Final Exam Quiz Questions
The top row of the graphs pictured below are called ____. The bottom two graphs are called ___ a. Polygons : histograms b. Polygraphs : histographs c. histograms : polygons d. histographs : polygraphs
A
. Hypothesis testing does all of the following EXCEPT ___ a. uses descriptive statistics b. uses inferential statistics c. analyzes data from samples d. decides whether the researcher's hypothesis is supported (or not)
a
5. If one or more assumptions of t-tests are not satisfied, you should consider running a nonparametric equivalent. Why is this a "consideration" and not a "mandate"? a. As long as the assumptions are not severely violated, the results of the t-test will be about as accurate as they would have been without the violation b. The nonparametric tests are plagued with too many problems c. The nonparametric tests are not very accurate d. Statement is false. Running a non-parametric equivalent is mandated in such cases
a
6. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched a) σ2 standard deviation of the population b) S2 variance of the sample c) σ standard deviation of the population d) S standard deviation of the sample
a
A researcher conducts a study on birth weights for babies born to teenage mothers and babies born to women over 35 years old. The results are as follows; teenage mother M = 6.8 lbs SEM = 1.8 older mothers M = 8.9 lbs SEM = 2.4 Which mean is probably more accurate, and why? a. Teenage ; SEM is smaller b. Older : SEM is larger c. teenage : M is smaller d. older : M is larger
a
A researcher wants to know if breastfeeding attitudes in Utah are different from those in Nevada. He gives an attitudinal survey to 500 randomly sampled Utahans and 500 randomly sampled Nevadans. What type of research is this? a. quasi-experiment b. descriptive c. experiment d. mixed quasi & experimental e. the kitchen sink method
a
A researcher wants to know if introverts and extraverts respond differently to a stressor, and whether their responses depend on the time they were assessed. She records 20 introverts and 20 extraverts' skin conductance for 5 minutes to establish a baseline. She then has them read out loud in front of 2 investigators who pretend to take notes on the reader (reading is the social stressor). She continues to record skin conductance for 2 minutes post reading. _______ and _________ are the IVs and ________ is the DV. a. Personality type : time : skin conductance b. Time : skin conductance : personality type c. Personality type : reading out loud : skin conductance d. Baseline : reading out loud : post-reading
a
A statistic" is a(n) ____ property of a sample or population. a. Calculated numerical c. irrefutable b. Qualitative d. artificial
a
By increasing the range of the confidence interval, you increase ______, but decrease______ a. the probability that the range will include the parameter ; precision b. the probability that the range will NOT include the parameter : precision c. precision : accuracy d. your chances of being correct : your sanity
a
Do gymnasts who use visual imagery outperform those who do not? To answer this question, you record the scores for 16 gymnasts: Visual imagery: 9, 7, 6, 8, 9, 9, 10, 8 No Visual Imagery: 8, 9, 8, 8, 7, 9, 10, 7 Which test would you use to answer your research question? a. Independent t-test b. dependent t-test c. one way independent ANOVA d. on way repeated ANOVA
a
Does bathing method affect mood? To find out, a researcher gives a "happiness test" to a group of "shower people" and a group of "bath people". ___ is the IV and ___ is the DV a. Bathing method : scores on the happiness test b. Shower people : mood c. Bath people : mood d. Scores on the happiness test : bathing methodi. and iv. are subject IVs c. ii. and iii. are true IVs and i. and iv. are subject IVs d. ii. and iv. are true IVs and i. and iii. are subject IVs
a
Does playing violent video games increase verbal aggression? A researcher randomly assigns 40 clean-spoken 12 year old boys to one of two groups: a non-violent game group and a violent game group. They play their respective game for 8 hours/day for 1 week. On day 8, each boy's conversations are secretly recorded. The number of swear words uttered by each child is counted. What is the independent variable? a. Videogame b. Non-violent vs. violent videogame c. verbal aggression d. # of swearwords
a
Explain what it means to "randomly sample" from the population. a. every person or thing has an equal chance of being included in the sample b. you've used the snowball (or dominos) method of recruiting participants c. you've invited who you think will confirm your hypothesis d. you've collected a sample guaranteed to be representative of the population
a
How do the Z and t distributions compare? a. Both are normally distributed b. It depends on the raw score distribution they come from c. Z is platykurtic, t is leptokurtic d. They are identical in very way, shape and form
a
How often will you be quizzed in this course? a. after every class c. about 4x per section b. once per week d. this is the one & only quiz
a
If a researcher's hypothesis is non-directional, he/she ____ use a non-directional test a. Must b. Must not c. Has the option to d. no clue
a
If a test statistic is significant using alpha .01, does this mean that the test statistic MUST be significant at alpha .05? a. yes b. no c. sometimes d. it depends
a
If the ANOVA is significant, what do we know at this point? a. There is a difference somewhere among the means but we don't know where b. All 3 means are different from each other c. The largest mean is significantly different from the smallest mean d. We're screwed!
