Final Exam- Prof Fuller

Marriage: Final Observations for Islam women

- A Muslim may marry a non-Muslim woman (religion of man dominates the household) - A Muslim woman can only marry a Muslim man - In 50 plus majority Muslim countries today, there is a wide range of practices and adherence (or non-adherence) to traditions.

Parables of Jesus: To Reveal the Kingdom of God- Ex: A man fell among thieves (Luke 10:25-37)

- A lawyer tested Jesus about what he should do to inherit eternal life. Jesus says, "What is written in the law...so what are you reading?" Answered a question with a question. Makes him quote the Torah. Said do what is in the Torah (Love God and neighbor as yourself), and live. Came back with another question- who is the 'neighbor'? Jesus tells parable about a man beaten by thieves, left to die. A priest came along, left him alone and kept walking. A Levite (worked in temple) does the same. Next, a Samaritan that was traveling walked by, bandaged his wounds, took care of him, gave him money and a place to stay. "Parable of the Good Samaritan". ..............The one who showed him mercy was the neighbor. God tells us to "Go and do likewise." - THE POINT: Jews thought Samaritans as Jewish.. in the old northern kingdom. The southern Jews didn't like them and said that Samaritans didn't practice Judaism correctly. thought as them pretty poorly and not as Jews, and as a different race. Jesus made Samaritan the hero of the story intentionally. Jesus just called them racist. lol. Jesus is telling us that our neighbor is everyone, even people we don't like.

Islam! Pre-Islamic Saudi Arabia (where it started)

- Animalistic/ polytheistic - Jews and Christians lived in the region - Tribal solidarity was supreme - Personal Honor, Hospitality were virtues ***Really important. They are in the desert... you would hope that people would have hospitality and allow you into their home so they wouldn't die from conditions. - Women had very few (if any) rights - Meccas was already a religious and political center (Before Islam)

Joseph Smith's Role in the LDS Church

- Continuing revelation: Polygamy!! This is the way we should live. Called the "Words of Wisdom." - He died at the hands of a mob in Illinois. He was in jail for destroying a printing press and was in jail.. Non-Mormon mob killed him while in jail. - They moved to Utah (not a state yet... they had "left the country (USA didn't include that area yet) and thrived. The USA eventually wanted Utah to be a state, but told the Mormons they couldn't keep practicing polygamy. It is in the old testament.... but still. The govt said "Too bad! No more!" ***All "presidents" of the LSD church have the say. The one at this time told the people he had a revelation and said that they were to end polygamy... so it ended. Not everyone accepted this and split off from the group. They are the "Fundamentalists of Mormonism" (Don't worry about names) *****MORMONS DO NOT PRACTICE POLYGAMY AT THIS TIME.

Importance of Saudi Arabia for the Sunni People

- Holy sites of Mecca and Medina - Site of Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca - See themselves as center of traditional, Sunni Islam - Saudi Islam is sometimes referred to as "Wahabi Islam" or "Wahabism" - Al-Wahab (1703-92) was a theologian, reformer who wished to return to an earlier, more ideal form of Islam - He joined forced with the Saud family - Modern Saudi Arabia is ruled by the Saud family, who have promoted a strict interpretation of Islam, Wahabism, or Salafism. (means early- go back to a simple form of faith).

Spread of Protestantism: Movements to separate from Roman Catholic Church spread

1. Martin Luther in German - Legacy is seen in Lutheran churches/ denominations. 2. John Calvin in Swiss cantons (later known as Switzerland) - Legacy is seen in Calvinism (theology which emphasizes sovereignty of God; human depravity; predestination) - Presbyterian and other "Reformed" churches influenced by Calvin. 3. Missions Movement: Makes Protestant Christianity a worldwide movement beginning in early 1800s, mostly in Northern Europe. Southern Europe stays Catholic. - HUGE emphasis on missionaries.

Def of Islam and Muslim

Islam= means "submission"- When there is a submission to God, there is peace. - Islam: The name of the religion - Muslim: A follower of Islam

The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661 CE)

(Specific title, only applies to these four men, afterwards there are several important dynasties. Pollical head, not a prophet, "official interpreter") - Abu Bakr (632-634 CE) o Was not a prophet o Political head - Umar (634-644 CE) o Significant in early Muslim history- got the Quran compiled o Killed but wasn't a political order, has a personal issue with someone - Uthman (644-656 CE) o Assassinated- someone wanted to take over the empire - Ali (656-661 CE) o You felt like he had been cheated if you were a supporter of him o Fourth and final Are Muslims even to this day- viewed this period as a "golden age", all Muslims were under one ruler, the idea of unity is powerful in Islam. One God for one world. You see this view mostly with the extremists. When you call yourself the Caliph, you are saying that you acted the way those men acted- wanted a worldwide country state (Muslims have no interest in this).

The Haj- outline of Major Rituals (Connects Muslims to the steps of Abraham) Order is important.

**Circling of Ka'ba (in Jerusalem) and Sa'i Day 1: Trip to Mina Day 2: Trip to Plain of Arafat - standing at Arafat (MOST IMPORTANT PART. they walk about 8 miles away from Mecca to a field, Arafat to pray and seek forgiveness for their sins. They go out together, but they pray on their own.) Kind of like a "dress rehearsal" for the day of Judgement when God judges everyone for how they treated people.) Day 3: Back to Mina- Stoning of Satan (Connects to the Abraham story. Abraham was asked to stone his son, he was faithful, god stopped him at last moment and said he didn't have to. In the Islamic faith, the son was Ishmael, not Isaac.) ***In the Muslim tradition, Satan tempted him and told him not to stone his son. Abraham threw stones at him and told him to go away. This "stoning" in Mecca is symbolic for casting Satan out of their lives and showing their spiritual commitment. They do this for 3 days. - Feast of the Sacrifice begins - Haircut (actual or symbolic) Day 4: Stoning of Satan Day 5: Stoning of Satan **Circling of Ka'ba. This experience connects them to their heritage. Unity and diversity. All men wear 2 pieces of white cloth. Women wear their traditional clothes. People from all over the world doing the exact same thing when they are here. ***Muslims believe that Hagar and Ishmael were abandoned in the desert in MECCA... (connects to Abraham). Connects to the heart of the Haj. there is a well there and they think this well is where the wings of an angel hit the ground to provide water to Hagar and Ishmael (Hagar was the slave that had sex with Abraham because Sara couldn't get pregnant and she sent them off to the desert and abandoned them).

Islam-Basis for treatments of minorities

**Muslims were not supposed to force people to convert (some did... but not supposed to) **You should interact with diverse people.. . god made diversity. We don't have to look the same.. we should still get to know one another. **There were exceptions to these tolerances/ acceptances seen in these verses. Not everyone respected these general rights for Dhimmi.

Muhammad as a Prophet

- "Night of Power"- in 610 CE • He fell asleep in the cave, woke up and heard someone say "Recite!" He said, "I'm not a story teller." Then it said "RECITE!" and he felt pressure and like he was being squeezed. He then realized that words were coming out of his mouth. This was his first revelation.. He was scared and ran home to his wife for guidance. She told him that God wouldn't deceive him... they went to her cousin. HE said it was a God and Muhammad decide that it was the Angel of Gabriel. He kept getting these revelations and they were written down.. this is how we got the "Quran". - Muhammad's message: • Monotheism- there is ONLY ONE God. (Said all the other Gods they were worshipping were false.) This was new for the Arab tribe. Caused opposition. • Individual accountability before God- EVERY person will be judged by god. You will be judged by how well you treat other people • Social Justice for all (Treat everyone well. This is how God will judge us). - Reactions of others: He began to preach. It spread quickly, at first. Most people were resisting because it was Muhammad and they didn't think he was the right guy for the job because he was a minor figure in his family... he wasn't the head child or anything. Everyone said ***"You are not the right person."*** Eventually, people thought he was a prophet. - Beginnings of a movement.

Jihad- meanings?

