Final Exam Review (Panopto)

If the second harmonic has a frequency of 4 MHz, what is the fundamental frequency? a. 2 MHz b. 4 MHz c. cannot be determined by the information presented d. 8 MHz

a. 2 MHz

What is the approximate number of frames that must be presented each second for the human eye to perceive the display without flickering? a. 30 b. 2 c. 15 d. 45

a. 30

The AIUM 100 Test Object has ____________. (Select all that apply) a. a propagation speed of 1.54 km/s b. the same attenuation as human tissue c. propagation speed of 1.54 mm/ks d. a propagation speed of 1540 s/m

a. a propagation speed of 1.54 km/s b. the same attenuation as human tissue c. propagation

A linear sequential array transducer has 128 crystals. How many of these crystals are fired to create a single sound beam? a. a small group b. a large group c. 1 d. 128

a. a small group

Which choice is best when the image on your ultrasound system displays reflectors only in a region far from the transducer but no reflectors in the region close to the transducer? a. adjust the system's compensation b. use a higher frequency transducer c. decrease the output power d. adjust the reject level

a. adjust the system's compensation

The display mode that is represented by a series of upward spikes is ___________-mode. a. amplitude b. motion c. brightness d. none of the answers are correct

a. amplitude

The display mode that is used extensively in ophthalmology is __________-mode. a. amplitude b. motion c. brightness d. none of the answers are correct

a. amplitude

Which of the following transducers is best described as mechanical beam steering with multi-focus capability? a. annular b. linear sequential c. linear phased d. annular linear

a. annular

Which receiver function has no effect on the image? a. demodulation b. depth compensation c. compression d. rejection

a. demodulation

Put the following receiver functions in the order in which the receiver performs them: threshold, compression, demodulation, and depth compensation. a. depth compensation, compression, demodulation, threshold b. compression, demodulation, threshold, depth compensation c. depth compensation, threshold, demodulation, compression d. threshold, compression, demodulation, depth compensation

a. depth compensation, compression, demodulation, threshold

Which of the following characteristic(s) of a transducer's components determine the spread of the sound beam in the Fraunhofer zone? a. diameter of the active element and frequency of the transducer b. thickness of the active element only c. thickness of the matching layer only d. thickness of the active element and frequency of the transducer

a. diameter of the active element and frequency of the transducer

High contrast images display ____________ shades of gray. a. few b. zero c. 64 d. many

a. few

What is the shape of an image created with a vector array transducer? a. flat-top sector b. blunted, curved-top sector c. rectangular d. convex

a. flat-top sector

How is temporal resolution measured? a. frame rate b. pulse duration c. pulse repetition frequency d. depth of view

a. frame rate

All of the following can be related to phased array transducers except: a. internal or external focusing b. adjustable focal depth c. multi-focusing d. multiple active element transducers

a. internal or external focusing

All of the following are true of demodulation except: a. it is comprised of two steps: smoothing and enveloping b. it is performed automatically by the ultrasound system c. negative voltages are eliminated d. the form of the electrical signal is altered

a. it is comprised of two steps: smoothing and enveloping

A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound scan to double the depth of view from 5 to 10 cm. What happens to the frame rate? a. it is halved b. it increases from 5 - 10 Hz c. it is unchanged d. it doubles

a. it is halved

Which transducer type creates an image with a band of dropout from the top of the image to the bottom of the image when one of the active elements is damaged? a. linear sequential b. annular c. mechanical d. annular phased

a. linear sequential

The only display mode that displays time is ________- mode. a. motion b. amplitude c. brightness d. none of the answers

a. motion

All of the following are functions of the receiver except: a. preamplification b. suppression c. receiver gain d. demodulation

a. preamplification

All of the following are requirements of contrast agents except: a. reasonable cost and/or reimbursement b. smaller than red blood cells c. long persistence d. positive risk-benefit relationship

a. reasonable cost and/or reimbursement

Which of the following resolutions improves when frame rate increases? a. temporal b. lateral c. spatial d. longitudinal

a. temporal

The acoustic power of a sound beam emitted from a transducer is determined by the ____________ of the pulser's signal. a. voltage b. frequency c. rectification d. PRF

a. voltage

If the fundamental frequency is 4 MHz, what is the harmonic frequency? a. cannot be determined by the information presented b. 8 MHz c. 4 Mhz d. 2 MHz

b. 8 MHz

A byte is composed of _____ bits. A word is composed of _____ bytes. a. 2, 2 b. 8, 2 c. 8, 16 d. 16, 16

b. 8, 2

A signal within a system's receiver has a dynamic range of 50 dB after compression. The original signal was compressed by 40 dB. What is the dynamic range of the original uncompressed signal? a. 40 dB b. 90 dB c. 10 dB d. 50 dB

