Final exam review (Nutrition)
The term "low sodium" means ____________ per serving A. 140 milligrams or less B. 240 milligrams or less C. 450 milligrams or less D. 600 milligrams or less E. 2400 milligrams or less
A. 140 milligrams or less
Which of the following is true about cholesterol? A. It is only found in animals B. It is converted to Acetyl CoA in the body C. It contains three fatty acids D. It is a major ingredient in margarine E. It is an essential nutrient
A. It is only found in animals
Reasons for increased iron needs during pregnancy include all of the following except: A. To enhance the immune system of the fetus B. To aid in blood supply development for the fetus C. To support the increased blood volume of the mother D. To support increased fetal iron stores in preparation for breastfeeding
A. To enhance the immune system of the fetus
All of the following components are always associated with an amino acid EXCEPT: A. a phosphate group. a side chain (functional group). an amino group. an acid group.
A. a phosphate group.
Hemoglobin is an example of: A. a transport protein. B. a defense protein. C. an enzyme. D. an immune protein (antibody).
A. a transport protein.
When the amino group is stripped from the amino acid so that the carbon backbone can be used for energy, stored as fat or used to make glucose in rare cases, the amino group picks up a hydrogen to become ___________ and is then converted to urea in the _____________. A. ammonia, liver B. ammonia, kidney C. NH2, liver D. NH2, kidney
A. ammonia, liver
To estimate protein requirements, you must know a person's: A. body weight. B. height. C. urinary ammonia output. D. all of these would be required
A. body weight.
The chemical reaction that connects fatty acids and glycerol is a(n) A. dehydration synthesis reaction B. hydrolysis reaction C. catabolic reaction D. thermonuclear reaction E. ionic reaction
A. dehydration synthesis reaction
The food is prevented from going into the windpipe by the: A. epiglottis B. diaphragm C. tracheal sphincter D. thyroid E. pharynx
A. epiglottis
A food that has benefits to the body beyond the delivery of nutrients is called a A. functional food B. antioxidant C. nutrigenomic food D. nutrient dense food
A. functional food
Energy is stored in the body primarily as __________ and ___________. A. glycogen, triglycerides B. muscle, glycogen C. glucose, triglycerides D. protein, glucose
A. glycogen, triglycerides
The leading cause of death in America is: A. heart disease B. stroke C. traffic accidents D. cancer E. diabetes
A. heart disease
The organ that compounds usually reach first after they are absorbed into the bloodstream is the A. liver B. lungs C. heart D. pancreas E. kidney
A. liver
The outer coating of a chylomicron is made of A. phospholipid B. bile C. fatty acids D. triglyceride
A. phospholipid
The condition during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, edema (fluid retention) and protein in the urine is: A. pre-eclampsia B. kidney failure C. essential hypertension D. morning sickness E. gestational diabetes
A. pre-eclampsia
Bicarbonate is secreted into the _______ by the ____________ to neutralize the acidic contents coming from the stomach A. small intestines, pancreas B. stomach, pancreas C. stomach, liver D. small intestines, liver E. large intestines, pancreas
A. small intestines, pancreas
Adequate Intake recommendations are set when: A. there is not enough information to set an RDA B. nutrient intakes cannot be precisely measured C. there is no discernable upper tolerable limit D. the nutrient can be made by the body E. nutrients are essential for health
A. there is not enough information to set an RDA
Which statement is true about BOTH vitamins and minerals? A. they do not provide energy to the body B. They are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen C. they are structural components in the body D. they are organic E. they can be produced in the body
A. they do not provide energy to the body
Iodine is an important component of hormones produced by the: A. thyroid B. liver C. pancreas D. adrenals E. thymus gland
A. thyroid
Cells of similar types can group together to form: A. tissues B. molecules C. compounds D. systems E. organs
A. tissues
If a mother if following a vegan diet, which nutrient is recommended to be supplemented in the infant's diet? A. vitamin B12 B. all vitamins C. calcium D. vitamin K
A. vitamin B12
A good way to increase the absorption of non-heme iron from a food is to consume that food with another food high in A. vitamin C B. zinc C. Folate D. copper E. Thiamin
A. vitamin C
The protein needs of a pregnant or lactating woman are A. 0.1 grams higher than the non-pregnant woman B. 0.3 grams higher than the non pregnant woman C. 0.4 grams higher than the non-pregnant woman D. 0.2 grams higher than the non-pregnant woman
B. 0.3 grams higher than the non pregnant woman
A triglyceride contains A. 3 glycerols and one fatty acid B. 3 fatty acids and one glycerol C. 2 fatty acids, one phosphate group and one glycerol D. 3 glucose and one fatty acid E. 3 fatty acids and one glycogen
B. 3 fatty acids and one glycerol
If an 18 carbon fatty acid has two double bonds, how many hydrogens are missing? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 10
B. 4
Miriam eats 2600 kcalories per day. What is the maximum amount of carbohydrate she should have in a day? A. 1560 grams B. 422 grams C. 1,690 grams D. 259 grams
B. 422 grams
The difference between the regulation of drugs versus supplements is that: A. Drugs are regulated by the FDA whereas supplements are regulated by the USDA B. Drugs must be approved prior to marketing whereas supplements do not need prior approval. C. Drugs must be tested on humans whereas supplements can be tested solely on animals. D. Drugs must be reapproved every four years whereas supplements only have to be approved once.