- "struggle" or "exertion"- literal meaning o Anything that requires an effort can be considered a jihad (faith is a jihad because it can be hard to follow a faith)- can be found in the Quran - Greater and Lesser Jihad (takes on another meaning) o Greater/Inner (can be called either)- the inner struggle for humans to have faith o Lesser- defending the faith or self-defense, (Islam promotes self-defense) you can defend the faith if someone attacks it. - "Jihadists"- modern movement which seeks to use jihad in its holy war meaning o Often central to these extremists groups ideology- labeled as Jihadists o Unfortunate because Muslims understand it has 2 meanings, including he struggle for faith, unfortunate because this meaning of the word has gotten all the attention o Not an inaccurate use of the word (Jihad in the Holy War sense is correct to their ideology as extremists) ♣ See the world as two groups- "land of Islam" and "land of war" - believe all Muslim must engage in violent jihad. ♣ Two groups: Muslim or not Muslim ♣ See Muslims and non-Muslims in a war- "land of war" is where Muslims do no dominate o Most major religions have an extreme ideology- may never eliminate the extremists, you must eliminate the oxygen and try to kill it out. (most have used religion for political means)

Parables of Jesus: To Reveal the Kingdom of God- Ex: A Father Had Two Sons (Luke 15:11-32)

- A son says to dad, "give me my share of your property." (usually given when dad dies). Dad does so. The younger son gathers his belongings and his new inheritance. He loses all the money. He doesn't have any money left, gets caught in a famine, and ends up working for someone by feeding their pigs. He was so hungry, he was eating the pig's left overs. He goes back to his dad and begs for a job as a slave to him and apologized... but his dad is so happy to see him, gets his staff to kill his best animal, and throws a party out of joy that his son came back to him. Puts his best robe on his son. His dad shows him love and welcomes him back with open arms. Said, "my son was lost, but now he is found! Yay!". Older son- didn't run off.. was working the whole time. Father sends out a slave to get his brother (working in the field), finds out his Dad threw a party for the younger son. He is pissed and won't come in. Dad pleads with him to come in and party... but older son says Dad never did anything like that for him... he didn't leave and he is bitter about the treatment difference. Dad says, "Well, he was dead, now he isn't and he is found so lets celebrate" and then the parable ends. - THE POINT: The father did surprising things. He accepted him back, he loved them both regardless. "Parable of the loving and gracious father who loves his selfish sons unconditionally:. Point is that God is like this. If a human father can love these sons unconditionally, imagine how much more God loves us and how much better the kingdom of God will be!

Case Study "Made- in- America" Religions: Case Study 1: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS Church) Overview

- AKA the Mormon Church - Term "Mormon" comes from Mormon, a prophet mentioned in the Book of Mormon. His son, Moron, is often featured blowing the trumpet in LDS art and architecture. - **They see themselves as a "restoration" church. They don't consider themselves Protestant (or Catholic). Said every single church was getting it wrong. They see themselves as "restoring the truth", making them a restoration church. Said that the gospel had been lost and was recovered by Joseph Smith. - Don't worry about numbers. - They have a LOT of missionaries. Men and women (more men than women). ***80,000 missionaries working around the world for them. THEY ARE NOT PAID BY THE CHURCH... THEY FUND THEMSELVES! Very impressive. World wide movement. - They worship in temples and have priesthoods. Joseph Smith: Seen as a prophet and a president (he thought about running for president of the USA.. was considered the actual president of Mormonism) - Born in 1805 in Vermont. He had a revelation "First vision" at age 14. Said he saw golden plates buried in the ground and from that, he produced the Book of Mormon. - He produced the Book of Mormon, first published in 1830 - Joseph becomes "a prophet" - Migrated west to escape persecution for their beliefs in the USA. ** What sets them apart from other Christians: They accept the Bible, but they think there are additional texts. There are a lot of denominations in this faith.

Sunni: Primary Characteristics:

- Are the majority in every Muslim country except: o Iran= 93% Shia o Iraq= 55-60% Shia - Role of Imam- primary function is to lead prayers, especially the Friday prayer o Imam- anyone that leads the prayer, other functions as well because a mosque isn't just a mosque, it serves as other things as well. If you are a Imam, you're seen as a religious leader, not a political leader. You run all institutions. o Didn't dived faith and state, they divided the functions of authority, they separated them - Sunnis accept the leadership of the first four Caliphs - After this period, you see various dynasties and kingdoms, with political leadership passed down in a variety of ways - Today, there is no central authority in Sunni Islam o Not one person or single institution that is the head and in charge of all Sunnis o It is decentralized- most important authority is the Quran Anyone can be a ruler, you just have to be a good Muslim (don't have to be a scholar, etc.)

Shia: Primary Characteristics

- As a minority, they have experience persecution, and place a greater emphasis on martyrdom. The heroes of the Shia, Ali, and his son, Hussein, grandson of Muhammad are especially honored as martyrs. - Shia honor their martyrs with grand tombs and shrines. Some Sunni believe this to be wrong - Shia believe the true leaders of Islam should be descendants of Muhammad - These leaders have more authority for the Shia, who believed them to be infallible imam; some of these imams are called "ayatollahs"- you know something about these, they are a high ranking religious role. You have to earn this through education. Not many ayatollahs in the world (few dozen)- high ranking, Shia cleric (Sunni's don't have these). Some hold political office- some don't. o Highest authority in Iran- president of Iran has clout, but council of ayatollahs has more power than president o Wear turbans (either black or white) ♣ Black- biological decedent of Muhammad (gives you extra status! Shia believe it is important to be a decedent of Muhammad) o Exercise both political and religious status o Imam is a title that is applied to the male relatives of Muhammad o These imams should have the same authority of the caliphs (should be religious and political leader wrapped in one). - Shia believe in the Quran, their collection of Hadith, and in the authority of the imams, who are seen as infallible - Shia are further divided into: o "Twelvers"- who believe there's a line of 12 imams (dominant in Iran). With the last imam have disappeared, or gone into hiding. They are dominant in Iran and Iraq, and are the largest subgroup. o "Seveners"- believe there is a line of 7 imams, descending from Ali and which are found in India and central Asia o There is also a group of "Fivers"- found in Yemen - This last imam is thought by many Twelver Shia to be the "Mahdi"- the messiah who will appear in the future and establish an age of righteousness - Many Sunni also believe in the Mahdi, but reject his identity as the twelfth or hidden imam. - MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUNNI AND SHIA IS WHO SHOULD HAVE BEEN THE RULER(S) AFTER MUHAMMAD. There is still a lot of agreement such as on the core beliefs.

Muhammad (570-632 c.e.)

- Born in or near Mecca - Was orphaned at early age (both parents died while he was young.. raised by relatives. Very important. He was born into a tribal society and the father was very important... but his dad was dead. This made him vulnerable) - Known for his honesty and ability to bring together individuals and groups who were at odds with one another - Married Khadijah when he was 25 years old • He went to work for a woman (this woman), who was widowed, when he was 25. She needed him to run her Carrabin(?) business for her (camels and trading). He was her employee. AT some point, she proposed marriage to him (weird.. but she is a widow so it is okay. She was older than him. He accepted. ) - 6 children together (4 daughters lived to adulthood**).. no sons lived to adulthood. - After Khadijah's death, married other women (principally to provide for them, and seal alliances) NEVER practiced polygamy, like some other men did. - He viewed her as an advisor and would turn to her for wisdom. When he was about 40, something happened. (610 C.E.). Went to the desert alone (he did this a lot)

Jesus's Fate: Arrest, Trial, Execution, Resurrection

- Didn't really say inside the Jewish religion - Never told anyone to go to the temple and make a sacrifice... some thought he was undermining the temple. - Sadducees didn't really like him. He threw tables in the temple at one point.. they hold power... they may have had input in killing him later on. - Romans have the power over life and death. Trials (Gospels recounts one Jewish and one Roman trial) - Jesus is brought to Pilot (highest authority in Rome); is sentenced to death, and was crucified. Romans used crucifixion as a common form of death. Crucifixion- Roman means of execution - Roman citizens were exempt from crucifixion...this was too harsh for them. they would just cut their heads off typically. - Jesus was crucified as a message to his followers... didn't want people to follow Jesus. Christians claim this is not the end= believes Jesus was resurrected. - Said he rose after 3 days. Interpretation- Jesus conquered death; was the final sacrifice (Jews were used to a temple system with sacrifices for sins... Jesus was the sacrifice for EVERYONES sin). - Doctrine of Resurrection is a central part of Christian religion.

