Final Exam Study Guide

in general, which of the following cancers has the worst prognosis?

IV

not considered cancerous cells but have increased likelihood of becoming cancerous

Stage 0

all describe a cancerous tumor, the higher the number = the larger the tumor and the more it has spread from its site of origination to tissues in distant areas of the body

Stage I, II, III

cancer has metastasized and spread from its site of origination to tissues in distant areas of the body

Stage IV

5-year survival rate

an indication of what proportion of patients diagnosed with a particular type of cancer survived 5 years after diagnosis

sex prevalence rates in U.S. for diabetes:

are only slightly higher in men than women

the Diabetes Prevention Program found that:

behavioral changes can be more effective than metformin in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes

individuals are classified as prediabetic based on their:

blood glucose levels

many of the major complications of diabetes are thought to start with the effect of hyperglycemia on:

blood vessels

what is the second leading cause of death:

cancer

type 1 diabetes

caused by a depletion of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, usually diagnosed at a relatively young age

in second half of the twentieth century, mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease have:

declined on average

a blood clot that is carried from its site of origin and can block a blood vessel at a site distant from its site of origin -

embolus

despite the rapid increase in diabetes prevalence in the United States, it is still not one of the top-10 causes of death

false

screening tests are generally used as diagnostic tests for individuals who were previously unaware they had the disease

false

the term "cancer" describes any tumor, whether the tumor is classified as benign or malignant

false

diabetes mellitus was named based on what symptoms present in diabetics?

high urine output, high glucose levels in urine

race rates for diabetes:

hispanic and black populations are at a higher risk of developing diabetes than white individuals, native americans are at the highest risk of all groups in U.S.

the most common form of cardiovascular disease is:

hypertension

stroke belt:

in the 1960s, 11 southeastern states had stroke mortality rates that were more than 10% greater than the national average and higher than the normal rates of other types of CVD

pre-diabetes

individuals have not been diagnosed with diabetes and are not diagnosable based on blood glucose levels, have higher than normal blood glucose levels

type 1 diabetes is generally characterized by ____, while type 2 diabetes is generally characterized by ____

insulin deficiency, insulin resistance

specifically refers to a restriction in blood supply to a tissue

ischemia

a screening tool helps lead to diagnosis of cancer 1 year earlier than the onset of clinical symptoms. however, this early diagnosis doesn't lead to an overall increase in longevity. if the 1 year difference in time of diagnosis is included in survival time when assessing the value of the screening tool, what type of bias is occuring?

lead time bias

one reason to use likelihood ratios rather than predictive values is:

likelihood ratios are not influenced by prevalence of the disease

which of the following types of cancer is responsible for causing the most cancer deaths in men and women?

lung & bronchus

common causes of cancer in females:

lung & bronchus, breast, colon & rectum, pancreas, ovary

common causes of cancer deaths in males:

lung & bronchus, prostate, colon & rectum, pancreas, liver & intrahepatic bile duct

gestational diabetes

only affects pregnant women, involves a temporary disruption in how the body secretes and/or responds to insulin

A new screening tool for a slowly-progressing disease is developed and is immediately used extensively, identifying a large number of disease cases. It is later learned, however, that many of the cases were identified at such a late age that the patients were unlikely to have even experienced symptoms before dying of natural causes. This is an example of:

overdiagnosis bias

greatest risk factor for diabetes, present in up to 90% of type 2 diabetes cases:

overweight and obesity

which of the following risk factors is present in up to 90% of type 2 diabetes cases:

overweight and obesity

insulin is produced primarily in the:

pancreas

"bad" cancers based on 5-year survival rates:

pancreas, stomach, esophagus, lung & bronchus, stomach

thrombus

plaques in atherosclerosis can rupture leading to formation of blood clots within the arteries

type 2 diabetes

produce enough insulin but the cells of their bodies stop responding properly to insulin

in a sample of 1000 people who are screened, 100 actually disease B. A screening tool identifies 700 of the 900 non-diseased individuals as being disease-free. 78% is a measurement of the screening tool's:

specificity

which of the following cancers is generally considered to be a "bad' cancer based on 5-year survival rates?

stomach

atherosclerosis

the buildup of substances found in the blood (fat and cholestrol) in the walls of the arteries until they form hardened structures called plaques

myocardial infarction

the death of the heart tissue

infarction

the death of tissue, if the restriction continues for a prolonged period of time the tissue will begin to die

a 5-year survival rate refers to:

the proportion of patients who are still alive 5 years after cancer diagnosis

in assessing a screening test, a researcher calculates a likelihood positive likelihood ratio of 14. this suggest that:

there is a very good chance that someone who receives a positive result on the test does actually have the disease

"good" cancers based on 5-year survival rates:

thyroid, testis, prostate, melanoma, breast (female)

type 2 diabetes can be considered a pandemic

true

type 2 represents 90-95% of cases

type 1 represents 5-10%

most of the diabetes cases in the world are of what type of diabetes?

type 2

the vast majority of diabetes cases in the United States and world are of this type of diabetes:

type 2

ischemia

when blood flow to a tissue is restricted, the tissue is deprived of oxygen and other important substances like glucose

embolus

when clots dislodge and travel to another location in circulatory system