b. 90 dB

All of the following are components of an ultrasound system except: a. synchronier b. carburator c. pulser d. CRT

b. carburator

All of the following changes will improve temporal resolution except: a. increasing frame rate b. changing to a lower frequency transducer c. decreasing the number of focal zones in the images d. increasing the spacing between adjacent scan lines in the image

b. changing to a lower frequency transducer

__________ treats signals differently based on reflector depth. a. demodulation b. compensation c. compression d. amplification

b. compensation

Rectification: a. puts an envelope around the "bump" to even them out b. corrects for or eliminates negative voltages c. decreases the dynamic range of the signals d. reduces the total range of signals

b. corrects for or eliminates negative voltages

With regards to temporal resolution, which of the following terms does not fit with the others? a. improved temporal resolution b. deeper imaging c. higher frame rate d. lower line density

b. deeper imaging

All of the following receiver functions are adjustable except: a. suppression b. demodulation c. receiver gain d. threshold

b. demodulation

A sonographer adjusts an image to change the sector size from 90 to 45 degrees. Nothing else changes. The frame rate is ____________________. a. unchanged b. doubled c. halved d. decreased by a factor of 4

b. doubled

In a standard CRT used to display ultrasound images, what are the charged particles that are emitted from a "gun" from the rear of the tube? a. photons b. electrons c. neutrons d. positrons

b. electrons

What is the nature of contrast agents? a. microbubbles b. gas bubbles entrapped in a hard shell c. microscopic solid balls of protein d. fluid filled microbubbles made of albumin

b. gas bubbles entrapped in a hard shell

Which of the following is consistent with increased or improved temporal resolution? a. color Doppler b. higher frame rate c. more gray shade d. more detailed image

b. higher frame rate

All of the following are advantages of PACS systems except: a. old, achieved studies and reports can be reviewed easily b. images have higher resolution than what appears on the system's display c. images can be delivered to distant locations on the imaging network d. data will not deteriorate over time

b. images have higher resolution than what appears on the system's display

The best lateral resolution is ___________. a. Improved by having a high propagation speed b. improved by having a small beam diameter c. is improved by having significant attenuation d. Improved by having a small change of impedance

b. improved by having a small beam diameter

In laminar flow, where is the blood velocity the highest? a. within the vortex b. in the center of the lumen c. at the boundary between the blood and the vessel wall d. at the point of boundary layer separation

b. in the center of the lumen

Multiple focal points improves: a. longitudinal resolution b. lateral resolution c. axial resolution d. temporal resolution

b. lateral resolution

Which of the following transducers is best described as creating a rectangular-shaped image with the use of multiple PZT crystals? a. linear phased b. linear sequential c. mechanical d. annular phased

b. linear sequential

Which of the following transducers is best described as creating an image in the shape of a square with the use of multiple PZT crystals? a. linear phased b. linear sequential c. mechanical d. annular phased

b. linear sequential

The display mode that has time on the x-axis and depth on the y-axis is ____________-mode. a. amplitude b. motion c. brightness d. none of the answers are correct

b. motion

All of the following are true of vector arrays except: a. focusing is achieved using electronic techniques b. multi-focusing is not possible c. they are a combination of linear sequential and linear phased array technology d. the image shape is a sector with a flat top

b. multi-focusing is not possible

All of the following are true of read zoom except: a. the same # of ultrasound pulses are used to create the original ROI and the zoomed image b. preprocessing function of a receiver c. same # of pixels are in the original ROI and the zoomed image d. on the screen, the pixels in the zoomed image are larger than those in the ROI

b. preprocessing function of a receiver

Of the following components, which components has the widest dynamic range? a. display b. receiver c. multiformat camera d. scan converter

b. receiver

When changed, which of the following factors will have no effect upon frame rate? a. sector size b. spatial pulse length c. pulse repetition period d. line density

b. spatial pulse length

Which of the following has the greatest effect upon temporal resolution? a. frequency of sound b. speed of sound in the medium c. pulse duration d. transducer damping

b. speed of sound in the medium

A sonographer increases the line density from 2 line per degree of sector to 5 lines per degree of sector. What is the consequence of this action? a. image quality decreases b. temporal resolution decreases c. temporal resolution increases d. frame rate increases

b. temporal resolution decreases

All of the following are true of write zoom except: a. the pixel size in the zoomed image and the ROI are the same b. the same number of pixels are in the original ROI and the zoomed image c. preprocessing function of the receiver d. in comparison to the zoomed image, fewer ultrasound pulses are used to create the original ROI