Al Azhar University

- Established 988 CE - Claims to be the oldest Muslim university - Claim is disputed by Kairaouine Mosque in Fes, Morocco - Legal rulings and interpretations from Al Azhar are influential. - Such rulings are called "fatwas"

The Schism (Islam)

- Even though Ali was eventually selected to lead the Muslim community, there were those supporters who believed he had been passed over - These supports (partisans), will eventually become known as the "Shi'ites" or Shia= partisans of Ali - This difference over leadership leads to the creation of two primary groups, the Sunni and the Shia

What was the status of women in Arabia prior to introduction of Islam?

- Few if any "rights"; no property rights or inheritance; typically could not initiate a marriage or divorce - didn't really have any rights.. they were property. they could be bought/sold, no divorce, no say in who they married. - There were some people who had more rights... but very few did. What does Islamic tradition teach on these issues? What are the current statues of these issues today?

Sharia: Controversies and Modern Appeal

- Harsh penalties for some offenses o Adultery - 100 lashes (not stoning) is seen in Quran o Apostasy o If you denounce your faith, it's like denouncing your country/citizenship - Standard of evidence/proof - Why is Sharia appealing in some contexts? o Some countries have interest in sharia o When you have corruption, sharia applies to you, no one is above the law o The rulers job was to enforce the laws fairly o If they followed sharia, no one would be above the law and there would be less corruption o The scholars generated the laws

Church of England (Is protestant): From Henry to Elizabeth

- Henry 8th (Not protestant): break with pope; rejected Protestantism - Edward 6th- Henry's son; advisors are Protestant; Church of England becomes Protestant (short reign = 5 years. died young... now we don't have a male, legitimate heirs... so he goes to his daughters!) - Mary: Henry's oldest daughter is a FIRM Roman Catholicism restored in England because that is how she wants it (short reign =5 years). She was named queen when her dad, Henry 8th, dies. - Mary, AKA bloody Mary, murdered MANY protestants. didn't like them. - When Mary dies, they look to her half-sister, Elizabeth (daughter of Henry); establishing Church of England as Protestant; (long reign = 45 years. Never married; she did not want to. She proved everyone wrong that women CAN reign). Currently, England is protestant. Seems similar to a Roman Catholic service, but it is protestant. Still called the Church of England. In America, this branch isn't called the Church of England, it is called the Episcopalian church. It is a part of the Church of England.

Imam Hussein:

- Killed in 680 CE - Commemorated with a major Shia holy festival, Ashura - Life story and death are told in "passion plays" - Some Shia "punish" themselves as way to recall he suffering of Hussein - You'll hear and see women coming down the street wailing, making loud grieving noises - Men will pound their chests, some shirtless, whipping themselves, sometimes drawing blood as they are remembering and commemorating him - He is seen as a messiah figure, but more of a political messiah - Many Sunnis have nothing to do with this festival- they don't really participate in these types of things

Major Themes of Jesus as a teacher?

- Major Themes: 1. The Kingdom of God: What is it? Where is it? When does it start? - Jesus talks about this a lot in his parables. 2. Love Ethic - Life in the kingdom will be filled with love... love is what is important... everything about love. - Ex: 1. Sermon on the Mount (Matthew chapter 5-7) - Talking about how you should not commit murder. He offered his interpretation on this part of the Old Testament. "But I say to you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sister will be subject to judgement. Again, anyone who says to a brother or sister, 'Raca,' is answerable to the court. And anyone who says, 'you fool!' will be in danger of the fire of hell". **Quote of Jesus's interpretation of the bible. before it was just about murder... now it is about getting angry at someone... way different than what we thought. Doesn't really seem super realistic. He does this with adultery as well. He said if you look at someone with lust, you already did adultery and you should cut your eyes out. (Doesn't necessarily mean cut your eyes out of your eye sockets... this is a hyperbole.) 3. The Beatitudes: Series of blessings on those not usually blessed (the meek, the poor in spirit, those who thirst for righteousness).

Shia: Unique Practices

- Many Shia pray at 3 separate times, instead of the standard five - Shia hold to the possibility of continuing revelation - Shia venerate the dead, especially martyrs - Shia have a second pilgrimage: Karbala in Iraq is the site of a major pilgrimage o Karbala (in Iraq) was where Imam Hussein was killed by a rival Muslim army in 680 CE o This location is seen by the Shia as like the place where there was a last stand- the last chance to make things right- seen as a tragedy in the Shia history. - Suddam Hussein persecuted the Shia- he didn't like them - Sunnis did not go to Karbala

Marriage and Divorce (according to the Quran)

- Marriage (for all) is encouraged. - A woman can refuse a marriage.... but they are still arranged. She just has the right to say no now. Doesn't mean they can't force the woman; it is just looked down upon. Opinion is supposed to count for something. - Several had it also suggest marriage, which keeps one pure. For those who cannot, fasting is suggested as a means of suppressing sexual desire. (Bukhari and Muslim say this) - Though often arranged, marriages still required consent of both parties. - Traditionally, a groom or groom's father would pay- an amount given to the bride (was hers to keep) - Dowry or bride-price was given by the groom (or his family) to the family. Quran has passages warning against abuses in this area. Divorce - Prior to Islam, women in Arabia could not initiate divorce. Divorce is considered undesireable in Islam, but men and women may initiate it. - A man has the prerogative to divorce without reason, but it may cost him - A woman needs a reason (interpreted broadly) and then must go to a judge, who can grant a divorce. - Women do NOT have equal rights for divorce. - All a man had to say was, "I divorce you" 3 times and it would be happen without what the women would say. NOWWW he has to pay for it with money if he does this. Women cannot just say it 3 times. She needs a reason, would go to a judge, make her case, and the judge would approve or disapprove. this was NOT a thing until Islam!!! - GAINED rights for women... but still not equal.

Types of Legal Personnel (who produce legal materials):

- Mufti- private legal specialist, can produce "fatwas" o What is "fatwa?"- authoritative, nonbinding opinion on Islamic law o Comes from someone that isn't an expert o Just because someone issues one, doesn't mean everyone has to follow it o Fatwas are as authoritative as the person issuing it - Author/Jurist- legal scholars who produce commentaries - Judge (qadi)- adjudicates disputes, similar to modern judges - Law professor- gathered students into circles, where law was studied; wrote legal commentaries ***We have the sources and now we have these people in the legal system producing more material, now we have to organize it and interpret it!

Muhammad's Death (632 CE) Now what?

- Muhammad had chosen no successor o No plan for who it would be, by the time of his death, there was a Muslim state (he was the political head) - A group known as the Companions of the Prophets was looked upon to provide leadership in this crucial phase (formal term) o Kind of like his disciples, they were his early supporters o A group got together and discussed who will be the successor o Successor- "Caliphs" o The community looked to them for the next leader - They selected the successor- Abu Bakr o He was in the rank of the Companions of the Prophets o Was like Muhammad's father in law o Older companion o Being old wasn't bad- you were wise (wiser old man) - A minority believed it should be a relative of Muhammad- a man named Ali o Muhammad was so important, it should be a blood relative o Muhammad didn't have any sons- had daughter but not eligible yet o Ali was Muhammad's son in law - This disagreement begins a schism o Had a dispute o The disagreement of who should be successor will eventual divide the community - Plays this vital role and then dies - Prophets are humans - You are a heretic if you recognize a prophet after Muhammad - Emphasize the Quran- the recollection of his vision- it was written really quickly - There's a lot of Saints in Islam (holy ones, are venerated)- hesitation about making too much of humans, some Muslims are troubled of the tradition of building grand tombs for humans- don't want people to think they were more than what they were- troubled by any "divine status."

