. the relative youth of the Latino and Asian populations. d. socioeconomic status. e. language and culture.
a. all of these choices
12. Most political candidates in California: a. are self-starters who decide to run, then seek support. b. all of these choices c. are encouraged to run by political parties. d. are encouraged to run and supported by interest groups seeking to advance their causes. e. are recruited by political leaders with similar political values.
a. are self-starters who decide to run, then seek support.
14. Campaigns in California: a. are substantially personality oriented. b. are largely driven by strong political parties. c. are less influenced by money and media than campaigns on the East Coast. d. are organized by political parties. e. are inevitably issue oriented.
a. are substantially personality oriented.
12. After the conference report has been submitted to both chambers, the bill must __________. a. be accepted or rejected by both the House and the Senate as it was written by the conference committee, with no further amendments made b. go to the Rules Committee for scheduling on the president's calendar c. be approved by unanimous consent in the Senate d. be accepted or rejected by the standing committees that handled the bill after its introduction
a. be accepted or rejected by both the House and the Senate as it was written by the conference committee, with no further amendments made
4. Television has made ________ indispensible. a. campaign management firms b. political parties c. political action committees d. none of these choices e. public opinion polls
a. campaign management firms
4. Malapportionment is a condition in which the voting power of ________ in one district is greater than the voting power of ________ in another district. a. citizens/citizens b. instructed delegates/trustees c. women/men d. Republicans/Democrats e. minority groups/the white majority
a. citizens/citizens
10. Microtargeting __________. a. involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention b. was prohibited during the 2008 presidential elections c. refers to the practice of moving presidential primary dates to earlier in the year in an effort to make primaries more prominent in the media and influential in the political process d. involves placing a cookie in the cookie folder of a person's computer to collect information on the person's online behavior
a. involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention
11. Behavioral targeting ________. a. involves placing a cookie in the cookie folder of a person's computer to collect information on the person's online behavior b. involves collecting as much information as possible about voters in a database and then filtering out various groups for special attention c. refers to the practice of moving presidential primary dates to earlier in the year in an effort to make primaries more prominent in the media and influential in the political process d. refers to raising as much money as possible from PACs during the primary campaigns, and then using that money to finance additional fund-raising efforts during the general election campaign e. was prohibited during the 2008 presidential elections
a. involves placing a cookie in the cookie folder of a person's computer to collect information on the person's online behavior
3. Representatives from each party, called __________, are allowed at each polling place to make sure the election is run fairly and to avoid fraud. a. poll watchers b. delegates c. electors d. party bosses
a. poll watchers
11. The ________ is ordinarily the member of the majority party with the longest continuous term of service in the Senate. a. president pro tempore ("pro tem") b. Majority Leader c. Speaker d. President of the Senate e. Majority Whip
a. president pro tempore ("pro tem")
1. Voter turnout in California is generally higher during ________ than other elections. a. presidential elections b. local elections c. gubernatorial elections d. midterm elections e. special elections
a. presidential elections
12. Groups that air issue ads are referred to as ________. a. "PACs" because they "produce ads for campaigns" b. "527s" after the provision of the tax code that covers them c. "zeroes" who have low CWA scores because of their print ads d. "soft money packagers" because they bundle political contributions from lobbyists in order to fund television ads e. "heroes" who have high CWA scores because of their radio ads
b. "527s" after the provision of the tax code that covers them
3. If a state has 15 members in the U.S. House of Representatives, it has ________ electoral votes. a. 30 b. 17 c. 5 d. 7 e. 15
b. 17
5. A candidate must win at least ________ electoral votes, cast by the electors, to become president through the electoral college system. a. 538 b. 270 c. 100 d. 103 e. 435
b. 270
5. A candidate must win at least __________ electoral votes, cast by the electors, to become president through the electoral college system. a. 535 b. 270 c. 435 d. 538
b. 270
13. After the passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, "issue advocacy" groups exploited loopholes in the act by establishing independent ________. a. 270 coalitions b. 527 committees c. 435 caucuses d. 538 groups e. 51 percent clubs
b. 527 committees
12. Interest group campaigns that masquerade as grass roots mobilization efforts, but are not, have been given the name __________. a. mobile homing b. Astroturf lobbying c. Smurf turfing d. carpet bagging
b. Astroturf lobbying
15. During the presidential election campaigns of 2008, ________ pledged that "lobbyists won't find a job in my White House." a. Hillary Clinton b. Barack Obama c. Sarah Palin d. John McCain e. Joe Biden
b. Barack Obama
15. Access to computers and the Internet are equally distributed among Californians. a. True b. False
b. False
4. The only exceptions to the winner-take-all feature of the electoral college system are __________. a. Michigan and Ohio b. Maine and Nebraska c. Arizona and Florida d. Indiana and Illinois
b. Maine and Nebraska
9. Lobbying refers to ________. a. peaceful demonstration techniques designed to make a statement about a group's interests b. all of the attempts by organizations or by individuals to influence the passage, defeat, or contents of legislation or to influence the administrative decisions of government c. the process by which 501(c)4 organizations contribute money to political campaigns d. indirect techniques used by interest groups to influence government officials e. shaping public opinion through online campaigns
b. all of the attempts by organizations or by individuals to influence the passage, defeat, or contents of legislation or to influence the administrative decisions of government
7. Television and direct mail have been criticized for: a. oversimplifying issues. b. all of these choices c. emphasizing negativity. d. being very expensive. e. enhancing the influence of major donors.