a
If the variability among estimates is high, that means sampling error is ____ and the accuracy of our estimates is probably _______ a. High : Low b. High : High c. Low : Low d. Low : High
a
If you analyze the same data using a dependent t-test and an independent t-test, how would the t values compare, theoretically? a. The t for the dependent t-test would be larger b. The t for the independent t-test would be larger c. The two t values would be the same d. There's no way of knowing how they would compare
a
If you compared the probability of getting at or above Z = 3 and t =3, you would find that ___ a. the probability is greater for t = 3 b. the probability is smaller for t = 3 c. the two probabilities are identical d. you have definitely become a statistics nerd in the eyes of your friends
a
In a 2 way ANOVA, which of the following could NOT be a plausible test of simple main effects? a. single sample t-test b. independent t-test c. independent t-test d. one way independent ANOVA
a
In a skewed distribution, the ___ is generally considered to be the BEST average to use. a. median b. mode c. mean d. average that gives you what you want
a
Most experts agree that the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. Recently, thousands of dinosaur tracks were discovered in St. George UT. The local paleontologist wondered whether these tracks were significantly younger or older than this. He plans to test this by radio-metrically dating all the tracks to find out the mean age of the footprints. Which test should he use to analyze the data and answer the research question? a. single sample t-test b. independent t-test c. dependent t-test d. one way independent ANOVA
a
Power is define as ____ a. detecting a treatment effect when one exists b. correctly detecting the lack of a treatment effect c. not making a type 1 error d. knowledge
a
Power is defined as ____ a. detecting a treatment effect when one exists b. correctly detecting the lack of a treatment effect c. not making a type 1 error d. knowledge
a
The ____ equals frequency for ___. a. Height of the curve : Z and t b. Height of the curve : only Z c. Area under the curve : Z and t d. Area under the curve : only Z
a
The comprehensive final exam will consist of multiple choice questions derived ___ a. 100% from the quiz bank at the back of your book b. 100% from the test banks at the back of your book c. 50% from the quiz bank, 50% from the test bank d. 100% from the stats section of the ACT
a
The probability of rejecting Ho when Ho is true is called ____. a. Alpha b. Beta c. 1 - beta d. a big "ooops"
a
The variance of a sample of raw scores is ______. a. S2 = the average squared distance X is to x bar b. σ 2 = the average squared distance X is to xbar c. S = standard deviation of the sample d. σ = standard deviation of the sample
a
There are 3 things you can do to increase effect size. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. use alpha .01 instead of alpha .05 b. increase n c. conduct a clean (error free) experiment d. use strong manipulations
a
There are four possible outcomes of hypothesis testing. Which is considered to be the most desirable, from a researcher's perspective? a. Rejecting a false Ho b. Failing to reject a true Ho c. Rejecting a true Ho d. Failing to reject a false Ho
a
What do the "tails" refer to in the normal distribution? a. Where the outliers are b. Where the wild things are c. Where the peaks are d. Where the high probability events are
a
What do we mean when we say the t-test is "robust"? a. As long as the assumptions are not severely violated, the results of the t-test will be about as accurate as they would have been without the violation. b. As long as the assumptions are severely violated, the results of the t-test will be about as accurate as they would have been without the violation. c. As long as the assumptions are violated, the results of the t-test will never be as accurate as they would have been without the violation. d. As long as you keep splitting hairs, this class is going to drive me insane!
a
What does the assumption of homogeneity of variance state? a. the two group variances are statistically equal b. the two group variances are statistically different c. the two group variances are related to each other d. nothing anyone cares about
a
What does σ xbar measure? a. Sampling error b. Bias in estimates c. validity of estimates d. nothing important
a
When would you NOT do a post hoc test? a. If the t-test is significant b. If the one way ANOVA is significant c. If you don't like what they tell you d. you always need to do a post hoc test
a
Whether you calculate the mean, median, or mode for a set of data depends certain considerations. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the size of the data set b. whether your distribution is skewed c. whether your distribution is normally distributed d. whether your data was derived using the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale
a
Which of the following assumptions is not part of "the core"? a. The variance for group 1 equals the variance for group 2 b. The dependent variable was measured on an interval or ratio scale. c. The dependent variable is normally distributed in the population. d. The participants were randomly selected from the population.
a
Which of the following correctly defines type I error and its symbol? a. rejecting Ho when you should have retained it : α b. rejecting Ho when you should have retained it : β c. retaining Ho when you should have rejected it : α d. retaining Ho when you should have rejected it : β
a
Which of the following could not be normally distributed? a. Hair color b. Women's hair length in cm c. spelling aptitude scores d. daily caloric consumption
a
Which of the following defines "per comparison alpha" a. the risk of a type 1 error for each t-test comparing 2 means b. the combined risk of a type 1 and type 2 error for each t-test comparing 2 means c. the total risk of a type 1 error summed across all tests when testing a hypothesis d. the total combined risk of a type 1 and type 2 error summed across all tests when testing a hypothesis
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the uses of Z you've learned about? a. Establishing the validity of a sample b. Comparing raw scores from different distributions c. Converting a raw score distribution so that the scores are now normally distributed d. Calculating percentiles
a
Which of the following is an example of ratio data? a. Blood glucose reading on a glucometer b. Score on a 50 item test of pain attitudes c. Number of errors (none, some, a lot, all) d. IQ scores on the Wechler test of intelligence
a
Which of the following lists the 4 levels of measurement from most crude to least crude? a. nominal > ordinal > interval > ratio b. nominal > interval > ordinal > ratio c. ratio > interval > ordinal > nominal d. ratio > ordinal > interval > nominal
a
Which of the following statements about missed quizzes is TRUE? a. I do not allow people to make up a missed quiz b. You can make up a missed quiz only if you were sick for that class c. I allow a certain # of make-ups... and I don't care why you missed a given quiz d. You can make up any quiz you like as long as you cut me a check!
a
Which of the following statements about the mean for t and Z is TRUE? a. Both means are equal to 0 b. The mean for Z = 0, but for t, it depends on degrees of freedom c. For both t and Z, their means depend on degrees of freedom d. I plead the 5th
a
Which of the following statements is TRUE a. it is easier to reject Ho using alpha .05 b. it is easier to reject Ho using alpha .01 c. the ease of rejecting Ho is the same for alpha .05 and .01 d. it depends on who you ask
a
Which statement is FALSE? a. If there are outliers in one direction, use the mean b. If there are no outliers, use the mean c. If there are outliers in both directions, use the mean d. The mean is considered to be the most desirable average to use
a
Which variable goes on which axis of a graph - by convention? a. The IV goes on the x-axis, the DV goes on the y-axis b. The DV goes on the x-axis, the IV goes on the y-axis c. It does not matter which variable goes where d. It depends.... So I plead the 5th
a
Why is it recommended that you NOT do more than 1 t-test on a given set of data? a. the joint alpha would increase b. the per comparison alpha would increase c. the risk of both types of errors(type 1 and 2) would increase d. I could tell you, but then I'd have to kill you
a
"a subset of the population" .... This would define a(n) a. Population c. estimate b. Sample d. parameter
b
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Every distribution MUST have a mean, a median, and a mode. b. Every distribution MUST have a median and mean, but not a mode c. Every distribution MUST have mean, but not necessarily a median or mode d. I want my mommy!
