Final Exam Review up to chapter 10
How many spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord between vertebrae?
31
What is a motor unit?
A single nerve cell and all the muscle cells it stimulates
All of the following are blood types except which one?
AB+-
What is the function of the hormone epinephrine?
Raise Metabolic Rate
Which statement is true about up-regulation and down-regulation?
Up-regulation is the increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone and down-regulation is the decrease in the number of receptors for a hormone
Which of the following statements correctly describes white matter and gray matter?
White matter in the brain and spinal cord is a concentration of myelinated axons and gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is a concentration of dendrites
All of the following terms mean adrenal gland except which one?
aden/o
The brain can be divided into what four subdivisions?
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
All of the following combining forms refer to a bone in the hip except which one?
condyl/o
Which part of the neuron receives information?
dendrites
Which of the following combining forms means lower back?
lumb/o
All of the following are tissue classifications except which one?
neurons
What type of receptor detects tissue injury?
nociceptors
What is olfaction?
sense of smell
Which part of the neuron carries the nerve impulse?
axon
Which organelle regulates what enters and exits the cell?
cell membrane
What structure marks the separation of the atria from the ventricles?
coronary sulcus
Which of the following combining forms means rib?
cost/o
All of the following are types of ribs except which one?
costal ribs
What type of cell does the stratum basale contain?
cuboidal
What disorder is characterized by an inability to regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin?
diabetes mellitus
Which of the following combining forms means red?
erythr/o
What is the connective tissue that surrounds several muscles of an area forming muscle compartments?
fascia
What is the proximal long bone of the leg?
femur
Which of the following is not a cranial bone?
foramen
Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?
frontal
The cerebrum is divided into what four major lobes?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Which of the following combining forms means ganglion?
gangli/o
Which of the following would not be considered a formed element of blood?
plasma
Anatomy and physiology is defined as:
the study of the body's structure and how those structures function.
Which type of vertebrae has costal facets?
thoracic
Which taste is described as meaty?
umami
In which of the following regions of the abdomen is the navel located?
umbilical
Which of the following combining forms means ventricle?
ventricul/o
All of the following bones are flat bones except which one?
vertebra
What is the function of ADH?
water retention
Using the rule of nines, the body is divided into __________ areas, each with __________ percent of the body's surface area.
11;9
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the spinal column?
12
What is considered a normal platelet count?
165,000-415,000/mm3 of blood
Which statement best describes a long bone?
A bone that is longer than it is wide and has clubby ends
Which statement best describes a flat bone?
A bone that looks like a sheet of modeling clay molded over an object
What is the pericardium?
A fluid-filled, double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart
All of the following are adaptations that allow the heart to use aerobic respiration for energy except which one?
Cardiac cells have fewer mitochondria
What structure fans out from the end of the AV bundle to the wall of the ventricles?
Purkinje fibers
All of the following are functions of the anterior pituitary gland except which one?
Regulates daily biological rhythms
Which glands are associated with acne?
Sebaceous glands
What is the function of the tunica interna?
Secretes a chemical to repel platelets so blood can easily flow through the vessel
Which of the following statements is false regarding serous membranes?
Serous membranes are found in the thoracic and cranial body cavities.
Which of the following lists the number of each type of vertebrae correctly?
Seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, one sacrum and one coccyx
Which of the following is false regarding the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Signals the heart to beat slower
What structure sends the electrical impulse to stimulate the atria to
Sinoatrial node
Which statement about special senses is false?
Special senses are simple receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, and organs.
All of the following are general categories of hormones except which one?
Steroids, Proteins, Amino acid derivatives
As a person jogs, muscles generate heat. Which structures of the integumentary system help cool the body?
Sweat glands by producing sweat
Which wave on the ECG shows the repolarization of the ventricles?
T wave
What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary produces all of these hormones
Which of the following happens during atrial systole?
The atria depolarize and contract together creating decreased volume and higher pressure in the atria than the ventricles.
What is considered standard anatomical position?
The body is upright, the legs are close together, the feet are flat on the floor, the arms are close to the sides, and the face and palms of the hands are facing forward.
Which of the following statements describes the epidermis?
The epidermis is the skin's most superficial layer.
Which statement correctly describes endocytosis?
The movement of materials in bulk into the cell
Which statement is true regarding the specificity of communication by the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
The nervous system can have higher specificity compared to the endocrine system when considering communication with its target.
Which statement is true regarding the speed of communication by the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
The nervous system responds to stimulus quicker than the endocrine system.
Which statement about the pericardium is false?
The visceral pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardium.
What happens to the four globin chains when hemoglobin is broken down by the liver and spleen?
They are broken down to free amino acids which are then recycled to the bone marrow.
What is the function of the tendinous chords?
They attach the valve to the papillary muscle
How do target tissues regulate their sensitivity to a hormone?
They can change the number of receptors present.
What is the function of tactile corpuscles found in the skin?
To allow skin to feel fine touch
What is the purpose of cornification?