b. all of these choices
2. Today, nearly half of California's voters vote through: a. the Internet. b. an absentee ballot. c. a family member. d. their cell phone. e. a public opinion poll.
b. an absentee ballot.
president that gave african americans voting rights
benjamin harrison
13. Interest groups can influence the outcome of litigation by __________. a. bundling campaign contributions b. filing an amicus curiae brief c. using rating systems d. mobilizing constituents
b. filing an amicus curiae brief
10. When a lobbyist tries to influence the bureaucrats who implement a certain policy, that lobbyist is __________. a. providing legal advice to legislators b. following up on legislation c. providing expertise and research results before congressional committees d. offering "expert" testimony before congressional committees
b. following up on legislation
9. The House __________. a. members enjoy more prestige and media attention than senators b. has more rules and more formality than the Senate c. may convict federal officials of impeachable offenses d. has the power of "advice and consent" on presidential appointments and treaties
b. has more rules and more formality than the Senate
1. Several attempts to limit the amount of money that individuals and groups can contribute to campaigns: a. have been upheld by the Supreme Court. b. have been invalidated on the grounds that they limit free speech. c. are clearly inadequate at the state level. d. have become increasingly controversial. e. have been consistently successful.
b. have been invalidated on the grounds that they limit free speech.
2. The amount of money that a candidate can contribute to his or her own campaign: a. is limited to $15,000,000. b. is unlimited. c. is limited to $1,167,000. d. varies depending on the office that the candidate is running for. e. is limited to $939,000.
b. is unlimited.
5. A 1990 initiative opened the door to minority elected officials in the state legislature by: a. establishing PACs that contribute money specifically to minority candidates. b. limiting the number of terms served by incumbents. c. increasing the overall number of seats in urban areas like Los Angeles. d. requiring ballots be printed in other languages like Spanish and Chinese. e. setting aside a minimum number of seats for each minority group.
b. limiting the number of terms served by incumbents.
2. In Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court established the principle of "one person, one vote." In other words, __________. a. citizens can only vote once in a single election b. one person's vote has to count as much as another's vote c. each state must have a least one member in the House of Representatives d. citizens can only vote for one candidate in a general election
b. one person's vote has to count as much as another's vote
4. According to the __________ theory of American democracy, politics is a contest among various interest groups. a. free rider b. pluralist c. disturbance d. entrepreneurial
b. pluralist
5. Which of the following is not an advantage incumbents enjoy when they run for reelection to Congress? a. name recognition b. public financing of their reelection campaigns c. fund-raising ability d. access to the media
b. public financing of their reelection campaigns
10. In the 1970's, most of California's newspapers became part of corporate chains: a. which was instrumental in keeping Republicans in office long after the Democrats gained a majority of registered voters. b. resulting in more objective news coverage and limiting opinion more consistently to editorial pages. c. which allowed newspapers, through editorials and news reports, to play a crucial role in California politics. d. resulting in more liberal news coverage, intermingling opinion with news. e. which caused news coverage to become distinctly less conservative.
b. resulting in more objective news coverage and limiting opinion more consistently to editorial pages.