b. the same number of pixels are in the original ROI and the zoomed image

Which of the following terms describes blood flow at a variety of directions at many speeds? a. phasic b. turbulent c. smooth d. laminar

b. turbulent

Which of these is a binary number? a. 12211221 b. 101010120101 c. 1000000 d. 987654321

c. 1000000

Which of the following would have the deepest delay on a TGC curve? a. 3 MHz mechanical scanner b. 5 MHz linear phased array transducer c. 2 MHz annular phased array transducer d. 4 MHz continuous wave transducer

c. 2 MHz annular phased array transducer

How many horizontal scan lines make up an image on a television monitor used in the United States? a. 500 b. 555 c. 525 d. 545

c. 525

A six foot tall standing patient has normal hemodynamics. The patient's arterial blood pressure is 140 mmHg. The patient extends their right arm high above their head. What is the pressure measured at the right thumb of this patient? a. 238 mmHg b. 6 mmHg c. 70 mmHg d. 195 mmHg

c. 70 mmHg

In B-Mode imaging, a small change of impedance between interfaces results in _______. a. a very white reflector b. a small upward spike c. a very dark grey reflector d. none of the above

c. a very dark grey reflector

What will you adjust if you cannot see reflectors in the near field on your image? a. use a higher frequency transducer b. adjust the reject level c. adjust the system's compensation d. decrease the output power

c. adjust the system's compensation

Which transducer type creates an image with horizontal (or side-to-side) band of dropout when one of the active elements is damaged? a. mechanical b. one and one-half array c. annular phased d. linear phased

c. annular phased

A video display that is limited to only black and white, with no other shades of gray, is called _______. a. bitron b. bistone c. bistable d. binary

c. bistable

Lateral resolution __________________. a. increases with frequency b. decreases with frequency c. changes with depth d. increases with depth

c. changes with depth

Which of the following transducers creates a sector-shaped image that is blunted on top? a. mechanical b. linear phased c. convex phased d. annular

c. convex phased

Which choice is best when the image on your ultrasound system is saturated (too bright everywhere)? a. decrease the overall amplification or gain b. adjust the reject level c. decrease the output power d. use a higher frequency transducer

c. decrease the output power

The dynamic range of information _______________________ the more it is processed through the system's components. a. does not change b. remains the same c. decreases d. increases

c. decreases

What else may occur when temporal resolution improves? a. depth of view increases b. intensity decreases c. image quality degrades d. power increases

c. image quality degrades

What is the advantage of a one and one-half dimensional array transducer? a. temporal resolution is improved b. improved axial resolution c. improved elevational resolution d. refraction artifact is eliminated

c. improved elevational resolution

Which of the following correctly describes a typical television display? a. binary b. bistable c. interlaced d. progressive scan

c. interlaced

Which of the following statements regarding a pixel is false? a. collection of bits, assigned to each pixel, stores the shade of gray b. smallest part of a digitized image c. it displays up to 2 shades of gray simultaneously d. image quality is improved when the number of pixels is high

c. it displays up to 2 shades of gray simultaneously

Output power affects all of the following except: a. it alters the signal-to-noise ratio b. it alters patient exposure c. it does not change patient exposure d. it changes brightness of entire image

c. it does not change patient exposure

All of these decrease temporal resolution except: a. multi-focus imaging b. deeper imaging c. narrower sector d. lower frame rate

c. narrower sector

Which of the following focusing techniques allows the sonographer to change the focal depth? a. lens b. curved crystal c. phased array d. external

c. phased array

Which receiver function treats all signals identically? a. time gain compensation b. suppression c. receiver gain d. threshold

c. receiver gain

All of the following are requirements of compression except: a. the range of signals is reduced b. the largest signal remains the largest c. the range of signals is increased d. the smallest signal remains the smallest

c. the range of signals is increased

Which of the following forms of energy loss is increased when a patient's hematocrit increases? a. heat b. friction c. viscosity d. gravity

c. viscosity

Which of the following would have the shallowest delay on a TGC curve? a. 2 MHz annular phased array transducer b. 4 MHz continuous wave transducer c. 3 MHz mechanical scanner d. 5 MHz linear phased array transducer

d. 5 MHz linear phased array transducer

With 6 bits, what is the largest number of different gray shades that can be stored? a. 16 b. 256 c. 8 d. 64

d. 64

On A-Mode display, a strong reflector is represented by _________. a. a very loud noise b. a very squiggly line c. a very bright reflector d. a very large upward spike

d. a very large upward spike

What will you adjust if you cannot see reflectors in the far field on your image? a. adjust the reject level b. decrease the output power c. use a higher frequency transducer d. adjust the system's compensation