Five Categories of Action: (these actions are required! Punishment either form state or God)

- Prescribed/Obligatory- actions which are regarded as necessary, and if omitted demand punishment o Our legal system doesn't regulate everything o Examples would be prayer, payment of debts- punishment could be earthly or spiritually - Recommended- performing the actions is rewarded, not performing them is not punished o Example: actions such as helping the poor - Permissible/Allowed- actions that are neither reward or punished whether they are done or not. o Example would be eating of lawful foods - Disliked/Offensive/Disapproved- actions which are not punished if done, but rewarded if they are avoided o Example would be unilateral divorce by a husband- while allowed, does cost the husband more than the other forms of divorce. - Forbidden (haram)- actions which if committed are to be punished o Examples would be breach of contract and theft, also adultery and apostasy (deny/reject the faith) o This category seems to drive fear over sharia. o Harsh penalties for certain offenses

Polygamy in ISlam before and after Quran

- Prior to Islam, a man could marry without limit and the women had no say. Since the Quran.... - You can marry up to 4 women. You may NOT marry more, but you can marry less than 4 men. (There is now a limit on how many wives you can have.) - A woman can only marry 1 man - THE QURAN SAYS THAT IF A MAN HAS MORE THAN ONE WIFE, HE MUST TREAT THEM EXACTLY THE SAME. If they don't think they can justly do this, they shouldn't marry more than 1. BECAUSE OF THIS.. polygamy is allowed (with restrictions), and you really shouldn't really marry more than one since it is hard to treat all wives equal. ALSO- if a husband decides to take up another wife, the first one has a little bit of say on the matter.

Principles which support Islamic Law

- Protection of life - Protection of mind- intellectual property, not tangible - Protection of religion - Protection of property - Protection of offspring **Nothing in law should run counter to these universal principles. **You have certain rights

LDS Endowment ceremonies and celestial marriages

- Special bathing and cleansing rituals in Temples - special undergarments provided Celestial Marriages - one must be married in the temple in a sacred ceremony in order to be married throughout eternity and to be exalted as a god. Thus, celestial marriage is important. - Don't HAVE to marry a Mormon, but most do. You wouldn't be married in the afterlife if you marry a non-Mormon and you can't have a temple ceremony. The Shakers was one of the denominations- practiced communalism. shared everything. Every single person was celibate... which is why they have died out. 2 Shakers left. No biological growth.

Story of Abraham

- Story of Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael is reenacted while she looked for water, was said that she was abandoned to desert in MECCA o She runs around looking for water, ran back and forth between the two hills (now are incorporated into the vast mosque and you do it in the mosque)- striving, looking for water (first and last things Muslims do when they get to Mecca) - Connects to the heart of Hajj - This experience connected them to their heritage. They give up their clothing and wear 2 pieces of white cloth, everyone strips down, rich or poor. Women can wear their traditional dress, powerful expression of unity and diversity. - First thing Muslims do when they get to Mecca is circle the Ka'ba - When you get to the first formal 5 days, you travel, many Muslims will walk and go to Mina and they will rest - All important, the heart is on the second day when they go to this vast plain called "Field of Arafat". o They don't go to Mecca to listen/watch someone else do something, they go to do it themselves, it's a very individual event. o Focus of the day is praying for yourself, loved ones, etc. asking for forgiveness (dress rehearsal for God's judgement) o 2 million people completing the 5 steps together, requiring huge space for everyone o Travel back to Mina - Once they travel back to Mina (third day), this is considered the first stoning of Satan o There's a lot of small flying rocks (certain # of rocks that you gather- either 42 or 49) o There's a huge sacrifice of sheep for the feast o Haircut is symbolic, you can cut small piece, some people shave their heads - You are supposed to be changed as a result of the Hajj o Very complex series of rituals o Get a sense of unity and diversity ♣ Unity- in Mecca with people from hundreds of countries, all races, etc. Huge form of unity as they are all there for the same emotional experience, it is very transformative. ♣ Connects Muslims to their heritage almost in a way that nothing else could. Connects then to very early periods of the faith and vert important people in the faith. o Cannot go to Mecca unless you are Muslim- not unusual for religions to have a restricted space, it is more unusual for them to have their own city. o Spiritual pilgrimage- very touristy - The Ka'ba is the largest Mosque in the world- in Mecca

Sunni: Primary Characteristics today (continued)

- Sunni developed into four primary schools of interpretation - Today, a Sunni would be associated with one of these four schools of thought (four different philosophies and interpretations of faith) - These interpretations were based on the Quran and a second set of texts known as Hadith - Hadith are collections of sayings and actions from Muhammad - There are several major collections of Hadith which can be consulted, and there are collections preferred by Sunnis and other collections preferred by Shia. All collections have many sayings in common. - Sunni tend to see themselves as the "orthodox"- believing that Shia are deviants or even heretics - Throughout history, Sunni have sometimes persecuted Shia, even destroying their holy sites and tombs - In US, Sunni and Shia often worship together, due to their small numbers. o There aren't Sunni mosques and Shia mosques

Sunni and Shia: Overview

- Sunni- from the word "sunnah" which means tradition- this, you could say they are the traditionalists - Shia: Supporters of Ali, whom they believe should have been selected as 1st caliph. - Today, the Sunni comprise about 87% of Muslims - The Shia comprise the remainder, 13% of Muslims worldwide.

Sources of Authority for Shia...?: (there isn't just one source)

- The Quran o Not a "law book" but there are things that become laws o All Muslims agree on this. - The Sunnah- Hadith (science of hadith) o Many collections of hadith o Written accounts of things Muhammad said and did o Bukhara- one of the most respected collections of hadith o Two important parts; hadith itself (Muhammad said... or Muhammad did...) and then the report (who reported/witnessed the hadith and then gives you the hadith) o Not all hadith are created equal o Collected, evaluated and graded hadiths- "that's a strong hadith", meaning its really reliable or "that's a weak hadith", when discussing law, etc. people will start quoting hadith and if you use a weak one, you will be called out. o The hadith could be the very most important o Hadith could be the determining factor in many circumstances o Very many complex hadith- not all created equal - Ljma- (Consensus of the scholars) o First consult the Quran, then the hadith and then the scholars o They are the experts in the Quran and the hadith o If something comes up, they will debate, study and analyze it and come up with a consensus of the proper teaching o This consensus will become the source of the authority - Qiyas- (analogical reasoning; a set of methods) o Is a source, but more of a tool or method o If an issue arises that the Quran or hadith doesn't address, you need a principle or and analogy to reason something ALL SOURCES OF AUTHORITY- depending on the issues, one of these sources may be more reliable than the other. Note: Ljtihad- independent reasoning & Taqlid= imitation

The Quran- how Muslims view their text (MOST IMPORTANT TEXT TO MUSLIMS)

- The Words of God: Revealed to Muhammad - About as long as the Christian New Testament. (It is organized by length, not chronological order. The longest sections are in the front and it gets shorter the farther you go in the book) - Revealed in Arabic- regarded by Muslims as a sacred language; written in Arabic but there are translations offered. Most people do memorize/ learn Arabic to read it. - Divided in 114 suras (chapters), from longest to shortest - Often memorized by Muslims in its entirety.. would literally memorize every word. - Was completed shortly after Muhammad's death. (He did not WRITE the Quran... he had revelations from God and they were later written down). - ****NOT THE WORDS OF MUHAMMAD; IT IS THE WORDS OF GOD.

Institutional Development: The Papacy and the arguments

- Traditional claim: Peter (disciple of Jesus, was first pope, bishop of Rome) - Development of papacy (the act of becoming a pope) took time (from 100 to 400 C.E.). Popes didn't happen right away right after Jesus died... this happened later on. It started with Peter. This is the traditional view, that the first pope to have that authority was Peter, the disciple of Jesus. They would point to stories in the new testament where Jesus says he "gives the keys to the kingdom to Peter", that he is special, and that he has authority. Arguments: - Biblical: Jesus gave Peter authority (keys)- Apostolic Succession - Bishop of Rome (aka the Pope) was important (Rome was capital... it was hugeee; church there was large) - Appeal to tradition (Peter and Paul said to die in Rome)

What is Sharia in Shia branch?