b
95% of all raw scores will equal a Z score between ______ and _______ a. +/- 1 b. +/- 1.96 c. +/- 2 d. +/- 2.58
b
A 1 way ANOVA tests the effect of ____ IV(s) with _____ level(s) on the DV a. 1 : 2 b. 1 : 3 or more c. 2: 2 d. 2 : 3 or more
b
A researcher is studying the attitudes and behaviors of American women toward breast-feeding. She surveys 10 hospitals in the U.S. to establish the percentage of new mothers who breast-feed exclusively upon discharge. She then performs a statistical test to determine the probability that this percentage reflects the behavior of new mothers nationally. The percentage of new mothers who breast-feed exclusively in her surveys is called a(n) ____ statistic. The probability that this estimate accurately represents the behaviors of new mothers nationally is called a(n) __________ statistic. a. inferential : descriptive b. descriptive : inferential c. descriptive : descriptive d. inferential : inferential
b
A researcher runs an ANOVA and gets an F= -2.32 with 5 and 200 degrees of freedom, and a sig value equal to .048. What, if anything, is wrong with this? a. Everything - let's face it, stats are evil (course you know I'm joking, right?) b. The F value cannot be negative c. There should only be one number for df d. There's no way the -2.32 could be significant
b
A researcher wants to know if liver enzyme production is species specific. In experiment A, he compares the mean liver enzyme production rate in mice and rats. In experiment B, he compares the mean liver enzyme production in mice and dogs. a. Experiment A will probably have the biggest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α b. Experiment A will probably have the smallest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α c. Experiment B will probably have the biggest effect size, the smallest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the largest 1 - β, and the largest α d. Experiment B will probably have the smallest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α
b
A stats professor wants to know if semester (spring, summer, fall) has any effect on course grades. She looks at final grades for 100 students who took the class in the fall, 100 in the spring, and 100 in the summer. BTW, no way failed regardless of the semester - whew! Which test should she use to analyze the data? a. independent t-test b. one way independent ANOVA c. one way repeated ANOVA d. two way mixed ANOVA
b
A student is asked to rank her favorite professors from most to least based on her experiences with them in class. Which level of measurement is she most likely using? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
b
All things considered equal, which t-test (independent or dependent) is more powerful? a. independent is more powerful b. dependent is more powerful c. they are equally powerful d. there's no way to know which is more powerful
b
An investigator numbers students' tests (1, 2, 3, etc...) as they are turned in. She reasons that tests turned in early reflect better performance than tests turned in later. The numbers, in this example, were assigned using what scale/level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
b
Assume you have a 2x4 independent ANOVA. Which of the following statements is completely TRUE? a. you have 2 factors, both are between subjects, and if either main effect is significant, you will need to run post hoc tests b. you have 2 factors, both are between subjects, and if the main effect of B is significant, you will need to run post hoc tests c. you have 2 factors, both are within subjects, and if either main effect is significant, you will need to run post hoc tests d. you have 2 factors, both are within subjects, and if the main effect of A is significant, you will need to run post hoc tests
b
Assume you have a 3 x 4 mixed ANOVA where factor A is within subjects and factor B is between subjects. In addition to the core, what assumptions need to be satisfied for factor A? a. HOV b. Sphericity c. HOV and sphericity d. just the Core
b
Because of his small sample size, a researcher must use t instead of Z in the calculation of a 99% confidence interval. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The CI using t will be smaller than the CI using Z b. The CI using t will be larger than the CI using Z c. The CI's will be the same size d. I wish to plead the 5th
b
Define "independent variable" a. The variable that is unexplained b. The variable that is influenced or changed by the dependent variable c. The variable that has no effect on anything d. The variable manipulated to see if it causes or otherwise changes some other variables Define "dependent variable"
b
How do the tails of the t and Z distribution compare? a. They look identical b. t has fatter tails for n < 30 c) Z has fatter tails for n < 30 d) t has fatter tails for n > 30
b
How do the tails of the t and Z distribution compare? a. They look identical b. t has fatter tails for n < 30 c. Z has fatter tails for n < 30 d. t has fatter tails for n > 30
b
How do you submit assignments to me? a. My mailbox in GC 308 c. through CANVAS b. Through turnitin.com d. through Facebook
b
If the expected value of the sample variance does NOT equal the population variance, this would mean that variance ____ a. is a consistent estimate b. is a biased estimate c. is an unbiased estimate d. is "skewed"
b
If we wanted to mislead someone using statistics, what could we do that's not technically illegal? a. zoom in or out on the X-axis b. zoom in or out on the Y-axis c. report more details than you need to d. use statistical language instead of layman
b
If your two population variances are EQUAL, then the value of the F test (Levene's test) should be approximately equal to ______ a. 0 b. 1 c. whatever S equals in the sample d. something or other
b
In order for a sample to be unbiased, it must be _____________________ a. perfect b. representative of the population c. carefully hand-picked d. at least half as big as the population
b
Jack's Z score on the last test was .75. Jill's Z score on the same test was -1.5. Based on this, who performed better relative to the class and whose Z score falls within the middle 68% of the curve? a. Jill : Jill b. Jack : Jack c. Jack : Jill d. Jill : Jack
b
Look at the graph below. The ______________ group has the greatest amount of sampling error, while the ____________ group has the least. (1 point) a. Performing arts: non-performing arts b. Performing arts : control c. Non-performing arts : control d. Ghosts : Goblins
b
Multifactor ANOVAs are also referred to as ________ designs a. KISS b. factorial c. canonical d. "pain in the royal butt"
b
Researchers have found that diets rich in fruit lower cholesterol levels. So do diets rich in fiber. But, do they make for "happier" people as well? To find out, if either diet alone or in combination affects happiness, he randomly assigns 400 people to one of the 4 treatment combinations: low fruit/low fiber, low fruit/high fiber, high fruit/low fiber, and high fruit/high fiber. After 4 months on the diet, he records their change in happiness score. Which test would you use to analyze the data? a. one way independent ANOVA b. two way independent ANOVA c. two way repeated ANOVA d. the "don't worry, be happy" test
b
The comprehensive final is worth ___ % of your grade in stats. a. 15 b. 25 c. 35 d. 50
b
The factor in question #7 is _____ and a _____ IV. a. within groups : true b. within subjects : true c. within groups : subject d. within subjects : subject
b
What do μ, σ, and σ2 all have in common? a. they are all things I have not memorized b. they are all numerical properties of the population c. they are all numerical properties of the sample d. they are all raw scores
b