d. adjust the system's compensation

A standard television system processes information rapidly to provide the viewer with the sensation of real-time display. How is this achieved? a. alternate even and odd fields at a rate of 60 frames/sec b. 60 frames/sec in sequence c. alternate frames at a rate of 30/sec d. alternate even and odd fields at a rate of 30 frames/sec

d. alternate even and odd fields at a rate of 30 frames/sec

The ___________ determines the firing delay pattern for phased array systems. a. receiver b. pulser c. transducer d. beam former

d. beam former

The use of more active elements to receive reflections with a greater time of flight is called ____________________. a. vector imaging b. duplex imaging c. phased array d. dynamic aperture

d. dynamic aperture

All of the following are true about dynamic aperture except: a. dynamic aperture uses a varying number of crystals during the reception phase b. dynamic aperture is more effective on the reflected rather than the transmitted sound pulse c. it is a form of focusing d. dynamic aperture requires multiple sound pulses to be effective

d. dynamic aperture requires multiple sound pulses to be effective

The firing delay patterns of a linear phased array transducer _______________________. a. focus the sound beam during reception b. improve axial resolution c. improve temporal resolution d. focus the sound beam during transmission

d. focus the sound beam during transmission

Which choice is best when the image on your ultrasound system is too dark everywhere? a. decrease the output power b. use a higher frequency transducer c. adjust the reject level d. increase the receiver gain

d. increase the receiver gain

Which of the following will have no effect upon temporal resolution? a. decreasing sector size b. increasing imaging depth c. increasing # of foci d. increasing transducer frequency

d. increasing transducer frequency

A sonographer increases the number of foci in an image from 1 to 4. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases b. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases c. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution increases d. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases

d. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases

Which of the following factors is related to temporal resolution? a. wavelength b. period c. frequency d. line density

d. line density

Which of the following transducers does not create a sector-shaped image? a. linear phased b. mechanical c. annular phased d. linear sequential

d. linear sequential

Which of the following transducers is best described as creating sound beams that are mechanically steered and conventionally focused? a. linear sequential b. annular c. annular phased d. mechanical

d. mechanical

Which of the following transducers is best described by the following characteristics: sector-shaped image, single PZT crystal, conventional focusing. a. annular phased b. linear phased c. linear sequential d. mechanical

d. mechanical

Which transducer type creates an entirely blank image when only one active element is damaged? a. linear phased b. linear sequential c. annular phased d. mechanical

d. mechanical

A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound scan to double the depth of view from 5 - 10 cm. If the frame rate remains the same, which one the the following also occurs? a. wider sector b. increased line density c. multi-focus imaging turned on d. narrow sector

d. narrow sector

What form of behavior creates harmonics? a. linear b. frequency inversion c. frequency multiplication d. non-linear

d. non-linear

The display mode that has time on the y-axis and depth on the x-axis is ____________-mode. a. amplitude b. motion c. brightness d. none of the answers are correct

d. none of the answers are correct

A patient is standing while undergoing an ultrasound exam. The patient is complaining that the examining room is too dark and that they are becoming tired. The patient is then instructed to take a few deep breaths. If the patient is normal, which of the following best describes the flow patterns of venous return to the heart when they inhale. a. continuous and increasing b. phasic and decreasing c. pulsatile and increasing d. phasic and increasing

d. phasic and increasing

What is the coating on the inner surface of a CRT that glows when it is struck by charged particles? a. sulfur b. tungsten c. carbon d. phosphorous

d. phosphorous

______________ processes extremely weak signals that are susceptible to noise and often takes place in the transducer. a. compression b. compensation c. amplification d. preamplification

d. preamplification

What happens to a digital image when the pixel density increases? a. the field of view expands b. temporal resolution increases c. there are more shades of gray d. spatial detail improves

d. spatial detail improves

A sonographer alters the size of the sector produced by an ultrasound system from 45 degrees to 90 degrees. At the same time, the ultrasound system automatically alters the line density. It is decreased from 4 lines/degree to 2 lines/degree.. No other changes are made. Which of the following statements is true? a. temporal resolution increases b. temporal resolution decreases c. spatial resolution increases d. spatial resolution decreases

d. spatial resolution decreases

A sonographer, using a phased array ultrasound system, turns off the multi-focus feature. What is the most likely consequence of this action? a. imaging depth increases b. temporal resolution degrades c. frame rate decreases d. temporal resolution increases

d. temporal resolution increases

All of the following are true regarding one and one-half dimensional array transducers except: a. thinner imaging slices are created b. the transducer array has a greater number of elements across the face of the probe than up and down on the face of the probe c. elevational resolutions is improved d. three dimensional array images are created

d. three dimensional array images are created