B. Drugs must be approved prior to marketing whereas supplements do not need prior approval.
Which of the following does NOT help to explain why Americans are now eating more kcals than 30 years ago? A. Appetite is often triggered by ads for foods or the easy accessibility of foods. B. Genetic changes over the last 3 decades have led to Americans being hungrier. C. People tend to eat in units regardless of the size of the unit. D. Average portion sizes have increased in homes and restaurants.
B. Genetic changes over the last 3 decades have led to Americans being hungrier.
This cholesterol carrier is most likely to drop cholesterol off in the artery wall: A. IDL B. LDL C. VLDL D. HDL
B. LDL
Which statement about obesity is true? A. Obesity is defined as having a BMI >25. B. Obesity is defined as having a BMI equal to or greater than 30. C. Obesity rates have remained constant over the last 50 years. D. Obesity rates tend to be constant across racial and ethnic groups.
B. Obesity is defined as having a BMI equal to or greater than 30.
Dr. Coulson believes that increased calcium intake can reduce the risk of fractures in the elderly. Which of the following studies is most appropriate for testing this hypothesis? A. Conduct an animal study with half the rats consuming calcium rich chow and the other half of the rats consuming calcium poor chow. Assess if the fracture rate is different between the two groups B. Randomly assign elderly subjects to a placebo group and a calcium supplement group and the follow them for 5 - 10 years to see if the facture rate is lower in the group receiving calcium. C. Identify elderly individuals that have had fractures and match them to similar elderly people without fractures and then interview all subjects to find out how much calcium they are consuming. Assess if the calcium intake amoung elderly fracture patients than elderly individuals without fractures D. Interview a large number of individuals in their 50's to determine their calcium intake and then follow them for 15 years and assess whether those consuming the most calcium had less fractures than those consuming the least calcium
B. Randomly assign elderly subjects to a placebo group and a calcium supplement group and the follow them for 5 - 10 years to see if the facture rate is lower in the group receiving calcium.
If your blood isn't clotting as fast as it should be and it is nutrient related, it is most likely a lack of A. folate B. Vitamin K C. protein D. Calcium
B. Vitamin K
Jack consumes 2800 kcalories a day and 360 grams of carbohydrate. Is he within the carbohydrate intake range (AMDR) as set by the National Academy of Sciences? A. No B. Yes
B. Yes
Bioelectrical Impedance is a means of measuring A. muscular tone B. body fat C. metabolism D. body weight E. fitness
B. body fat
When body stores have to be used to meet the body's need for energy (because not enough energy is coming into the body), ___________ pathways will be activated (putting the person in negative energy balance) in order to release these stores. A. anabolic B. catabolic
B. catabolic
Protein differs from carbohydrate and lipid in that protein: A. is not considered to be an essential nutrient. B. contains the element nitrogen. C. is classified as an inorganic molecule. D. does not provide the body with a source of energy.