14. In December 2000, five weeks after the election, the U.S. Supreme Court ________. a. held that Florida had to conduct manual recounts of the presidential ballots b. ruled against manual recounts of some Florida ballots, holding that manual recounts of some ballots but not others violated the equal protection clause c. ruled that Florida's twenty-five electoral votes should be divided between George W. Bush and Al Gore d. announced that George W. Bush had won the popular vote e. declared the Democratic presidential candidate, Al Gore, the winner
b. ruled against manual recounts of some Florida ballots, holding that manual recounts of some ballots but not others violated the equal protection clause
13. The president has __________ to decide whether to sign a bill or veto it. a. twenty-four hours b. ten days c. thirty days d. seven days
b. ten days
4. The electoral college system is primarily a winner-take-all system, in which ________. a. third-party candidates are not eligible to receive electoral votes b. the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes c. a candidate must win all of the electoral votes in order to become president d. electoral votes are distributed in proportion to the number of popular votes received e. the candidate who receives the most popular votes nationwide receives all of the electoral votes
b. the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes
multiculturalism
beleif that the many cultures that make up american society should remain indistinct and be protected by law is referred to as
10. In Congress, whips ________. a. vote only in the event of a tie b. try to see that party members are present when important votes are to be taken c. choose committee chairpersons d. schedule bills for action in the Senate e. fill in for the Speaker of the House when the Speaker is absent
b. try to see that party members are present when important votes are to be taken
9. Most of the founders of California's great newspapers: a. were liberals who supported labor unions and made a fortune in land investments. b. were conservatives who fought labor unions and made a fortune in land investments. c. criticized political machines and party bosses. d. were liberals who supported the progressive movement. e. were conservatives who led the campaign for reform.
b. were conservatives who fought labor unions and made a fortune in land investments.
The Whig Party had the support of
bankers, business owners, and many southern planters.
the Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold)
banned soft money at the national level
The first woman to serve as a justice of the U.S Supreme court was appointed by
barack obama
federalists & anti-federalists
battle over ratification of the constitution was fought chiefly by two opposing groups
Sonia Sotomayor is the first Latina to
be appointed to the U.S supreme court
Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to ______
be elected minority leader of the house of representatives
Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to
be elected speaker of the house representatives
Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to ______
be elected to the US Senate
federal grants
became an important source of funds to the states in the tweentieth century when the dollar amount of grants quadrupled to help pay for the great society programs of the johnson administration in the 1960s
states rights v. national supremacy
because people in different sections of the country had radically different beleifs about slavery the slavery issue which provoked the civil war took the form of a dispute over
intermediate scrutiny 1
because the supreme court had difficulty deciding how to judge cases in which men and women were treated differently, another test was developed- the "intermediate-scrutiny" standard. Under this standard, laws based on gender classifications are permissible if they are "substantially related to the achievement of an important governmental objective." for example, a law punishing males but not females for statutory rape is valid because of the important governmental interest in preventing teenage pregnancy in those circumstances and because almost all of the harmful and identifiable consequences of teenage pregnancies fall on young females.
why did federalists have an advantage in the debate over ratification of the constitution
because they had attended the constitutional convention and were thus familiar with the arguments both in favor of and against various constitutional provisions
libertarianism
beleif that government should do as little as possible not only in the economic sphere but also in regulating morality and personal behavior
1.In 1835, __________ wrote that Americans have a tendency to form "associations" and have perfected "the art of pursuing in common the object of their common desires." a. Thomas Jefferson b. James Madison c. Alexis de Tocqueville d. Mancur Olson
c. Alexis de Tocqueville
8. Ideological interest groups include ________. a. the National Education Association b. the Major League Baseball Players Association c. Club for Growth d. MADD e. the American Farm Bureau Federation
c. Club for Growth
14. The ________ requires lobbyists to report their clients, the issues on which they lobbied, and the agency or chamber of Congress they contacted. a. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 b. U.S. Constitution c. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 d. Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 e. 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act
c. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995
11. Which of the following is not an indirect technique used to influence public policy? a. Organizing protest marches and rallies to support or oppose issues. b. Airing "issue ads". c. Making personal contacts with key legislators. d. Shaping public opinion. e. Mobilizing constituents.
c. Making personal contacts with key legislators.