- Why are people afraid of sharia? - Sign of Islamophobia?? - Anti-sharia laws "we will not practice sharia law" - Sharia: The Elements and Evolution of Islamic Law - Best to think of sharia as having developed over time - Also should recognize that sharia itself is diverse o It is not just one thing, within sharia there are lots of different opinions

Men and supporting women

- must pay the expenses of the house. Women can keep what they earn, but don't have to pay the expenses of the house (according to the Quran) - Does NOT mean that women don't/ shouldn't have to work since they don't have to really pay for anything. Other passages indicate men should support women who are nursing. - Some interpreters take this to mean that women should not work, because men must support them. (Not an accurate interpretation).

"Jesus Movement" becomes Christianity...... What are the central rituals?

1. Baptism- (Christians did not invent this). Meanings? - represented death and new life (when you come out of the water it is a new life and death of your old life and sin). - Sin was washed away - Ritual that made you a full member of the Christian Church. It was an initiation ritual. 2. Eucharist (aka Communion; Lord's Supper; The Mass). Meanings? - Believed it was commanded by Jesus. Jesus told them to gather together and have a symbolic dinner with bread and wine. He did this in "The Last Supper". bread=body; wine=blood. REALLY early Christians thought that a transformation happened here. - you couldn't participate unless you were a full, baptized Christian. - MOST IMPORTANT thing they did in their mind. People participate in the sacrifice of Jesus's death.

What are the 4 primary issues facing early christians?

1. Judaizing 2. The Authority Questions 3. Persecution 4. Theological challenges- who is Jesus and controversy over Apostasy

Varieties of Protestants (don't think i need to know because he went fast)

1. Lutheran churches- follow Luther's theology and practice 2. Presbyterian and Reformed churches- follow Calvin's theology/ practice 3. Swiss Brethren- early offshoot in Swiss cantons; today's Mennonites and Amish are their descendants **All of these groups began in the early 1500s.

PRINCIPLES FOR CLOTHING FOR ISLAMIC WOMEN

1. Modesty (don't draw attention to yourself) - zeenah= beauty should be covered - modestly in dress applies to men and women 2. Specific areas to be covered: breasts, genitals 3. Generally women should conceal their shape 4. Older women may be les covered. What have we not seen? Specific references to hair. answer: if a woman's hair is seen as a part of beauty, this is how people say that women have to cover their hair. The Quran doesn't say this, but it can be interpreted that way.

Primary issues facing early Christians: The Authority Questions: (Faced by all religions) When Jesus was gone, who was in charge? Where was the authority? Early Christians answered these questions in 3 ways:

1. Office of authority (bishops) (they created this for their religion) - Apostolic Succession (voc word)- Jesus--->Disciples/ Apostles---->Bishops - Apostolic Succession means that you could do a family tree of sorts but it was for authority. It would link back to an apostle, which would link previously to Jesus. - The apostles had the most authority. after them, it was passed to the Bishops. Jesus gave this authority to the disciples and the disciples handed over this authority to the bishops. - A "bishop" means an overseer. They would have a certain geographic area that they were responsible for... the people in that area would be under this Bishop's authority. - Eventually, there was one supreme office and it was the Pope. 2. Creed (list of authoritative beliefs (They created this for their religion) - A creed is a list of beliefs. It is like a document that lists out the Christian beliefs; other religions also have creeds. It states "WE believe in....." (Don't need to know the details of the Apostles Creed). - Over time, Creeds get longer. 3. Canon (list of authoritative texts) (they created this for their religion) - question of the Hebrew Bible- to keep or not to keep; decided to keep it. - New Testament (eventually 27 books in total) - Judaism had the Torah and added the Mishnah and Talmud while Christians kept the Torah, called it the Old Testament, and add their own books, the New Testament.

Protestantism: Key Characteristics

1. Rejection of Papal (pope) Authority. 2. Different model of authority: 1. Roman Catholic= scripture and traditions 2. Protestant = ONLY the scripture 3. Examples? Office of Pope (They don't see any mention of the pope in the new testament. They say that if it isn't in the bible, it shouldn't be in the church.) (Catholics said there had been a pope for 1500 years and that it is a LONG tradition, so they were comfortable with it); role of Mary (For centuries, she had been seen as more important than a regular human- queen of earth, you'd pray to Mary, etc.) (Protestants saw Mary simply as the lady who gave birth to Jesus. She isn't special for any reason besides this. She does not have special authority). (PROTESTANTS DO LIKE TRADITION, JUST NOT LIKE CATHOLICS) 3. Basis of Salvation- on what does salvation depend? 1. Roman Catholic = faith & works (actions) 2. Protestant = faith alone (rejected works as basis for salvation). Luther knew no matter his actions, he would never be good enough if his salvation was based on works. That's why he said his faith is all that matters.

Four Stages of Sufism

1. Sharia- the moral and ethical expectations of Islam; this is the foundation, the path the way to live. For Sufis, this is not the end, but the beginning. Provides a framework, structure. "A journey inward" 2. Tariqa- The Sufi path; the inner practices of Sufism; - requires a guide, someone who knows the way, the path is not visible. (you need a teacher to help you be a Sufi to guide you... it is hard and you can't do it on your own) 3. Haquqah- Truth (this is the third and final stage and it is at the center); the inner meaning of the practices found in the first 2 stages, sharia and tarqu NOT DONE WRITING 4. Marifah- Gnosis= knowledge. A deep level in inner knowing; more than a spiritual experience, refers to an ongoing state of connection with God and the Truth. Attained by very few; this is the level of the Messengers, the prophets. Not many reach this. hard. 5. Zikr or dhikr= remembrance of god - Primary TECHNIQUE of Sufism is zikr (dhikr)= remembrance of god which can be accomplished in many ways. you want to be CONSTANTLY BE DOING THIS. Can be translated as "having in mind" or "being fully aware of" God, at all times.

Sacred Texts of LDS Church and 3 types of temple works/ ceremonies

1. The Bible 2. The Book of Mormon (Revealed to Joseph Smith)(tells the story of how Jesus appeared to the Native Americans.. explained origin of Native Americans) 3. The Doctrine and Covenants 4. The Pearl of Great Price Temple Works - Exist for specific ceremonies... can only be done in temples. There are 3 types of temple works/ ceremonies: 1. Baptism for the Dead 2. Endowment Ceremonies 3. Celestial Marriage **Temples are only open to Mormons in good standing... can't go unless you are Mormon. The only time anyone can enter is for the first few days after the temple is built while it is getting dedicated. After that, no one but Mormons can go on.

The Five Pillars- The Core of Islam (Expectations/ Obligations)

1. The Confession of Faith***** (Most important. Can only be Muslim if you say this in front of 2 witnesses. - "There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God." aka Muhammad is a prophet. - Muhammad is the LAST prophet... there are many before him. Some previous ones include Abraham, Moses, Noah, and Jesus. If you say Muhammad is a prophet, you are also saying you believe that all of these people were also prophets. 2. Prayer- 5 times daily - They face Mecca when they pray. - There are certain times that they have the prayers. Determined by the sun... the times are set. (It varies throughout the year because the sun rising and setting times change throughout the year.) - Prayers themselves are set... minimum prayers. - Call of Prayer time goes out over a broadcast. - Need rugs and carpets so you can pray wherever you are (ground has to be clean) - There are required bodily postures... standardized around the world. - **Mosques are special places to pray- Every Friday. Every Muslim man should go here for the Friday prayer. Women are not required. Not work restricted day, but almost everything Is closed 3. Charity- expected to give 2.5% of their wealth every year to charitable causes. - One of the way you fulfill Muhammad's rule- give to the widows and poor people 4. Fasting during month of Ramadan: - they have their own calendar. Only a day-light fast. You eat when the sun sets. No food or water until then. No tobacco; no sex during the fast. - This is because it is a spiritual discipline. - You can be exempt from this if you have a medical condition or something like that. 5. Haj- Pilgrimage to Mecca: - All Muslims (1 time in their life) should make a spiritual trip to Mecca during the Hajj (On their calendar... only happens once (Greater Haj) a year. The "Greater Haj" is a specific time. The "Lesser Haj happens every other day". - They face the Ka'ba in Mecca when they pray. This building is significant because they believe this structure represents the presence of God... it isn't a statue of God.. but they still use it as a symbol. You circle the building and do certain things. ***Mecca represents the center of the universe for Muslims

Al Ghazali identified 4 basic meanings of dhikr, remembrance:

1. constantly striving to be mindful to god 2. Repetition of divine name of formulas (ex: There is no god but God." 3. A temporary inner state in which the person is overwhelmed and becomes detached from the world- "remembrance of the heart." 4. A deep and stable inner station, mindfulness of God is constant. "Remembrance of the soul." Ibn Arabi referred to this stage as "mine is yours and yours is mine." Sufis are expected to not assert their rights, but to be open and share with their brothers and sisters.