What effect do outliers (in one direction) have on the mean (be as specific as possible) a. they do not affect the mean at all b. they increase or decrease the mean in the direction of the outliers. c. they make the mean unstable d. they make the mean biased
b
What happens if you turn in an assignment late? a. You will get no points for that assignment b. You will be docked 5% per day - and once the grades are posted to turnitn.com, you get no points c. You will be docked 10% per day - and once the grades are posted to turnitn.com, you get no points d. You get to stand in the corner of the classroom so we can all make fun of you
b
What is S xbar and what is it used for. a. SEM, used to calculate sampling error b. Estimate of SEM, used to estimate sampling error c. Standard variance, used to calculate variability d. "S sub x bar" , used to weigh yourself accurately
b
When a distribution is platykurtic, it means that _______. a. It is more peaked than "normal" b. It is flatter than "normal" c. It is positively skewed d. It is negatively skewed
b
When a researcher says "the results were significant", what does he mean from a statistical point of view? a. the results are important b. the results are probably not due to chance alone c. the results are probably due to chance alone d. there is a treatment effect and it's due to the manipulation of the IV
b
Whether or not formal measurements were made allows you to distinguish the _____ scale of measurement from the_______ scale. a. Nominal : ordinal b. Ordinal : interval c. interval : ratio d. x : y
b
Which is the best definition for "σ" a. sigma b. the average distance that X is to µ c. the average distance that X is to M d. the average absolute distance that X is to µ
b
Which of the following best describes a confidence interval? a. a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to estimate the parameter b. a range a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate for the parameter, and a probability is attached to the interval that it will include the parameter c. a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to ensure that the parameter will be included in the interval d. None of the above
b
Which of the following is NOT an example of nominal data? a. Videogame preference (militia vs. sports) b. Decibel level on the computer's speakers c. Infant feeding method (breast vs. bottle) d. Paper color (red, blue, green)
b
Which of the following is NOT one of the four properties we use to describe frequency distributions? a. measure of central tendency b. the normal curve c. skewness d. kurtosis
b
Which of the following statements about the repeated measures ANOVA is true? a. it has a different set of assumptions compared to the one way randomized blocks ANOVA b. it tests a within subjects factor, and thus is more powerful than an independent ANOVA c. it tests a within groups factor, and thus is more powerful that an independent ANOVA d. it will cause me to repeat this class next semester
b
Which of the following statements about the repeated measures ANOVA is true? a. it has a different set of assumptions compared to the one way randomized blocks ANOVA b. it tests a within subjects factor, and thus is more powerful than an independent ANOVA c. it tests a within groups factor, and thus is more powerful that an independent ANOVA d. it will cause me to repeat this class next semester!
b
Which of the following statements is completely true? a. Levene tests for HOV. If significant, this is good. It means we have a violation. b. Levene tests for HOV. If significant, this is bad. It means we have a violation. c. Sphericity tests for HOV. If significant, this is good. It means we have a violation. d. Sphericity tests for HOV. If significant, this is bad. It means we have a violation
b
Which test in a repeated ANOVA do we want to be not significant, and if this is significant, what does this tell you? a. Mauchly's test of sphericity ; there's a violation look at the HOV corrected data b. Mauchly's test of sphericity ; there is a violation - use the GG correction c. Levene's test of HOV ; there is no violation - you are good to go d. Levene's test of HOV ; there is a violation - use a Bonferroni correction
b
Why are type 1 errors considered more serious (all things considered equal) compared to type 2? a. because false positives are worse than false negatives b. type 1 errors are more likely to impact the scientific community than type 2 c. type 1 errors are more likely to affect the researcher in who's lab they were made d. because 1 comes before 2, duh!
b
Y error bars most typically represent which statistic? a. standard deviation b. 68% confidence interval c. standard error of differences d. the "I" statistic
b
4. Assume you tested your data and found that the probability of your test statistic (t.s.) was p = .054. a. The results are signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is greater than .05, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error. b. The results are not signif., reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is equal to .005, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to a treatment effect c. The results are not signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error if we did reject Ho is .054, the value of the TS was less than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error d. This is hard, I have no clue what I'm doing, the probability of me getting an "A" is "slim to none", Lynn is mean, I give up. (p.s. hopefully, you don't believe any of this!)
c
7 out of 10 questions on every quiz (except this one) will come from ___ a. My psychic with whom I consult on a regular basis b. The test bank at the back of your book c. The quiz bank at the back of your book d. The pptx slides I review in class
c
A distribution has M = 10 and s = 3. What is the raw score for Z = -2 a. I'd tell you, but then I'd have to kill you b. 16 c. 4 d. not enough info to answer
c
A professor wants to know whether student cell phone use is higher on his campus compared to other campuses nationally. He surveys 360 students on his campus and found the mean daily use to be 4.2 hours. Nationally, students report spending 5.8 hours on the phone. Which of the following statements is true? a. there's not enough information to answer the question b. the constant (test value) in this example is equal to 360 c. he would use a single sample t-test to compare 4.2 to 5.8 d. he would use a single sample t-test to compare 4.2 to 0
c
A researcher wishes to test the effect of childhood upbringing on self-esteem later in life. He administers a self-esteem test to adults who were either raised primarily by their mother, father, or both parents equally. Which test should be used to see whether upbringing affects self-esteem? a. single sample t-test b. independent t-test c. one way independent ANOVA d. one way repeated ANOVA
c
A sampling distribution is a distribution of ______ a. Raw scores b. Z scores c. a sample statistic d. a population parameter
c
As sample size increases, the value of the estimate gets closer to the value of the parameter. These kinds of estimates are called _________ estimates (use the correct statistical term) a. accurate b. theoretical c. consistent d. unbiased
c
Based on her hypothesis test, a student incorrectly concludes that the presence or absence of others has no effect on performance anxiety. In reality, there is an effect. What has she done? a. She's retained Ho and made a type 1 error b. She's rejected Ho and made a type 1 error c. She's retained Ho and made a type 2 error d. She's rejected Ho and made a type 2 error
c
Before proceeding with the independent t-test, what should you test for? a. your sanity b. sphericity c. homogeneity of variance d. heterogeneity of variance
c
Describe one way to reduce sampling error. a. Pay someone to fudge your data b. Test a larger population c. Test a larger sample d. There is no way to do this...... it is what it is.