4. The U.S. Constitution requires that members of the __________ be elected every __________. a. U.S. Senate/year b. House of Representatives/second year by state legislatures c. U.S. Senate/six years by popular vote d. House of Representatives/four years
c. U.S. Senate/six years by popular vote
sugar act of 1764
imposed tax on all imported sugar into colonies
1. The distribution of seats in the House of Representatives among the states on the basis of their respective populations is called __________. a. malapportionment b. "cracking" and "packing" c. apportionment d. gerrymandering
c. apportionment
15. In the ________ phase of the congressional budgeting process, Congress determines how many dollars will actually be spent in a given year on a particular set of government activities. a. reapportionment b. apportionment c. appropriation d. entitlement e. authorization
c. appropriation
11. For the general election campaign, presidential candidates receive federal funding for almost all of their expenses if they __________. a. agree to give a percentage of the money to House candidates running in their home states b. agree to pay it back after the election is over c. are willing to accept campaign-spending limits d. agree to a televised debate
c. are willing to accept campaign-spending limits
8. A(n) ________ primary is one in which only party members can vote to choose that party's candidates. a. semi-open b. "pick-a-party" c. closed d. open e. blanket
c. closed
14. The Senate __________. a. originates bills for raising revenues b. has electronic voting c. confirms the president's nominees for federal judgeships and members of the president's cabinet d. may impeach federal officials
c. confirms the president's nominees for federal judgeships and members of the president's cabinet
7. Those who attend a political party nominating convention are called __________, and they are chosen to represent the people of a particular geographic area. a. electors b. poll watchers c. delegates d. lobbyists
c. delegates
2.Which of the following is not a reason people join interest groups? a. purposive incentives b. solidary incentives c. free rider incentives d. material incentives
c. free rider incentives
9. Only ________ of Californians who are eligible to vote were registered in 2010. a. one-third b. sixty-six percent c. seventy-two percent d. thirty-seven percent e. half
c. seventy-two percent
10. Which of the following is not a direct lobbying technique used by interest groups to influence public policy? a. providing expertise and research results for legislators b. offering "expert" testimony before congressional committees c. staging demonstrations d. providing election support e. providing legal advice to legislators
c. staging demonstrations
3. The politico style of representation __________. a. requires representatives to mirror the views of their constituents b. suggests that there are times when members of Congress are very attentive to the wishes of the party leadership c. suggests that there are times when a legislator will act according to his or her conscience, there are times when a legislator will reflect the interests of his or her constituents, and there are times when a legislator will follow the party line d. holds that representatives should serve the broad interests of the entire society and not just the narrow interests of their constituents
c. suggests that there are times when a legislator will act according to his or her conscience, there are times when a legislator will reflect the interests of his or her constituents, and there are times when a legislator will follow the party line
6. If no presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes, ________. a. a run-off election is held in June b. the Senate votes on the candidates, with each senator casting one vote c. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote d. the winner is chosen at a joint session of Congress e. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each representative casting one vote
c. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote
executive
colonists transformed themselves into sovereign states, republican sentiment was so strong in many of them that it became all powerfull
15. In 2008, Barack Obama __________. a. had a popular vote margin over John McCain of only 2 percentage points b. won the electoral vote, but lost the popular vote c. won more than 50 percent of the popular vote d. had a popular vote margin over John McCain of about 25 percentage points
c. won more than 50 percent of the popular vote
critisism of the corruption in nominating convention
call for a new way to choose candidates-the primary elecction
Amethyst Initiative
called for the reconsideration of the U.S drinking age laws
soft money
campaign contributions not regulated by federal law such as some contributions that are made to political parties instead of to particular candidates
the president
can grant a pardon for any federal offense except in cases of impeachment
beginning in 1800, members of congress who belonged to the two political parties held __ to nominate candidates for president and vice president
caucuses
a person who serves as the symbolic leader of the country and represents the nation. In the United States, leads the government and acts as the president, although this is not the case in many countries.also presides over commemorations of war heroes, throws out the first pitch at baseball games, and attends funerals of world leaders, among other duties.
chief of state
thomas paine
classic phamlet, common sense, presented a rousing argument in favor of independence and helped sever any remaining ties of loyalty to the british monarch
in a(n) ____ primary, only party members can vote to choose that party's candidates, and they may vote in the primary to their own party
close
in a __ primary, only party members can vote to choose that party's candidates, and they may vote only in the primary of their own party.
closed
13. The 2000 presidential elections were the first time since __________ in which the electoral college system gave Americans a president who had not won the popular vote. a. 1876 b. 1800 c. 1912 d. 1888
d. 1888
7. The __________ is chief among the leaders in the House of Representatives and has a great deal of power. a. vice president b. president pro tempore c. minority leader d. Speaker
d. Speaker
7. The U.S. Constitution requires that members of the ________ be elected every ________. a. U.S. Senate/year b. House of Representatives and members of the U.S. Senate/four years by popular vote c. U.S. Senate/second year by state legislatures d. House of Representatives/second year by popular vote e. House of Representatives/six years by popular vote
d. House of Representatives/second year by popular vote
10. ________ now manage nearly all aspects of a presidential candidate's campaign. a. Political party chairpersons b. Delegates c. Electors d. Professional political consultants e. Party bosses.
d. Professional political consultants
11. __________ has successfully used the tactic of mobilizing constituents to fight strict federal gun control legislation. a. MADD b. AARP c. The NAM d. The NRA
d. The NRA
8. Following the certification of the Gray Davis, recall petition: a. candidates had just seventy-five days to campaign, and candidates spent more than $85 million on campaign efforts only. b. candidates relied on television ads and mailings rather than other traditional outreach efforts. c. candidates spent more than $85 million on campaign efforts. d. all of these choices e. candidates had just seventy-five days to campaign.
d. all of these choices
10. Those who do vote in California: a. are primarily residents of inland and northern California. b. none of these choices c. are primarily Latino, African-Americans, and Asians. d. are primarily non-Latino whites. e. are a representative cross-section of the actual population.
d. are primarily non-Latino whites.