Sufi Virtues

1. humility 2. gratitude 3. poverty (keep things in perspective... more to life than material riches... don't live lavishly. They should be content with what they have.) 4. patience 5. generosity 6. love and the love of god... show it by showing love to all humans.

Primary Issues facing early Christians: Judaizing

1. requiring Gentile (non- Jews) converts to Christianity to embrace Jewish beliefs and practice. - Went to the heart of their identity- who were they? - How are we different from other groups? - Could have changed the course of the religion - Eventually was rejected (Apostle Paul argued against it. Wondered what you had to do for a Gentile to switch back to Judaism - you must get circumcised - you must follow the 613 rules Christians said for Gentiles to switch to Christianity: - get circumcised - follow the dietary laws - Eventually, they said "you just must believe what we believe, you do not have to 'become Jewish'. You don't have to get circumcised or follow our dietary laws; you just must believe what we believe. Because of this, Gentiles became a Christian religion instead of it just dying out and everyone going back to Judaism. This became the Jesus movement. It was a huge issue of what this really was. - The apostle Paul wrote 12 books in the New Testament and was AGAINST gentiles having requirements forced upon them to be Christians like Judaizing requires. - Apostle Peter favored Judaizing some of the time and his opinion would change based off who he hung out with. Paul called Peter a hypocrite because of this. - ****The Christian church moved away from Judaizing and the necessity of becoming a Jew to then become a Christian. Now, you can just become a Christian and skip all the requirements.

Differences in a relationship with God for men and women?

According to the Quran: - Everything was created by God - Males and females were created equally (in the same way) - There are differences between males and females (not specified) - Woman are NOT responsible for the introduction of sin... Adam and Ever were BOTH tempted and BOTH sinned. **Women related directly to God, and will be judged directly (no mediators/ priests... you can pray directly to god. you don't have to through anyone to pray) **No difference in the eternal (afterlife) rewards or punishments based on gender. (everyone will be judged by god.. men and women.)

LDS- Baptism for the Dead

Baptism by proxy for person already dead, who did not have the opportunity for such work while they lived. Primary support for the practice is found in Doctrine and Covenants. - You could be baptized and that would cover all of your previous ancestors..... this is bad because sometimes they would be related to someone who had died as a Jew in the Holocaust.. greatly offensive. The LDS church says they stopped doing this. Still do the baptism, but don't group the person.

Puritanism: Movement within Church of England

Began with reformers who wanted to go further than Church of England. Wanted to "purify" the Church/ make it in their own image, thus "Puritans"; rejected bishops; wanted to select their own clergy; rejected traditions not found in the bible. - they pushed out of England by King James (successor to Elizabeth - Went to Europe first, then established colonies in "new world" - Puritan colonies in North America: Plymouth (first puritan colony 1620); Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston, Salem, etc.); New Haven & Connecticut - Legacy seen in "Congregationalism". • These churches were founded by Puritans way back in the day. - These colonies came here for THEMSELVES FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. INTOLERANT OF YOU IF YOU WEREN'T PURITAN. - The authority is with the congregation.. they wanted to decide everything for themselves.. thought the church should be democratic; didn't want a bishop telling them what to do.

Sufi Orders: Tariqas

Beginning in 12th century, developed into large scale movements called tariqas (typically called "orders") - better translated as "lineage" as all members of a tariqa trace back to a great sheikh of the past, for whom the Tariqa is usually named. 'Shake/ sheikh"- knows stuff. Every Sufi has a Shake person (like a group leader. could be man or woman) Such orders usually had institutional developments such as a center for instruction and dhikr; sometimes a residence for the sheikh and others; cells for students on retreat; guest quarters; and the tomb of the founder. Different tariqas have distinctive characteristic. Includes: - distinctive forms of Dhikr (such as whirling dervishes); the use of movement and music (aka unique techniques or things they did that other orders didn't do) - distinctive teachings, dress, etiquette (aka kind of had their own cultures.) - some are related to social classes or craft guilds; or are regional in nature. **Sufis helped spread the faith. Sufis could be women.

Problems facing early christians: Theological challenges (who is Jesus; apostasy)

Christological Controversies- who was Jesus? - what was his nature? Human? divine? both? How? - Creed will eventually claim he was fully human, but he was also fully divine. (Took a while for the creed to say this as their final answer). - Relationship of Jesus the Son to God the Father - - Doctrine of Trinity: how is God related to Jesus? (Christians see each other as monotheists, so this is confusing to people. Controversy over Apostasy (relating to persecution) - Also raised issue of church "discipline"- what do you do with sinners? Do we just let them back into Christianity? - Some people would abandon the Christian faith, some because of persecution. - The idea of "penance" was born; doing something to show you are sorry for your sin.

Church and state together: Constantine

Constantine- (272-337 C.E.) first Roman Emperor to profess Christianity. Begins to favor Christians; tax incentives given to Christians; eventually suppresses all other religions. Impact: Begins to build large churches; worship becomes more elaborate; new "Christian" capital- Constantinople - Called Council of Nicea- 325 C.E. : One of the first things he does after winning the civil war was to make Christianity the official thing and normalize it Challenge: What do Christians do with political power? - Some Christians thought this was the second coming of Christ about to happen with the kingdom of God coming to earth. - Power corrupts usually, and eventually does.

Protestant variations: England

Driving Factor: Henry the 8th is married to Catherine of Aragon; had a daughter, Mary, but no boys. (Needs a son to have legacy) Henry's issue: The need for a divorce (unable to secure through Roman Catholic Church) - options: his wife dies (except she is young and healthy), or needs a divorce. - needs to have a legitimate, son... can't just get one from sleeping around. needs to be married to the person who gives birth to the son. - Catherine is a devout Catholic, so divorce isn't an option, so he creates his own church!! A national church!! Known as the Church of England (it is legal). **henry is NOT a protestant, but rejects the pope, was a roman catholic in theology and practice, but not because he wanted a divorce, so that is why he started his own church. - A national church with a monarch as its head; rejected Pope but was Roman Catholic in theology and practice. - Goes through like 6 wives before he has a son. ***Henry is NOT a protestant but set in motion a process which will eventually lead the Church of England to eventually become Protestant. - Currently- Elisabeth the II is the head of the Church of England, 2019.

Islam and minorities living on their lands- the rules/ beliefs; Define "dhimmi"

Due to rapid growth of Muslim empire, Muslim rulers had large numbers of non-Muslims living in their lands. Typically, these were Jews and Christians, but concept was later extended other non-Muslims Quran refers to "People of the Book"= literally Jews and Christians - certain rights given to these people in the Quran. Didn't apply to other religions in the Quran. They were to have some rights in a Muslim state. Developed the "Dhimmi" Dhimmi= "protected people"- non-Muslims who lived in Muslim territory who had agreed to not resist Muslim rule. - They don't hate us. - had some rights.

Eastern Orthodoxy branch of Christianity

Eventually organized around "national" model: Greek, Russian, Armenian, Orthodox, etc. **Do NOT accept authority of Pope; view bishops more as equals and none of infallible Differences in theology in comparison to R.C.: - Mary: A human as other humans (Roman Catholic (RC) hold in higher regard). - Believe doctrine/teachings from Scripture/ early church must not be changed (Roman Catholics believe in 'doctrinal development' and change what they mean throughout history) - Priests can be married before ordination. Don't have to be celibate if they are married before there are named a priest. - Difference calculation for date of Easter

PRESENT TIME- RULES BAOUT CLOTHES FOR WOMEN IN ISLAM

Factors to Consider 1. Islamic traditions: Quran; Hadith; legal interpretations 2. culture 3. modern laws: a few countries enforce specific dress; most do not legislate - you could get a ticket if you aren't dressed properly in some countries. 4. Dress can have many meanings, including political statements; not always a sign of oppression. 5. My advice: don't assume you know what it means when a woman dresses a certain way.