c
Does the environmental setting have any effect on the perceived acceptability of PDA (public displays of affection)? To find out, a researcher has a man and woman (both 21years old) "make-out" in front of Lins, in the park across from Lins, and in front of one of the local LDS Stake Houses. At each location, he surveys 20 passersby. He has each one answer the question "to what extent do you believe the couple's actions in front of you are acceptable, from 1 "not at all acceptable" to 10 "completely acceptable". In the PDA study above, the DV was measured using a(n) ______ scale. a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
c
Ho says xbar 1 and xbar 2 are different because of ____: Ha says 1 and 2 are different because of... a. hard work : chance, luck, and fate b. sampling error : a treatment effect c. sampling error alone : something in addition to sampling error d. a treatment effect : sampling error
c
How can you tell if your SEM is big or small? a. google it b. you can't c. compare it to the mean and/or the raw scores d. compare it to the standard deviation
c
How many raw scores does 1 standard deviation unit on Z equal? a. 0 b. 1 c. whatever s equals in the raw score distribution d. whatever σ equals in the raw score population
c
How or where do you go to get the quizzes? a. The testing center on campus. c. the class webpage b. I hand them out in class d. the main desk in the psych. dept.
c
If a researcher's hypothesis is directional, he/she ____ use a directional test. a. Must b. Must not c. Has the option to d. no clue
c
If n-1 was not used in the formula for variance of the sample, S2 would have a consistent tendency to ____ the population variance (circle one). a. equal b. over estimate c. underestimate d. have an unpredictable effect on
c
If someone has fallen victim to the significance myth what would they conclude? a. if something is significant, it must be important b. if something is significant, the effect must be very large c. something that is significant at p<.01 is more significant than something at p < .05 d. a significant effect at p < .05 has a greater chance of being a type 1 error than a significant effect at p < .01
c
If the sig value for Shapiro-Wilks is less than .05, what does this mean? a. go home - you're screwed b. your distribution is probably normally distributed - you should use the mean c. your distribution is probably not normally distributed - but you might still be able to use the mean d. your distribution is probably not normally distributed - this means it is skewed so you should use the median
c
If we increase alpha, what happens to beta? a. nothing b. beta increases c. beta decreases d. no freaking clue
c
If you exhaustively sampled and created the sampling distribution of S, the mean of all the S's would equal ____ a. 0 b. Whatever σ is in the population c. Some number close to, but not equal to σ d. µ
c
If you run a Tukey, LSD-T, and Scheffe test, and you get the same pattern of results - which one should you report using? a. Tukey b. LSD-T c. Scheffe d. all three
c
If you wanted to conduct a study with NO sampling error ___ a. This would be impossible! b. You would have to test a very, very large sample c. You would have to test the entire population d. This would be easy! Just use n-1 in the formula
c
In a normal distribution, the ____ scores are the MOST probable and they are located _____ of the distribution. a. Largest ; in the tails b. Smallest : in the tails c. most frequent : in the middle d. least frequent : in the tails
c
Insurance companies believe that taking defensive driving courses cuts down on the number of accidents a person has. To test this, a group of randomly selected drivers is given such a course. The number of accidents each person had 5 years before and after the training is recorded. Which test should be run to see if the course had any effect on accidents? a. single sample t-test b. independent t-test c. dependent t-test d. one way independent ANOVA
c
Marginal means are used to test __ a. core assumptions b. HOV c. main effects d. interaction effects
c
Studies A and B both test the effect of a single factor on a DV, with the level of significance set to .05. In study A, the factor has 3 levels. In study B, the factor has 5 levels. A one way anova was used in both cases. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The experiment-wise alpha is larger for study A b. The experiment-wise alpha is larger for study B c. The experiment-wise alpha is the same for both studies d. Not enough information to answer the question
c
The ____is the same thing as the standard error of the mean. a. standard deviation of a sample distribution b. variance of a sample distribution c. standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean d. xbar - µ
c
The different categories, groups, or conditions of an IV are referred to as ____ a. diversity b. strata c. levels d. thing-a-ma-jigs
c
The effect of one factor changes across the levels of the other factor. This is the definition for ___ a. main effect b. simple main effect c. interaction effect d. butterfly effect
c
The field of statistics is an applied branch of mathematics. Describe the two applications for statistics - that is, what do statistics seek to do? a. Estimate & tell the truth. b. Describe & predict c. describe & infer d. kill & maim
c
The probability of making a type I error is the same thing as the probability of ___ a. Correctly retaining Ho c. the test statistic b. The critical value d. making a type 2 error
c
What are "strong manipulations"? a. manipulations which "hold up" even under extreme conditions b. manipulations which cannot be reversed c. manipulations which maximize the probability of detecting a significant effect d. manipulations which guarantee a significant effect
c
What does "conduct a cleaner experiment" refer to? a. Being completely honest... similar to "keep your nose clean" b. Keeping it sweet and simple c. Being methodical, objective, careful... d. Making sure "rats wear no underwear
c
What does the value of the test statistic (ts) reflect? a. The strength (size) of the relationship between the variables you are comparing b. The size of the difference between the groups you are comparing c. both a and b d. neither a or b
c
What is the relationship between SEM and the actual range of values for a given CI ? a. There is no relationship b. If SEM is too high or too low, the range of values will be large c. As SEM decreases, so does the size of the interval d. As SEM increases, the size of the interval decreases
c
What is the relationship between sample size and range? a. not good - they are constantly fighting! b. when one increases the other decreases c. when one increases the other increases d. as sample size increases, the range change unpredictably
c
What kind of journals are the one's which use "stats police" to ensure that the researcher is not trying to use misleading statistics? a. Scientific b. Scholarly c. Peer-reviewed d. Communist
c
What look like capital "I"s on bar (or line) graphs of means are called ___ and they represent __ a. squiggles : chaos b. vertical error bars : standard deviation c. y error bars : confidence intervals - usually the 68% d. y error bars " confidence interval - usually the 99%
c
When is it too late to turn in a class assignment for marks? a. Once the semester is over. c. once grades have been posted for that assign. b. 1 minute past the due date d. within 1 week of the due date
c
When we would you consider using a Bonferroni correction and why? a. whenever ; just because b. after using a Scheffe test ; to make it less conservative c. after using an LSD t-test ; to reduce the risk of a type 1 error d. after using an LSD t-test ; to reduce the risk of a type 1 and type 2 error
c
When would the mean of the "sampling distribution of the mean" equal zero? a. Never! b. Always! c. when the population mean is zero d. when the population variance is zero
c
When would you consider using a nonparametric test? a. if the price is right b. if all of the assumptions of the nonparametric test have been satisfied c. if one or more assumptions of the parametric test have been violated d. never!