12. The standing committees________. a. are often temporary and are formed to study specific problems or issues b. are formed for the purpose of achieving agreement between the House and the Senate on the exact wording of legislative acts when the two chambers pass legislative proposals in different forms c. have no subcommittees d. are the permanent and most powerful committees of Congress e. are created by the concurrent action of both chambers of Congress and consist of members from each chamber
d. are the permanent and most powerful committees of Congress
4. Interest groups do not ________. a. help raise public awareness and inspire action on various issues b. help bridge the gap between citizens and government c. enable citizens to explain their views on policies to public officials d. compete for public office e. serve as another check on public officials to make sure that they are carrying out their duties responsibly
d. compete for public office
14. The Senate ________. a. has more members than the House b. may impeach federal officials c. has electronic voting d. confirms the president's nominees for federal judgeships and members of the president's cabinet e. originates bills for raising revenues
d. confirms the president's nominees for federal judgeships and members of the president's cabinet
6. Union membership has __________. a. increased slightly, from 32 percent of workers in 1952 to 43 percent today b. remained stable over the last five decades, holding at about 37 percent of the labor force c. increased consistently since 1968, to about 50 percent of the labor force today d. declined significantly, from about 43 percent of the labor force in 1952 to about 12 percent today
d. declined significantly, from about 43 percent of the labor force in 1952 to about 12 percent today
6. A "new" Congress convenes __________. a. in February, every two years, after the president calls a special session b. every six years, after the entire Senate has been reelected c. in January of every odd-numbered year d. every four years, in November, after the presidential elections
d. every four years, in November, after the presidential elections
3. Individuals who enjoy the outcome of an interest group's efforts without having to contribute are called ________. a. entrepreneurial leaders b. disturbance theorists c. social loafers d. free riders e. lobbyists
d. free riders
3. New spending limits have been rendered ineffective by: a. issue expenditures. b. the media. c. all of these choices d. independent expenditures. e. the Political Reform Act of 1974.
d. independent expenditures.
11. As soon as a bill is introduced in either the House or in the Senate, __________. a. it is sent to the Rules Committee which will specify the amount of time to be spent on debate and whether amendments can be made by a floor vote b. it is sent to the floor of the chamber for debate c. a conference committee is formed d. it is sent to the appropriate standing committee
d. it is sent to the appropriate standing committee
9. The primary duty of the House minority leader is to ________. a. choose committee chairpersons b. fill in for the Speaker of the House when the Speaker is absent c. make sure that party members are present for important votes d. maintain solidarity within the party e. schedule bills for action in the Senate
d. maintain solidarity within the party
1. Each state is assigned electoral votes based on its number of __________. a. party identifiers b. delegates to the national conventions c. poll watchers d. members in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives
d. members in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives
10. In order to invoke cloture, __________. a. sixty senators must sign a petition requesting cloture, and two-thirds of the entire membership must vote for cloture b. sixty senators must sign a petition requesting cloture, and all senators must vote for cloture c. the vice president of the United States must ask the Senate to take a cloture vote d. sixteen senators must sign a petition requesting cloture, and three-fifths of the entire membership (sixty senators) must vote for cloture
d. sixteen senators must sign a petition requesting cloture, and three-fifths of the entire membership (sixty senators) must vote for cloture
6. If no vice-presidential candidate receives the required number of electoral votes, __________. a. the president chooses another running mate b. a joint session of Congress is held to select the vice president c. the House of Representatives votes on the candidates, with each state delegation casting only a single vote d. the Senate votes on the candidates, with each senator casting one vote
d. the Senate votes on the candidates, with each senator casting one vote
8. The standing committees are __________. a. often temporary and are formed to study specific problems or issues b. created by the concurrent action of both chambers of Congress and consist of members from each chamber c. formed for the purpose of achieving agreement between the House and the Senate on the exact wording of legislative acts when the two chambers pass legislative proposals in different forms d. the permanent and most powerful committees of Congress
d. the permanent and most powerful committees of Congress
2. If a state has twelve congressional districts, it sends ________ representatives to the House. a. four b. twenty-four c. six d. twelve e. two
d. twelve
14. The 2004 presidential elections __________. a. were not at all close; in winning reelection, Bush secured the strongest personal mandate of any Republican in decades b. resulted in an electoral vote win for George W. Bush, but a popular vote win for John Kerry c. were close; Bush beat Kerry by three electoral votes d. were close; Bush won the popular vote by a 2.5 percentage vote margin