The Goal: Fana'

Fana= passing away or annihilation- this can be understood as the end of "Self". The consciousness of self is obliterated and there is only consciousness of God. Happens in 3 stages: 1. Annihilation in the spiritual master( you lose yourself in your master... becoming one) 2. Annihilation/ lose yourself in the prophet 3. annihilation/lose yourself in God (in his acts and words)

Ex of Sufis Mevlevi Order

Founder: Jalal ad-Din Rumi, or simply Rumi. - 13th century Persian poet, teacher, philosophy, and Sufi. - Created a unique order with unique practices: "Whirling" in a ceremony known as a "sema". (they literally spin around.. in different ways. they all twirl around him like he is the sun. different speeds. meant to show in the beginning that they are separated from god (spin slow) and gradually get faster (reach god)) They see this as PRAYER, not dancing. Says it is a way of entering an altered state. **Not all Sufis do this.. this is unique to the Mevlevi order. All orders do their own unique things.

Schools of Islamic Law:

Four Sunni Schools: - Hanafi- Ottoman empire/ India (31% of all Muslims) - Maliki- dominant in Africa (25%) - Shafi'l- dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (16%) - Hanbali- Saudi Arabia, some Arab countries (4%) 2 Shia Schools: - Ja'fari- Twelver Shia School- Iran, Iraq, Bahrain (23%) - Zaydi- Fiver Shia- Yemen *Ibadi- survivors of early schism (pre-Sunni, Shia); close to Maliki, Oman

Primary issue facing early Christians- Persecution

From beginning to early 300's, persecutions of Christians occurred. Why? Monotheism (was odd to Romans because they had many gods); Attitude towards property (belonged to God, not empire); Challenged Roman authority (Jesus is Lord, not Cesar); perceived to be intolerant (from a Roman perspective); popular stereotypes of Christians - Misbeliefs that Romans had about Christians: They thought we were doing orgies (Heard about Christians participating in a "love feast" and how we would greet each other with a holy kiss); thought Christians were cannibals (because we eat and drink the blood and body of Christ) lol. How? Tortured to death in arenas for sport; burned at the stake - Early martyrs (word means "witness") become the first saints. - A martyr is someone who was willing to die for the purpose of promoting Christianity. They were seen really highly and respected by Christians. Very gutsy. - Romans would come out and watch Christians bravely face death. Christians valued the importance of Martyrs, who would die for their faith, and celebrated them. Impact of persecution: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church" - Quote from Tertullian, early Christian theologian. - persecution ended when Christianity became the religion of the state.

Protestant Christianity Beginnings: Martin Luther

German Monk; priest; professor; pastor. He was a great Catholic. - Trying to save his own soul, through the Roman Catholic Church - Became a monk; confession & penance; tried mysticism; teaching - Became convinced that Faith Alone was basis of salvation (Roman 1:16) - Objected to church abuses: specially "indulgences" • Theory of Indulgences: Goes back to the crusades. Was a promise of salvation. If you go fight in these crusades, the church can offer you salvation. You could only get indulgences at the beginning of the church if you were a crusade to die (only at the beginning. Several centuries later, like the 1400s, they realized indulgences were powerful. • Why Luther protested against them: Monks would go to villages and preach about things that would make you feel really bad about your sin, then said, for a small price, you could buy an indulgence, or a gift from god, and they would in return for their money, you'd get an indulgence. Luther wanted to save his soul, but thought indulges were WRONG. He would do confessionals as a priest and would hear people come in saying they were fine because they had an indulgence... and he told them this is wrong and that indulgences are not from god. He protested against them. He would literally go and post document, "The 95 Thesis," which challenged and condemned the use of indulgences, in public places. He would debate the indulgences and condemn them. (Basically questioned the authority of the pope). He was lucky to have not been killed; he had a friend that was a prince who protected him after he said this. Luther died of old age. • consequences • conflict and ultimately excommunication from the church • growing theological and political movement around Luther - he did NOT want a new church, he just wanted to reform the current one.

Methodist Movement: John Wesley (1703-1791)

John Wesley- Anglican priest; evangelist; teacher; promoted reform movement within Church of England... but wasn't a puritan. **Never wanted to start a separate church... he fought it, but eventually his reform led to founding of a separate church. Ultimately led to creation of a separate church- Methodist church Very missionary oriented- spread faith via "Circuit riders" (Preacher on horseback that would go place to place to preach. They were very diligent and worked hard on the frontier. Got a lot of church started. Legacy: Methodists churches; Wesleyan churches and institutions (colleges) - Became the largest denomination in USA by 1840s. ***We do not have to know which religions stemmed from which religions... just the specific things about each religion.

Early Middle Ages (500-1,000 C.E.)- major developments

Major developments: - fall of Roman Empire - Rise of Papacy - Conflicts between popes and kings (there were a lot. Both saw themselves as having ultimate power.. Popes said they held the power of God on Earth. The kings would say that Jesus said something in the bible that said they had the divine power. A LOT of popes would crown the kings; a way to symbolize that the pope had the power and would "give" some of their power to the kings. Popes and kings really needed one another. Monasticism- why? Offered alternative lifestyle became powerful influence on the church helped spread the faith/source of renewal. - Christian Monasticism developed in this time.... It was an institution within Christianity (monasteries) there had always been persons that believed that Jesus called certain individuals to a certain life style of obedience, poverty, embraced celibacy - Offered alternative vision of the church, that sometimes became corrupted. - Offered alternative lifestyle became a powerful influence on the church and helped spread the faith/ source of renewal.

Polygamy- in the traditions

Many early interpreters permitted polygamy, but believed monogamy was preferred. Some legal schools promoted this stance. - Many Muslim dynasties permitted the practice. Modern Setting: - Some countries prohibit polygamy. ex: turkey - Other counties permit polygamy- with restrictions (such as equal treatment of all wives and permission of first wife) - Polygamy is not very common today. - Small # of countries permit it with no restrictions: Saudi Arabia, UAE - Even though many countries have restricted the practice through law, polygamy is practiced, often in more rural areas. - Only about 3% practice polygamy in Egypt, 1% in India, etc. Takeaway: Polygamy is allowed, but there are restrictions. Not many practice polygamy.

Roman Catholicism Branch of Christianity

Medieval Period- 1000 to 1500 C.E. 1. Growing power of Papacy/ conflict with kings 2. Crusades: 1st crusade call in 1095 C.E.- they ended in 1291. (8-9 major crusades- most against Muslims powers; were in exercise in papal power). A crusade was a war/ raising of an army to go fight and kill Muslims, aka infidels. They did this because Muslims were seen as a threat. They were growing. The popes or kings were the ones to call the crusades. The popes would call, but the kings would go to fight. Kind of left pope's as the only present people in charge. - the first crusade WAS A SUCCESS! thy captured Jerusalem and almost held for an entire 100 years. HUGE setback in Muslim religions. 3. Monasticism: growing power and influence; spread the faith; source of renewal; provided many leaders for the church - Permitted diversity to exist within the church (religious orders varied in style, emphases- some stressed service, others education, missions) - allowed for diversity within the church. Differences in the different 'branches'. - If you felt called to become a monk or a preacher and to do a certain thing, you may become a member of a specific group... like an umbrella. - **Roman Catholicism is the mother of it all.... other branches of Christianity are under this umbrella. Allowed for diversity to exist under this unity.

Papal Authority- what is it?