c
Which Z score corresponds to an area equal to 39.80%? Use the Z score table. a. .26 b. .398 c. 1.27 d. not enough info to answer
c
Which analogy/cliche BEST describes Ho and Ha? a. They're like two peas in a pod b. "The bigger they are, the harder they fall" c. They're like opposite sides of a coin d. "All good things must come to an end"
c
Which of the following (AB or ABC) represents the "highest order" interaction and why do we care? a. AB is the highest order - we care because if it's signif, you would not interpret the main effects of A or B b. AB is the highest order - we care because if it's signif., you would not interpret the interaction ABC c. ABC is the highest order - we care because if it's signif, you would not interpret the AB interaction or the main effects of A or B d. ABC is the highest order - we care because if it's signif., you would not interpret the interaction ABCD
c
Which of the following estimates of µ is probably more accurate? a. 50 b. 34.50 - 64.50 c. 25.6542 - 68.9952 d. all are equally accurate
c
Which of the following is INcorrectly labeled? a. = mean of the sample b. μ = mean of the population c. σ = variance of the population d. s = standard deviation of the sample
c
Which of the following is INcorrectly paired? a. a true zero = ratio b. name tags = nominal c. arbitrary zero & equal intervals = ordinal d. all of these are correctly paired
c
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for a dependent t-test? a. You have 2 samples or groups of participants from which you collected data on b. You wish to see if the sample means are statistically different c. You are looking for a relationship between scores on one variable and scores on another variable. d. The participants in group 1 are the same as those in group 2 or if they are different, they've been paired or matched
c
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding descriptive and/or inferential statistics? a. descriptive stats are used exclusively to describe or summarize what's going on in sample data b. inferential stats determine whether some "truth" discovered in a population likely holds true for the sample as well. c. descriptive stats can be used to describe or summarize what's going on in a sample or population d. inferential stats are used to tell us absolute truths of the population based on sample data
c
Which of the following is the BEST definition for "measure of central tendency". a. average b. the center of gravity for a set of scores c. a typical number that well represents the set of scores it came from d. a tendency to move toward the center of something
c
Which of the following options CORRECTLY completes the statement: In order to be significant, the value of the t.s. must be _______. a. less than the critical value. When this happens, the probability of a type 1 error is greater than 5% and we would retain Ho. b. greater than the critical value. When this happens, the probability of a type 1 error is greater than 5% and we would retain Ho. c. greater than the critical value. When this happens, the probability of a type 1 error is less than 5% and we would reject Ho. d. less than the critical value. When this happens, the probability of a type 1 error is less than 5% and we would reject Ho.
c
Which of the following reflects a significant result? a. p = .05 b. p > .05 c. p < .05 d. not enough info to tell
c
Which of the following statements about directional/nondirectional tests is completely TRUE? a. It is easier to get a significant result using a one-tailed test, but only if using alpha .05 b. It is easier to get a significant result using a two-tailed test, but only if using alpha .05 c. To use a one tailed test, you must make a prediction and back it up with the literature d. Both b and c are true
c
Which of the following statements about the variability of scores in the Z and t distributions is TRUE? a. For both Z and t, σ 2 and σ depend on degrees of freedom b. For both Z and t, σ 2 and σ are constant c. For Z, σ 2 and σ are constant... but for t they depend on degrees of freedom d. For t, σ 2 and σ are constant... but for Z they depend on degrees of freedom
c
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. a within subjects factor can never be a true IV b. a within subjects factor can never be a subject or classification IV c. a within subjects factor cannot be a true IV if the IV is "time" d. I have no F$#%^ clue!!!