To form a durable, waterproof layer on the surface of the skin
Which of the following correctly describes passive transport?
Transport of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy
Which statement incorrectly describes active transport?
Transport of materials from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
What cardiovascular disorder is characterized by a buildup of fatty deposits within arterial walls?
atherosclerosis
Which chambers in the heart receive blood?
atria
What structure sends the electrical impulse to stimulate the ventricles to contract?
atrioventricular node
Which of the following combining forms means hearing?
audi/o
The lungs are housed in which of the following anatomical regions?
axial
What are the two major anatomical regions of the body?
axial and appendicular
What are the two major divisions of the human skeleton?
axial and appendicular
Starting at the superior end of the spinal column, name the type of vertebrae in order?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Which of the following combining forms means cartilage?
chondr/o
Which of the following combining forms refers to a part of the ear?
cochle/o
All of the following are functions of the blood except which one?
communication
What type of artery carries blood away from the heart?
conducting
Which term describes the ability of a muscle cell to shorten with force?
contractility
Which of the following organs is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
liver
Which organs function to remove old, worn out red blood cells?
liver and spleen
Which term describes an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae?
lordosis
The dorsal cavity houses all of the following organs except which one?
lungs
Which of the following combining forms means upper jaw?
maxill/o
What type of receptor detects pressure?
mechanoreceptors
What is the function of tactile disc?
mechanoreceptors for light touch
Which of the following combining forms means medulla?
medull/o
What cell type in the epidermis is responsible for the skin's pigment?
melanocytes
Which of the following combining forms refers to the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?
mening/o
All of the following organelles play a part in synthesizing and processing proteins except which one?
mitochondria
What type of neuron is the most common in the brain and spinal cord?
multipolar
Which answer choice is not considered a type of connective tissue?
muscle
Which disorder describes a group of genetic disorders that result in progressive weakening, degeneration, and replacement of muscle tissue with fibrous scar tissue?
muscular dystrophy
What organ system is responsible for movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, communication, and heat production?
muscular system
Which of the following combining forms means spinal cord?
myel/o
The muscle cell is composed of what?
myofibril
If a person sustained cervical dislocation in an accident, what region of his/her body was affected?
neck
What type of fracture results in a break in the bone on an angle?
oblique
Which two types of neuroglial cells produce myelin?
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
Which of the following combining forms means straight?
orth/o
Which organ is part of the endocrine and digestive system?
pancreas
The arrangement of what feature in the dermis creates unique fingerprints?
papillae
Which endocrine gland secretes PTH?
parathyroid
Which of the following is not a method of elimination of hormones from the body?
passive transport
What category of signalling may interest the perfume industry?
pheromone
Which of the following meninges is the layer closest to the brain and spinal cord?
pia mater
What term means excessive thirst?
polydipsia
What term means excessive urination?
polyuria
Which of the following anatomical terms of direction refer to the dorsal side of the body?
posterior
What term describes the amount of tension in the myocardium of the ventricular walls?
preload
What structure takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to pick up oxygen?
pulmonary trunk
What structure returns blood from the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary veins
Which bones are long bones of the forearm?
radius and ulna
Which of the following is considered a formed element of blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What organ system is responsible for gas exchange, sense of smell, and creating pressure gradients necessary to circulate blood and lymph?
respiratory system
Blood enters into what structure in the heart from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
How does a sagittal plane separate the body?
right from left
Which type of synovial joint has concave surfaces of the bones that articulate with one another?
saddle
The muscle cell membrane is called what?
sarcolemma
Which of the following neuroglia are found in the PNS?
satellite cells
All of the following terms mean eye except which one?
scler/o
What type of bone resembles a sesame seed and grows in tendons where there is a lot of friction?
sesamoid bone
Which type of memory lasts for a few seconds to a few hours?
short term
What is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial node
Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary and under conscious control?
skeletal
Which type of muscle tissues performs anaerobic respiration?
skeletal
The sensation referred to as "goose bumps" is a result of __________.
stimulation of the arrector pili muscle
What is the function of collagen fibers in the skin?
strength
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the body through what structure?
superior and inferior vena cavae
A patient lying on their back facing upward would be in what position?
supine
All of the following are types of synovial joints except which one?
suture
Which part of the PNS prepares the body for physical activity or fight or flight?
sympathetic
Which term refers to contraction?
systole
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for hearing?
temporal lobe
What term below describes a sustained muscle contraction?
tetany
Which of the following set of anatomical cavities has an organ that serves as a wall between the two?
thoracic and abdominopelvic
All of the following are leukocytes except which one?
thrombocytes
Which gland resembles a bow tie and is located anterior and lateral to the trachea just inferior to the larynx?
thyroid
Blood leaves the right atrium and passes through what valve to get to the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Which valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Which blood vessel layer is composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue and fibrous tissue?
tunica interna
All of the following terms mean ear except which one?
tympan/o
What part of the sternum can be broken during CPR?
xyphoid process
How many cervical vertebrae are in the spinal column?