B. contains the element nitrogen.
______________________ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions. A. chyme B. enzymes C. mucus D. neurotransmitters E. hormones
B. enzymes
If you want to make sucrose, you need to join glucose with ______________ using a ___________ reaction. A. glucose, hydrolysis B. fructose, dehydration C. glucose, dehydration D. fructose, hydrolysis E. galactose, dehydration
B. fructose, dehydration
Retinoic acid is important in immunity and eye tissue health due to its role in A.attacking viruses B. gene expression C. creating antibodies D. cellular transport E. permeability of the cell membrane
B. gene expression
The nucleus contains the chemical compound called DNA. This compound forms our genes and chromosomes and tells the body: A. how many kcalories to burn B. how to make the proteins needed in the body C. how to transmit nervous impulses D. how much of any given nutrient we need
B. how to make the proteins needed in the body
A non-essential nutrient is a nutrient that is: A. not required for optimal health B. made inside the body C. not required by our species D. not found in food E. only needed by a subset of individuals
B. made inside the body
An 18:1 omega 9 fatty acid is a A. polyunsaturated fatty acid with 9 carbons B. monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons C. polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons D. monounsaturated fatty acid with 9 carbons E. saturated fatty acid containing 9 carbons
B. monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons
A(n) ____________ bond links one amino acid to the next. A. ionic B. peptide C. glycosidic D. disulfide
B. peptide
What hormone stimulates and sustains milk production? A. ADH B. prolactin C. glucagon D. estrogen E. oxytocin
B. prolactin
The claim "vitamin A maintains healthy skin" is an example of a: A. nutrient claim B. structure function claim C. DRI claim D. health claim
B. structure function claim
The percent daily value of a nutrient on a food label indicates: A. the percent of the total daily value for a 2,000 kcalorie diet contained in the container B. the percent of the total daily value for a 2,000 kcalorie diet contained in one serving of the food C. the percent of the total daily value for a 2400 kcalorie diet contained in one serving of the food D. the percent by volume of the food that comes from that nutrient E. the percent by weight of the food that comes from that nutrient
B. the percent of the total daily value for a 2,000 kcalorie diet contained in one serving of the food
Which of the following statements is true about lactose intolerance A. it can be fatal if not treated B. the prevelance increases as we age C. it is an allergic response to lactose D. it is relatively rare E. it is more common in Northern Europeans than in other populations
B. the prevelance increases as we age
Ketosis occurs when A. you skipped breakfast and lunch B. there is no glucose in the cell C. There is no fat consumed D. too much carbohydrate is consumed
B. there is no glucose in the cell
The process of ___________ involves copying the DNA code from the gene to a molecule of mRNA. A. nuclear shuttling. B. transcription. C. transamination. D. translation.
B. transcription.
Aidan consumes 2300 kcalories each day. What is the maximum number of grams of carbohydrate he whould be consuming? A. 214 grams B. 259 grams C. 374 grams D. 1495 grams E. 575 grams
C. 374 grams
_________ is produced in the stomach and stimulates food intake. A. Peptide YY B. Cholecystokinin C. Ghrelin D. Gastrin
C. Ghrelin
Which guideline about weight loss is correct? A. All individuals with a BMI >25 should lose weight. B. The health benefits of weight loss do not begin to accrue until normal weight is achieved. C. Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss. D. If a child is obese, weight should be lost as quickly as possible so it doesn't interfere with development.
C. Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss.
The myplate food guide is created by the _____________ whereas the Dietary Reference Intakes are put forth by the _______________. A. FDA, NAS B. FDA, USDA C. USDA, NAS D. USDA, FDA
C. USDA, NAS
During digestion, the proteases A. rearrange the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. B. denature proteins. C. break large polypeptides into smaller peptides. D. are needed to make nonessential amino acids.
C. break large polypeptides into smaller peptides.
If you do not have enough vitamin B-12 or folate in your body, you are likely to have: A. crescent shaped red blood cells B. smaller red blood cells C. fewer red blood cells D. stickier red blood cells E. a higher number of red blood cells
C. fewer red blood cells
When blood glucose is dropping, the hormone ______________ from the _______________ is released: A. glycogen, liver B. insulin, pancreas C. glucagon, pancreas D. glycogen, pancreas E. glucagon, liver
C. glucagon, pancreas
The process of making glucose from amino acids is called __________________. A. cellular respiration B. glycogenolysis C. gluconeogenesis D. glucosynthesis E. glycolysis
C. gluconeogenesis
Julie has been eating popcorn, grapes and soda and watching baseball all day. What is she actually absorbing into the body from this food? A. starch and fructose B. glucose, fructose and fiber C. glucose and fructose D. glucose and galactose E. starch, sucrose and fiber
C. glucose and fructose
According to the executive summary of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines, you should: A. eat several small meals a day and eat low on the food chain B. eat less processed foods and eat less animal protein eat a nutrient dense diet and eat less red meat C. limit Calories from added sugars and saturated fats D. limit cholesterol intake
C. limit Calories from added sugars and saturated fats
When a person is consuming more kcalories than they are using, we would expect these two processes to increase. A. gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis B. glycolysis and glycogenesis C. lipogenesis and glycogenesis D. beta oxidation and lipolysis E. lipolysis and glycolysis
C. lipogenesis and glycogenesis
The organelle where the macronutrients are broken down to produce energy is called the: A. nucleus B. rough endoplasmic reticulum C. mitochondria D. ribosome E. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
The process where water flows through a semi-permeable membrane from an area where there are less dissolved substances to an area of more dissolved substances is called A. facilitated diffusion B. active transport C. osmosis D. passive transport E. simple diffusion
C. osmosis
The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the: A. ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in the polypeptide chain. B. carbon to nitrogen ratio in the polypeptide chain. C. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. D. the number of peptide bonds present in the polypeptide chain.
C. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
For many years, Erin's weight has been stable at ~132 pounds. This weight is commonly described as her: A. weight stability setting. B. trigger point. C. set point. D. maintenance level.
C. set point.
Pectin and gums are examples of which type of compound? A. starches B. stored energy C. soluble fibers D. organelles E. insoluble fibers
C. soluble fibers
The problem with free radicals is that they tend to A. attract lightening. B. activate protons and become charged compounds C. steal electrons from neighboring compounds D. have extra electrons, making them acidic E. release electrons that cause damage to surrounding tissue
C. steal electrons from neighboring compounds
Which of the following vitamins can be excreted in the urine? A. vitamin K B. vitamin E C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin A
C. vitamin C
If you were taking antibiotics over a long period of time, what nutrient might you become deficient in? A. protein B. vitamin D C. vitamin K D. vitamin E E. vitamin C
C. vitamin K
How much weight should a woman of normal weight typically gain during pregnancy? A. as little as possible B. 10-25 lbs C. a maximum of 20 lbs D. 25-35 lbs
D. 25-35 lbs
Rebecca is currently maintaining her weight of 170 pounds. She wants to begin losing weight. In order to lose one pound in one week, she will need to consume an average of ____________ less kcalories per day. A. 100 B. 750 C. 300 D. 500 E. 1000
D. 500
Ladarius weights 190 pounds and is 28 years old. His protein RDA is A. 86 B. 190 C. 152 D. 69
D. 69
The body makes fatty acids using two carbon units originating from A. ATP B. Alpha Ketogluterate C. Carbon Dioxide D. Acetyl CoA E. Pyruvate
D. Acetyl CoA
When a diet is very low in kcalories and carbohydrate for a long period of time, what is most likely to develop? A. Hepatitis B. Diabetes C. Hyperglycemia D. Ketosis
D. Ketosis
Insulin is the major form of treatment for this type of diabetes A. Gestational Diabetes B. Type 2 diabetes C. Adult Onset Diabetes D. Type I diabetes
D. Type I diabetes
The distribution of body fat can be an indicator of health risk. Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer? A. Subcutaneous fat deposited in the hips and thighs B. Brown fat tissue in the upper arms C. A pear shaped body D. Visceral fat deposited around the waist
D. Visceral fat deposited around the waist
The enzyme ____________ is required to break down starch and it is secreted by the pancreas and the _______________________. A. saccharidase, salivary glands B. amylase, liver C. insulin, liver D. amylase, salivary glands E. maltase, stomach
D. amylase, salivary glands
In the US, most dietary protein comes from: A.nuts. B. beans. C. vegetables. D. animal sources.