c
Which two measures of central tendency are considered to be "insensitive"? a. mean and mode b. mean and median c. median and mode d. there is only one, and it's the median
c
Why is the standard deviation of the sample the most commonly used measure of variability when it is a biased estimate? a. it's less biased than the variance b. because it's only biased some of the time c. it's only a wee-bit biased d. statement is false - it's not the most commonly used measure of variability
c
With respect to Confidence Intervals: What is the relationship between the level of confidence and the interval size? a. There is none b. It follows an inverted U function c. As confidence increases, so does the size of the interval d. As confidence increases, the size of the interval decreases
c
You calculate the standard deviation, variance, and range for your data set. You notice that the first two statistics are much smaller than the range. What does this mean? a. there must have been data entry errors b. the scores are evenly distributed between the highest and lowest scores c. there is clumping or clustering in the data set d. it doesn't mean anything - it just is what it is
c
.It is generally accepted that the results of a t-test are robust as long as the violations are not too severe. What is the problem with this statement? a. it is completely false! b. it is only true if there are no violations c. even minor violations will throw off the results of a t-test d. there is no agreed upon definition of "severe"
d
3. All F ratios in ANOVA have the same basic format: F = MS between MS within Which of the following is TRUE? a. MS between is the error term ; MS within the effect to be tested b. MS between is made up of individual differences & error c. MS within is made up of individual differences, error, and a treatment effect d. MS between is the effect to be tested ; MS within is the error term
d
9. Outliers ______ the range and clumping _____ the range a. increase : increases b. decrease : decrease c. increase : decrease d. increase : has no effect on
d
A confound is a(n) __________ variable that systematically differs between the groups. a. independent b. dependent c. continuous d. extraneous
d
A professor calculates the mean for Test 1 and the mean for Test 2. They turn out to be 86 and 91 respectively. 86 will convert to a Z score equal to __ and 91 will convert to a Z score equal to ___ a. -1 and 1 b. 0 and 1 c. -1 and 0 d. 0 and 0
d
A researcher conducted a study on cartoon violence in children. Of the 253 000 children he tested, he found that the mean (μ) violence score was 8.25. Did the researcher test a sample or a population? What piece(s) of information from the description above tells you this? a. Sample : there are obviously way more than 253 000 children in the population b. Sample : the symbol for the mean is μ c. Population : there's no way 253 000 can be a sample, it's too big d. Population : the symbol for the mean is μ
d
A researcher decides to test the effect of nursing mothers' stress levels on breast milk production. Would this suggest a directional or non-directional test AND would the CV for this test be larger or smaller than for the other test (the other test is the one not suggested by the research as described above). a. directional : smaller b. directional : larger c. non-directional : smaller d. non-directional : larger
d
A researcher matches participants on average GPA. When she's done, she calculates the mean GPA for group 1 to be 3.33. Assume she successfully matched participants, what should the mean GPA be for group 2? a. This is an unfair math question b. Something close to and less than 3.3 c. Something close to and greater than 3.33 d. something that is not significantly different from 3.33
d
A researcher wishes to test the effect of childhood upbringing on self-esteem later in life. He administers a self-esteem test to adults who were either raised primarily by their mother, father, or both parents equally._________ is the factor in this study, and this factor is ______ a. self-esteem : between subjects b. self-esteem : within subjects c. childhood upbringing : within subjects d. childhood upbringing : between subjects
d
ANOVA compares ____ to see if there is a difference between ____ a. within group variances : between group variances b. treatment IVs : classification IVs c. means : SEMs d. variances : means
d
Assume Ha says µ 1 < µ 2. Write the hypothesis for Ho a. µ 1 > µ 2 b. µ 1 = µ 2 c. µ 1 ≤ µ 2 d. µ 1 ≥ µ 2
d
Assume you do a study to compare men and women on heart rate responses to the purrs of a cute cuddly kitten. You find the following: Men: M = 72 SEM = 11 Women: M = 64 SEM = 8 Which of the following would be a correct interpretation of the results? a. men hate cute cuddly kittens b. the mean for men is greater than µ ; the mean for women is less than µ c. the mean for women is a better estimate of µ compared to the mean for men d. the mean for men is probably not as good an estimate as the mean for women
d
Assume you have the following data sets: Set 1 {1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 5} Set 2 {6, 9, 2, 10, 7, 9, 13} Set 3 {23, 30, 15, 44, 50, 25, 35} Set 4 {200, 3, 333, 198, 54, 21, 19 For which data set would the mean deviation be largest? a. Set 1 b. Set 4 c. Set 3 d. the mean deviation would be the same for all 4
d
Assume you have the following two samples: sample A { 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2 } sample B { 3, 32, 4, 14, 12, 2, 3, 1 } Sample ___ would have a higher SEM and sample ___ would have a M probably closer to µ. a. A : A b. A : B c. B : B d. B : A
d
Cell means are used to test _____ a. core assumptions c. main effects b. HOV d. interaction effects
d
Data set A has a variance of 16 Data set C has a variance of 25 Data set B has a standard deviation of 4 Data set D has a stand. dev. of 6 Which data set is the most variable? A, B, C, or D
d
Does the environmental setting have any effect on the perceived acceptability of PDA (public displays of affection)? To find out, a researcher has a man and woman (both 21years old) "make-out" in front of Lins, in the park across from Lins, and in front of one of the local LDS Stake Houses. At each location, he surveys 20 passersby. He has each one answer the question "to what extent do you believe the couple's actions in front of you are acceptable, from 1 "not at all acceptable" to 10 "completely acceptable". Now answer questions 9 and 10. 9. In the study described above, ____ is the IV and ___ is the DV. a. PDA : environmental : setting c. making out : age of the "lovers" b. environmental setting : making out d. environmental setting : acceptability (1-10)
d
Ho says µ1 and µ2 are ________ : Ha says µ1 and µ2 are ______. a. less variable : more variable b. more variable : less variable c. equal : different d. different : equal
d
How is/are F distributions different from t distributions? a. t is normally distributed, F is positively skewed b. the mode for t = 0, the mode for F = 1 c. t has one number for df, F has two numbers for df d. all of the above
d
If F is close to 1, what does this tell us? a. we've made a calculation error b. MS between is approximately equal to MS within c. we are probably looking at nothing more than sampling error d. both b and c
d
If we reject Ho, what are the areas under the curve we might be in? a. α and 1 - α b. β and 1 - β c. β and 1 - α d. α and 1 - β
d
If we reject Ho, what are the areas under the curve we might be in? a. α and 1 - α b. β and 1 - β c. β and 1 - α d. α and 1 - β
d
If we want to be conservative, would we use alpha .05 or .01 AND why? a. use .05 because the CV is smaller b. use .05 because the CV is larger c. use .01 because the CV is smaller d. use .01 because the CV is larger