d. were close; Bush won the popular vote by a 2.5 percentage vote margin
13. In spite of legislation and regulations that have been created in an attempt to reduce the ________, it is still common for those who leave positions with the federal government to become lobbyists or consultants for the private-interest groups they helped to regulate. a. free rider problem b. glass elevator symptom c. purposive incentives d. solidary incentives e. revolving door syndrome
e. revolving door syndrome
6. The partisan view of representation ________. a. requires representatives to ignore the wishes of the party leadership when it comes to casting votes in Congress b. holds that representatives should serve the broad interests of the entire society and not just the narrow interests of their constituents c. suggests that there are times when legislators will take a trustee approach on some issues and adhere to the instructed-delegate view on other matters d. requires representatives to mirror the views of their constituents e. suggests that there are times when members of Congress are very attentive to the wishes of the party leadership
e. suggests that there are times when members of Congress are very attentive to the wishes of the party leadership
12. Prior to Arnold Schwarzenegger's run for governor: a. gubernatorial candidate debates were regularly broadcast live, bringing in significant ratings. b. none of these choices c. television news editors avoided national stories, focusing instead on state politics. d. all of California's television stations operated a news bureau in the state capital. e. television coverage of state politics was minimal.
e. television coverage of state politics was minimal.
1. The right to form interest groups and to lobby the government is protected by ________. a. freedom of speech b. the right to privacy c. freedom of press d. the free exercise clause of the First Amendment e. the First Amendment right to petition the government
e. the First Amendment right to petition the government
3. The reason Californians most frequently give for not voting is: a. they feel election information is too hard to understand. b. they believe elections are controlled by special interests. c. they are unaware of when the election is. d. they are apathetic. e. they are too busy.
e. they are too busy.
proposed in great compromise
each state would have two representatives in the senate elected by the state legislature
state governments are prohibited by the constitution from?
entering into treaties with other countries
Powers that are not delegated to the national government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are
enumerated powers
five fundamental principles
equality in voting, individual freedom, equal protection of the law, majority rule & minority rights, voluntary consent to be governed
autocracy
essence of politics
In plessy v. ferguson (1896), the supreme court
established the separate- but equal doctrine
mayflower compact
even before the pilgrims went ashore they drew up the ___ in which they set up a government and promised to obey its laws
the general election is a regularly scheduled election held in
even-numbered years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November
A(n) _____ punishes individuals for committing an act that was legal when it was committed but that has since become a crime.
ex post facto law
checks and balances
example = presidents veto power
establish courts
example of a concurrent power is the power to
rule of law
example: no one is above law watergate
Emotional attachment to a party that is influenced by family,age,peer groups, and other factors
factors that influence party indentification
intermediate scrutiny 2
generally, since the 1970's, the Supreme Court has scrutinized gender classifications closely and has declared many gender-based laws unconstitutional. In 1979, the Court held that a state law allowing wives to obtain alimony judgments against husbands but preventing husbands from receiving alimony from wives violated the equal protection clause. In 1892, the Court declared that Mississippi's policy of excluding males for Women was unconstitutional. In a controversial 1996 case, United States v. Virginia, the Court held that Virginia Military Institute, a stat-financed institution, violated the equal protection clause by refusing to accept female applicants. The court said that the state of Virginia had failed to provide a sufficient justification for its gender-based classification. Despite many recent court rulings, the goal of equal treatment for women has yet to be fully achieved.
____ is the drawing of a legislative district's boundaries in such a way as to maximize the influence of a certain group or political party.
gerrymandering
central & regional gov't
government powers in a federal system are divided between
The first eight amendments to the Constitution ________
grant the people specific rights and liberties
The first eight amendments to the constitution
grant the people specific rights and liberties
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution _________-
granted freedom to the slaves
issue advocacy limitations in bipartisan campaign act
group 527 do not technically endorse a particular candidate they do not fall under the same campaign financing restrictions as political parties and PACs
as a result of the supreme court's decision in Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission(2010) and a federal court of appeals ruling in Speechnow vs. FEC(2010)
groups cannot spend money on political ads that attack or praise specific candidates.
The Sixth Amendment ___________
guarantees the right to counsel at various stages in some criminal proceedings
The McGovern-Fraser Commission
had a mandate to make the Democratic party conventions more democratic.