Papal Authority: Authority of Pope over Christians in the East (he knew Christians in the east weren't paying attention to the authority of the Pope, so he got mad and did something about it. 1054 C.E.: tensions boiled over; each side excommunicated the other (Excommunications rescinded in 1965) - there were now 2 branches to the Christian faith: East Orthodox and Roman Catholicism (it is based in Rome)

Baptists: Offshoot of English Puritanism

Puritans were diverse (not all alike; better to think of them like a movement because there were different types and different groups): Included those wanted to reform Church of England from within; those who wanted to separate (Separatists); and those who broke away and called for more radical reform (Quakers) Separatists wanted to separate from the Church of England and advocated for separating church and state (at least to some degree) - Plymouth colony was Separatist Baptists begin with group of Separatists who first went to Netherlands, then came back to England, forming first Baptist church on English soil (literally in England; 1612) - First Baptist Church in America: 1638 by Roger Williams in Providence, RI They didn't require a trained clergy for the frontier. Largest group of Baptists is in the south (currently in 2019).

FGM: Female Genital Mutilation

Refers to several procedures involving the removal of all or portion of female genitals. A 2016 study found 200 million women in 30 countries have experienced FGM. (27 countries in Africa). Also happens in Christian and Hindu contexts. - there is a "weak" hadith which refers to the practice and where it is accepted. In 2007, the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research in Cairo ruled that FGM had "no basis in core Islamic law or any of its partial provisions"

Dhimmi: Rights and Restrictions

Rights: 1. protection of life and property by Muslim state (by the Muslim govt) 2. right to reside in Muslim lands 3. Right to worship their own religion 4. right to work and trade. Obligations: 1. Pay additional taxes (said you should pay because they were not allowed to participate in the Muslim army, yet they were protected). 2. Not to blaspheme Islam, the Prophet, or the Quran. (there were pressures to convert, but they did let you have your own religion). Exemptions: 1. Exempt from Muslim religious duties 2. could not be drafted into military 3. exempt from Muslim family laws Restrictions: 1. holding public office (often not enforced) 2. building new houses of worship (if you found yourself in an area conquered by Muslims, the existing buildings could stay and be maintained, but you can't build new religious buildings like churches.) 3. bearing weapons.

Hijab: Origins of a Tradition

Some argue that word translated as veil above would typically cover hair. That could very well be the case. Was this the norm for 7th century Arabia? - "Hijab" is in the Quran. - Word translated as "curtain" is the word "hijab" by some people in the verse from the Quran. Says, "When you want to ask something from the wives of the Prophet, ask them from behind the CURTAIN. This would be more proper for you and for them" . - They were the wives of the prophet... they were important... didn't want men lusting over them. When they were at parties in the house with guests, they used a screen to prevent the others from lusting them. Spread to wearing it outside the home. this is how we got Hijabs/ veiling. FIRST WOMEN TO WEAR HIJABS. Were Muhammad's wives. Relevant Hadith: - Muhammad said women should be covered except for her hands and face. - this is actually considered a weak hadith because there was a translation problem. this topic is not clear. Other Hadiths talk about dress.

Clothing for Islamic women

Subject of much discussion (too much for many)- What does the Quran say?? - only 3 passages in the Quran that directly deal with this topic. Not as much discussion as one would think. 1. Principle about clothing in verse one of Quran: Don't draw attention to yourself!! Zeenah= your beauty/ your jewelry...........Women should guard their modesty, not show off their beauty (except what is permitted by law). Can't show off beauty to anyone besides those who live in your house. You don't have to be as covered then. If they were jewelry on their ankles, they can't jingle and cause attention. Zeenah private sphere- in your home only around relatives, you can show off your beauty. Zeenah public sphere- you can't show off beauty and bring attention to yourself. Be covered. BE MODEST. 2. Elderly women: Women who are no longer seen as sexually desirable (to others)- allowed to wear less intense clothing to hide their shape and beauty. You don't HAVE to put on your outer garment when you go to the public. You still can wear it, but you don't have to. 3. Wives and daughters: When they go out into the public, add an additional garment to hide their shape because men can't help themselves from women when they see their shape. lol. Question: What exactly IS a women's beauty? Is it their face? Hair? Body? The Quran doesn't tell us!! We don't really know what the definition of "modest" is since this is different for people.. .so we don't know.

Sufism: Mystical Experience in Islam

Sufism is often referred to as the mystically expression of Islam. - "Suf"- two meanings: from a word meaning "pure" and a word meaning "wool" reference to woolen robes worn by Sufis, as opposed to silks worn by others. - Practioners are known as Sufis, also dervishes, both meaning "poor"- poor in spirit, those whose hearts are empty of attachment except to God. - "Sufism is that you should be with God—without any attachment." Junayd. "A class of mysticism... people who want to be one with god"

The Great Schism: Christianity Splits (West and East)

West: Italy and points west - Theological differences: Trinity (relationship of Son to Father) - Clerical celibacy (not just monks, but also priests) - differences over use of Icons; West restricted their use. - Politically divided- numerous weak kingdoms; - 1 strong pope. East: Greece, Asia Minor, Middle East - High Christology - Allowed priests to get married and not practice celibacy - Advocated use of icons - Difference in worship = date of Easter. This was one of the biggest dates on the Christian calendar. - More political unity (Byzantine Empire survived) - Religious authority shared among several "patriarchs": Different idea of authority (spread among several people. Didn't mind that the Pope was the sole authority for the West as long as it was purely for the West.

Honor Killings: Islamic?

What are honor killings? The murder of a family member, usually by other family members due to a belief that the family member has brought shame/ dishonor on the family due to some behavior considered offensive (often sexual in nature) - usually a woman is a victim because she is seen as something as explicit behavior or things like that Honor killings unfortunately occur. Some occur in Muslim countries, some occur in places where other religions are dominant. There is nothing Islamic about honor killings. Other religions do this too. NOT Islamic.

3rd major branch: Protestant Christianity

Why? Many issues and tensions within and outside the church. Most believed reform was needed, question was how to do it. Crisis of Meaning: Where was the true church to be found? - Political conflict led to papal abuses (pope); at one point 2 popes and then 3 popes at the same time. (1378-140= 2 popes; from 1410-1417= 3 popes) It was a mess! This is what was wrong; reform is needed. - Ecclesiastical corruption: - Simony- selling of church offices.. some people ended up in bishop offices purely because they wanted more power... they should not have been there; nepotism= friends in high places. Ex: If your friend was a pope, they could higher family members or friends to become Cardinals, who would pick the next pope. It was an abuse of power. Not everyone was doing this; but some were and it was a problem! - New intellectual movements: Humanism- emphasized a return to ancient/ original sources (especially the Greek New Testament). Liked reading the old language... back to the source movement. Wanted church to go back to how they did it in the New Testament. BEGINNINGS: Several reformers and reform movements through the 1400s. Changes happens in several places at around the same time; primarily in northern Europe. Breaking away from Roman Catholic Church and especially the power of the papacy would be popular in some places, but the church had powerful means against those who rebelled... MISSING 2 PARTS

Economic rights of Islamic women

Woman have the right to work and to keep what the earn (DOESN'T MEAN THEY ARE EQUAL. STILL CANT INHERIT AS MUCH AS MEN... THEY GAINED RIHGTS, BUT THEY DIDN'T HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS): And in no wise covet those things in which Allah Hath bestowed His gifts More freely on some of you than on others: To men is allotted what they earn, and to women what they earn: But ask Allah of his bounty. - Quran 4:32 ** This is important because it makes the rule that women CAN HAVE PROPERTY!! She doesn't have to give it to her husband. What she makes money wise, she gets to keep. Same with men. They have more economic rights because of the Quran. ***If women can have property and own stuff... they are able to leave a relationship if they need to! They don't have to stay in abusive situations. This GAVE WOMEN MORE OPTIONS; RIHGT TO PROPERTY IS KEY FOR WOMEN'S AUTONOMY. ***Even though the Quran says that women and men should have equal rights, THEY DO NOT!!

Role of Women in Sufism:

Women generally could play a larger role in Sufism. They could participate as teachers like Rabia, often regarded as the first female Sufi saint. some orders accepted men and women as members, and in some order men and women could participate in the same space for zikr. - open to using music in ceremonies and trying new things. Other people don't like this about Sufis because they are more traditional and stick to what is in the books.