d
In a normal distribution, scores must be measured on which scale(s) of measurement? a. Anything but nominal b. Interval c. ratio d. interval or ratio
d
In experiment A, the sig value = .032. In experiment B, the sig value = .005. Which of the following is TRUE? a. the results of experiment B are more important b. the two sets of results are equally important c. the results of experiment B are more significant d. the results of experiment A have a greater chance of being a type 1 error than the results of experiment B
d
In what situation would standard deviation never be biased? a. it will always be biased b. if you have a very large sample c. if you have a very small sample d. if you calculate it on the population
d
Look at the list of IVs below. i. seat preference in class (front row, middle row, back row) ii. drug condition (placebo, drug) iii. personality (extraverted, introverted) iv. snack given before a test (low carb, high carb) a. i. and ii. are true IVs and iii. and iv. are subject IVs b. i. and iii. are true IVs and ii. and iv. are subject IVs c. ii. and iii. are true IVs and i. and iv. are subject IVs d. ii. and iv. are true IVs and i. and iii. are subject IVs
d
Matching is a techniques used to control ______ variables so that they cannot become ______ a. extraneous : nuisances b. independent : confounds c. dependent : confounds d. extraneous : confounds
d
The areas under the curve depend on ___ for ____. a. Sample size : t and Z b. Degrees of freedom : t and Z c. Sample size : for Z only d. Degrees of freedom : for t only
d
The height of the curve for the normal distribution represents __________. a. zero b. The mean for the score beneath it c. probability d. frequency
d
What are the 3 different measures of central tendency we will cover in this class? a. Larry, Moe, and Curly b. frequency, probability, and normality c. mean, standard deviation, variation d. mean, median, mode
d
What are the possible outcomes of rejecting Ho? a. You've made a correct decision b. You've made a type 1 error c. You've made a type 2 error d. a and b e. a and c
d
What does it mean (as a general rule of thumb) if the error bars for two groups overlap (assume you are using the 68% CI)? a. the two groups are significantly different b. the two groups are probably significantly different c. the two groups are not significantly different d. the two groups are probably not significantly different
d
What is NOT one of the steps in hypothesis testing? a. state Ho and Ha b. decide on your level of significance c. select and run your hypothesis test d. determine whether Ho is true or false
d
What is effect size reflected in? a. nature and nurture b. sampling error c. size of the difference between your groups or the strength of the relationship d. both b and c
d
What is the drawback with testing a classification IV? a. It is almost certain that there will be other ways the groups are different b. It is almost certain that your study will have confounds c. You cannot make strong statements re: the IV "caused" the DV to change d. All of the above
d
What is the probability of getting a Z score above 2.58? _______% Tip: draw & shade! a. 5% b. 2.5% c. 1% d. ½%
d
What makes up or contributes to the variance of the error term in the F ratio? a. individual differences b. error c. treatment effect d. a and b e. a, b, and c
d
When the 95% CI's for two sample means do NOT overlap, this tells us that the two means are a. different because of sampling error b. probably different because of sampling error c. different for reason(s) in addition to sampling error d. probably different for reason(s) in addition to sampling error
d
When would it be appropriate to use a constant = 0 in a single sample t-test? a. when Ha states that there will be a change in scores from time A to time B b. when Ha states that scores will increase from time A to time B c. when Ha states that scores will decrease from time A to time B d. all of the above
d
When would the t and Z distributions be "indistinguishable to the naked eye"? a. always b. never c. when n < 30 d. when n > 30
d
When you decrease beta, alpha ________ and 1 - alpha _________ a. decreases : increases b. increases : increases c. decreases : decreases d. increases : decreases
d
Which is the BEST definition for "measure of variation"? a. that which varies b. one number is used to describe how different scores are in a set of data c. one number is used to find the central location for a set of scores d. one number is used to describe the central tendency for a set of scores
d
Which level(s) of measurement, if any, cannot have negative numbers? a. They can all have negative numbers b. ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
d
Which of the following correctly defines type II error and its symbol? a. rejecting Ho when you should have retained it : α b. rejecting Ho when you should have retained it : β c. retaining Ho when you should have rejected it : α d. retaining Ho when you should have rejected it : β
d
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for a single sample t-test a. You have one sample or group of participants from which you collected data b. You wish to see if the mean of the sample is significantly different than some other number (a constant) c. You are looking for a statistically significant difference between the sample mean and a constant (C) d. You are looking for a relationship between scores on one variable and scores on another variable
d
Which of the following statements about "sensitivity" is TRUE? a. The median is more sensitive than the mean b. "Sensitivity" in statistics is a good thing c. "Sensitivity" in statistics is a bad thing d. "Sensitivity" in statistics can sometimes be good and sometimes be bad
d
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The smaller the F value, the less variance there is between groups, and the more likely you are to reject Ho. b. The smaller the F value, the more variance there is between groups, and the more likely you are to reject Ho. c. The larger the F value, the less variance there is between groups, and the more likely you are to reject Ho. d. The larger the F value, the more variance there is between groups, and the more likely you are to reject Ho.
d
Which of the following statements is true if we exhaustively sample? a. the expected value of an estimate will ALWAYS equal the parameter b. the expected value of an estimate will NEVER equal the parameter c. the expected value of an estimate will equal the parameter if the estimate is biased d. the expected value of an estimate will equal the parameter of the estimate is unbiased
d
Which rule below is CORRECT? a. If TS > TS crit, we retain Ho b. If TS = TS crit, we reject Ho c. If TS < TS crit, we reject Ho d. If TS > TS crit, we reject Ho
d
Why do many scholarly journals use a referee system? a. to make everyone's life miserable b. to save time and money c. to guarantee accuracy d. to guard against the inappropriate use of statistics and glaring errors
d
You can miss and make up ___ quizzes and ___ progress tests. a. 5 : 2 b. 5 : 5 c. 0 : 0 d. 0 : 2
d
What differentiates the independent and dependent t-tests? a. the number of means being compared b. whether participants are the same, different, or different but matched in each level c. the assumptions (the dependent t-test does not assume HOV) d. all of the above e. b and c
e
Which conditions must be satisfied to justify the use of a post hoc test? a. The F value in the t-test must be significant b. The F value in ANOVA must be significant c. The F must be comparing 3 or more means d. a, b, and c e. b and c
e