D. animal sources.
The metabolic breakdown of glucose for available energy is an example of A. anabolism B. digestion C. excretion D. catabolism
D. catabolism
Which of the following classes of nutrients are organic? A. carbohydrate, protein and minerals B. carbohydrates, fats and minerals C. lipids, vitamins and minerals D. fats, protein and vitamins E. vitamins, minerals and water
D. fats, protein and vitamins
The DASH diet studies were designed to determine if the diet can reduce the risk of A. heart disease B. stroke C. diabetes D. hypertension E. cancer
D. hypertension
A cis fatty acid differs from a trans fatty acid in that a cis fatty acid A. contains a minimum of one double bond B. is unhealthy C. is 9 kcalories per gram D. is more liquid at room temperature
D. is more liquid at room temperature
All the substances within the lumen of the GI tract are A. absorbed B. digested C. excreted D. not in the body
D. not in the body
A study was conducted which matched 1,030 non-Hodgkins lymphoma patients with 3106 controls to assess the impact of recreational physical activity, obesity and energy intake on non-Hodgkins lymphoma risk. Interviews with the subjects revealed that recreational activity is associated with a decreased risk while obesity and excess kcalorie intake are associated with an increased risk. What type of study is this? A. laboratory B. human intervention C. randomized clinical trial D. observational
D. observational
The type of cell that breaks down bone is called a(n) ___________ cell. A. osteoporin B. osteoblast C. osteocalcin D. osteoclast E. osteodegenerative
D. osteoclast
When chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the: A. common bile duct B. esophageal sphincter C. hard and soft palate D. pyloric sphincter
D. pyloric sphincter
When we want to use glucose for energy, we must first convert it to ______________ and then to ________________. A. glycogen, ATP B. amino acids, acetyl CoA C. acetyl CoA, pyruvate D. pyruvate, acetyl CoA E. fat, ATP
D. pyruvate, acetyl CoA
Phytates and oxylates A. decrease excretion of nutrients B. activate enzymes C. increase bioavailability of nutrients D. reduce the absorption of minerals E. function as coenzymes
D. reduce the absorption of minerals
This form of vitamin A is found in animal foods in our diet A. retinoic acid B. retinal C. beta-carotene D. retinol
D. retinol
Both the kidney and the liver help deal with substances that are toxic or in excess in the blood but the kidney differs from the liver in that the kidney: A. is part of digestion as well B. rearranges the compounds and sends them back into circulation C. converts compounds to less toxic substances D. sends waste products out of the body
D. sends waste products out of the body
These two fatty acids are listed separately on the label: A. monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids B. linoleic and linolenic fatty acids C. saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids D. trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids E. cis fatty acids and trans fatty acids
D. trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids
The waste product resulting from the deamination of a protein is: A. CO2. B. lactate. C. ketone bodies. D. urea.
D. urea.
To meet the extra energy needs of lactation while allowing slow weight loss, we recommend increasing daily kcal intake by: A. 800 kcals B. 100-200 kcals C. 500 kcals D. none (lactation doesn't increase kcal needs) E. 350-400 kcals
E. 350-400 kcals
Without the B vitamins, we would not be able to activate A. hormones needed for blood glucose regulation B. hormones needed for metabolism C. neurotransmitters needed for nerve cell health D. eicosanoids needed for blood pressure regulation E. enzymes needed for metabolism
E. enzymes needed for metabolism
Infants less than one year of age should not be given___________________ due to the risk of _____________. A. mashed banana; choking B. rice cereal; diabetes C. honey; diabetes D. pureed chicken; choking E. honey; botulism poisoning
E. honey; botulism poisoning
Calbindin is produced in the __________________ in response to __________________. A. kidney cell, parathyroid hormone B. intestinal cell, calcium C. bone cell, vitamin D D. bone cell, vitamin D E. intestinal cell, vitamin D
E. intestinal cell, vitamin D
Osteomalacia differs from osteoporosis in that osteomalacia: A. involves a loss of bone mineral B. occurs in the elderly C. occurs in young people D. can be cured with increased calcium intake E. is a direct result of a lack of vitamin D
E. is a direct result of a lack of vitamin D
The micelle differs from the chylomicron in that the micelle A. travels in the lymph system B. contains lipids C. is formed inside the cells lining the small intestines D. contains protein E. is formed inside the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
E. is formed inside the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
The storage form of carbohydrate in a plant is called ______________ whereas the storage form of carbohydrate in a mammal is called _________________________. A. starch, glucose B. glycogen, starch C. fiber, glycogen D. starch, glucagon E. starch, glycogen
E. starch, glycogen
Numbness or paralysis on one side of the body and slurred speech are possible signs of A. statin drug overdose B. cancer C. excessive consumption of vitamin B-12 D. heart attack E. stroke
E. stroke
Which of the following foods is most nutrient dense for protein: product A with 300 kcalories and 19 grams of protein product B with 450 kcalories and 27 grams of protein product C with 210 kcalories and 11 grams of protein product D with 358 kcalories and 21 grams of protein
product A with 300 kcalories and 19 grams of protein