Today, televised political advertising consumes at least ___ of the total budget for a major political campaign
half
Affirmative action programs _______
have been banned in some states
Most third parties
have been short-lived
socialists
have the greatest tolerance for strong government and have the strongest commitment to egalitarianism
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in _________
housing
The Civil rights act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in
housing
currently, __ largely determine the identity of candidates for state legislatures
ideological activists
strict scrutiny
if a law or action prevents some group of persons from exercising a fundamental right, the law or action will be subject to the "strict-scrutiny" standard. Under this standard, the law or action must be necessary to promote a compelling state interest and must be narrowly tailored to meet that interest. A law based on a suspect classification, such as race, is also subject to strict scrutiny by the courts, meaning that the law must be justified by a compelling state interest.
competative federalism
if the state of ohio offers tax advantages for locating a factory there a business may be more likely to move its manufavturing operations to ohio from a state such as michigan which does not offer such tax breaks
The right to privacy is
implied by other constitutional rights
For a government to exercise authority, its power must be legitimate. In other words, its ower
is collectively recognized by society as legally and morally correct
an issue-oriented third party
is formed to promote a particular cause.
The form of speech known as "fighting words"
is not protected by the First Amendment.
Commercial Speech _____-
is protected by the 1st amendment, but not as fully as regular speech
Commercial Speech
is protected by the First Amendment, but not as fully as regular speech
a congressional district
is the geographic area that is served by one member in the House of Representatives.
The "daisy girl" ad, which aired during the 1964 presidential race, is an example of a(n) ____ ad.
issue
a negative ___ ad focuses on flaws in an opposing candidate's position on a particular topic
issue
full faith and credit clause
issue of gay marriage has made the constitutional mandate of ___ difficult to follow
third parties are generally..
issue-oriented, ideological, or splinter (sometimes called personality) parties
which of the following is true of the first continental congress
it created safety committees that spied on neighbors and supressed pro british opinions
In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) the Supreme Court held that the University of Michigan Law School's admissions policy was constitutional because __________
it did not apply a mechanical formula giving diversity bonuses based on race or ethnicity
which is not true of devolution?
it is a doctrine provided that the national laws take precedence over conflicting state laws that govern in the same area
which of the following about a federal mandate is true?
it requires states and municipalities to comply with certain rules specified by federal laws
purpose of the stamp act of 1765
it was levied to help support british costs incurred during the seven years war
federalist papers
john jay, alexander hamilton and james madison wrote a series of essays in defense of the constitution
In ___, the Supreme Court outlined a three-part test to help it decide whether specific types of tax payer funded government aid violates the establishment clause.
lemon test
Written or published false, defamatory statements which harm an individual's reputation or character are known as:
libel
special districts
of all the governments in the united states about 40 percent are
common sense
one of the most important arguments in favor of independence was presented by thomas paine. In __ paine contended that america could survive economically on its own and no longer needed its british connection.
federal
one of the reasons a ___ form of government would be well suited to the united states is our countrys large size
one person one vote
one persons vote has to count as much as anothers
Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had ___ the unicameral assembly of representatives
one vote in
Today, state presidential caucuses are
open to all registered party voters, or those who claim party allegiance in states with no
Following the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968, the party chose to
open up its process of choosing delegates to the national convention in order to respond
Type of ballot that encourages party-line voting by listing all of a party's candidates in a column under the party name.
party column ballot
generally, the party in the electorate consists of what two groups?
party identifies (those who identify themselves as being members of a particular party) and the party elite (active party members who choose to work for the party and even become candidates for office)
free rider problem
problem that arises when people can enjoy the benefits of group activity without bearing any of the costs. Problem arises when individuals perceive that their contribution does little to contribute to the overall goal of the group (donating $20 to Greenpeace). Why contribute to the cause if it's so unnoticeable. This problem also arises when individuals receive the benefit whether they contributed or not (Cleaner air).
politics
process of resolving conflicts over how society should use its scarce resources and who should receive various benefits such as public health care and public higher education
The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits
prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment."
For Americans, ____ and the pursuit of happiness are closely related
property
A key function of the Bill of Rights is to _____
protect the rights of those in the minority against the will of the majority
A key function of the Bill of Rights is to
protect the rights of those in the minority against the will of the majority.
the electoral college
protects the small states from being overwhelmed by the large states.