7
What is an embolus?
A moving, unnecessary clot
What happens to the heme when hemoglobin is broken down by the liver and spleen?
It is broken down to iron and bilirubin.
The cauda equina extends from which vertebrae?
L-1 to S-5
Which of the following statements best describes mitosis?
Mitosis is a type of cell division that involves all cell types except sperm and egg cells
White matter of the spinal cord is composed of what?
Myelinated neurons arranged in columns
A diabetic was smoking and experienced a severe burn. They stated that they did not initially know that their skin was burning however. Which of the following provides the best explanation?
Nerve damage affected the tactile corpuscles.
Which blood type is considered a universal donor because it can be given to anyone?
O
Which of the following statements about sarcomeres is false?
Only thick myofilaments attach to Z-lines
What type of vertebrae are the axis and the atlas?
cervical
All of the following terms mean blood except which one?
leuk/o
What is gray matter of the spinal cord composed of?
All of these make up the gray matter of the spinal cord
Which of the following lists the levels of organization of the human body in the correct order?
Chemical level, organelle level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, systems level, organism level
What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?
Fibrosis involves scar formation and normal function is not restored.
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
An opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through the vertebrae
In pulmonary circulation, what happens to CO2 and O2 in the blood?
CO2 is unloaded and O2 is loaded
How long do red blood cells typically survive?
110-120 days
How many bones make up the adult spinal column?
26
How many anatomical cavities does the thoracic cavity contain?
3
What is considered a normal white blood cell count?
3,540-9,060/mm3 of blood
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient because people with this blood type can accept blood from anyone?
AB
Which endocrine disorder is characterized by adrenal cortex degeneration?
Addison's disease
Which of the following is not composed of matter?
All of the answer choices contain matter.
What is the function of a gland?
All of the answers are correct.
All of the following are ways blood pressure is regulated except which one?
All of these answers are correct.
What is the function of CSF?
All of these are functions of the CSF
Which statement comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration is false?
Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration
What is the function of the tunica externa?
Anchor the vessel to surrounding tissue
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Which statement is true about pulse pressure?
As stroke volume increases, pulse pressure also increases
Which statement incorrectly describes a change in skin as it ages?
Blood vessels are quicker to respond to temperature regulation.
All of the following terms mean sugar except which one?
Both gluc/o and glyc/o
Bryan has a blister on the surface of his palm from raking the leaves. Which set of anatomical terms correctly describes Bryan's blister?
Bryan has a superficial blister on the palmar surface of his palm in the appendicular region of his body.
What is a sinus?
Cavities within the bone
Which of the following is the function of the nervous system?
Communication
Which statement correctly describes kyphosis?
Exaggerated abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
What is a foramen?
Holes in the skull that allow for blood vessels and nerves the pass through
Which of the following is not true regarding the functions of water?
Water chemically bonds molecules to form electrolytes.
What term describes the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta during diastole?
afterload
What type of cellular respiration do muscle cell perform when they do not have oxygen?
anaerobic
What type of circulation involves vessels merging together?
anastomoses
Which of the following combining forms means male?
andr/o
Which disorder results from insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis?
anemia
What is the target tissue for the hypothalamus?
anterior pituitary
What structure takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
aorta
Blood is forced through what valve when leaving the left ventricle?
aortic valve
The subarachnoid space is between what two meninges?
arachnoid mater and pia mater
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
artery
Which of the following combining forms means joint?
arthr/o
Related to affecting two sides refers to which of the following anatomical terms of direction?
bilateral
Which of the following is not associated with a function of the skin?
blood pressure
All of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton except which one?
bones of the leg
Which type of muscle tissue has the ability to self-stimulate meaning; it requires no nerve stimulus for contraction?
cardiac
What term describes the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute?
cardiac output
A patient is complaining of fever, chills, and swelling and redness in their lower legs. The patient is exhibiting signs of __________.
cellulitis
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
central and peripheral
Which of the following combining forms means head?
cephal/o
What anatomical term of direction is used to describe the location of the ankle in relation to the knee?
distal
Which of the following combining forms means tough?
dur/o
Which of the following list the three meninges in the correct order from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
All of the following are functions of the muscular system except which one?
electrolyte balance
All of the following combining forms refer to a part of the brain except which one?
encephal/o
What type of fracture causes a crack in the bone?
hairline
What is the term used to describe the length of time it takes for one half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system?
half-life
Which of the following combining forms means blood?
hemat/o
The abdominopelvic region(s) to the right and left of the epigastric region is (are) the _____ region(s).
hypochondriac
Which gland is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum?
hypothalamus
What is the function of thyroid hormone?
increases metabolic rate
Where is the diaphragm in relation to the lungs?
inferior
Which of the following is an example of how the body can locally control blood pressure?
inflammation
Which of the following is not an anatomical cavity in the body?
inguinal
What structure separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle?
interventricular septum
What type of bone is a vertebra?
irregular bone