Common Cause is an example of a(n)
public interest group
a toll used to collect information by asking people questions
public opinion poll
ex post facto
punishes individuals for committing an act that was legal when it was committed but has since become a crime.
why do we form interest groups
purposive, solidary and material incentives
a campaign tactic used to feed false or misleading information to potential voters, under the guise of taking an opinion poll, is a(n) ____ poll.
push
Caucuses are usually organized like
pyramids
what factors influence party identification
race, age, income, education, marital status, and geography
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination on the basis of____________
race, color, religion, gender and national origin
a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen is a ____ sample
random
twenty first
ratified by a vote in special conventions in three fourths of the state
Few laws evaluated under the __ are found invalid, because few laws are truly unreasonable
rational basis test
Few laws evaluated under the ________ are found invalid, because few laws are truly unreasonable
rational basis test
devolution
refer to the transfers of powers to local authorities by a central government
In most states, voters are required to ______ before voting.
register with the appropriate state or local officials
Until the 1930s, African Americans had been overwhelmingly __.
republican
by the mid-1850s, the Whig coalition had fallen apart, and most northern Whigs were absorbed into the new __ party, which opposed the extension of slavery into new territories.
republican
The Great Depression of the 1930s destroyed the belief that the __ could better manage the economy, and contributed to a realignment I the two-party system.
republicans
federal mandate
requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply with certain rules is called a
full faith & credit clause
requires each state to honor every other states public acts records and judicial proceedings
The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 _________
requires schools and libraries to use Internet filtering software to protect children from pornography or risk losing federal funds for technology upgrades
great compromise
resolved the small-state/large-state controversy
The Philadelphia meeting that became the Constitutional Convention was called the "sole and express purpose" of
revising the Articles of Confederation
1781
revolutionary war ends
In Engel v. Vitale (1962) the Supreme Court
ruled that the State Board of Regents in New York had acted unconstitutionally by composing a prayer to be used in public school classrooms at the start of each day
In a presidential democracy, the lawmaking and law-enforcing branches of government are
separate but equal
"Jim Crow" laws
separated the white community from the black community
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court established the ___________ doctrine which was used to justify racial segregation in many areas of life for nearly sixty years
seperate-but-equal
civil rights
set forth what the government must do.
political culture
set of ideas values and attitudes about government and the political process held by a community or a nation
in a federal system
simultaneous regulation of business by all levels of government reduces red tape and lessens the costs on the business community
interest group that only focus in one issue
single issue interest group
members of the senate are elected every __ years
six
By law, the president is required to inform Congress within ____ of making any executive agreement.
sixty days
If the "Daily Gossip" publishes something about a person that is untrue, with the intent of injuring that person's reputation, and actual harm results, the "Daily Gossip" has engaged in ________
slander
If the daily gossip publishes something about a person that is untrue, with the intent of injuring that person's reputation, and actual harm results, the daily gossip has engaged in
slander
Most people acquire their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and knowledge through a complex learning process called political
socialization
The electoral college system is primarily a winner-take-all system, in which
the candidate who receives the largest popular vote in a state is credited with all that state's electoral votes
Everson v. Board of education 1947
the case in which thomas jeffersons "wall of seperation" was refereed , suprme court ruled on the establishment clause.the ruling both affirmed the importance of separating church and state and set the precedent that not all forms of state and federal aid to church related schools are forbidden under the constituion
commerce clause
the clause in article 1 section 8 of the constitution that gives congress the power to regulate interstate commerce (commerce involving more than one state)
Congressional committes
the committee system is a way to provide for specialization or a division of leg. labor
In 2003, the supreme court held that
the communication decency act of 1996 was constitutional
second continental congress
the congress of the colonies that met in 1775 to assume the powers of a central government and to establish an army
due process
the constitutional guarantee, set out in the 5th and 14th amendments, that the government will not illegally or arbitrarily deprive a person of life, liberty, or property.
full faith and credit
the constitutions ___ clause requires each state to honor every other states public acts records and judicial proceedings
constitutional convention
the convention (meeting) of delegates from the states that was held in philadelphia in 1787 for the purpose of amending the articles of confederation. in fact the delegates wrote a new constitution (U.S) that established a federal form of government to replace the governmental system that had been created by articles of confederation
1808
the delegates to the constitutional convention agreed that congress could prohibit importation of slaves into the country
Feminism is best defined as _______
the doctrine advocating full political, economic, and social equality for women
Feminism is best defined as
the doctrine advocating full political, economic, and social equality for women.
The Supreme Court uses the Lemon test in cases involving ___________
the establishment clause
The supreme court uses the lemon test in cases involving
the establishment clause
PACs
the federal election campaign act allows corporations, labor unions, and special interests groups to set up political action committees to arise money for candidates
bill of rights
the first ten amendments of the U.S constitution. they list the freedoms such as the freedoms of speech, press, and religion that a citizen enjoys and that cannot be infringed on by the government
constitutional convention
the importation of slaves into the country could be prohibited at a later date