final exam studying <3333
Kyra would ultimately like to become an agent for the FBI. She is trying to plan her career path, so that after high school she will be able to reach her goal. What level of education is MOST likely necessary for Kyra to attain?
bachelor's degree
In what way does the criminal justice system teach morality?
by establishing a line between right and wrong
How can citizens act as 'gatekeepers' for the criminal justice system?
by reporting to police if they suspect a crime has been committed
How did companies like Standard Oil contribute to the need for antitrust laws?
Standard Oil prevented other companies from competing with them.
What element is different about a corporate crime, as opposed to an occupational crime?
The crime involves a companywide policy.
What did history's Edward Teach and Carlo Gambino have in common?
They both had hundreds of men working under them.
Prisha is an attorney who is defending a man accused of murdering a police officer. During voir dire, she asks if any jurors have family that are in law enforcement. One man raises his hand, stating that his daughter is a detective. What action would Prisha MOST likely take?
Challenge the selection of the juror for cause, since he is unlikely to be impartial.
A Justice of the Peace must have a law degree to be appointed to the position.
False
An example of police-community relations programs is Neighborhood Watch.
False
If a person admits guilt, they still have to go to trial so that the state can lay out the case.
False
If police feel that there is cause to arrest someone, prosecutors are obligated to file charges against them.
False
Illegal drug use has increased since the 1970s in the United States.
False
What company was involved in a notorious case of knowingly hiding a dangerous product?
Ford
Since Christopher Simmons appealed his case to the Supreme Court, what punishment was determined in his case?
He was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
After 26-year-old Kayden failed a sobriety test when he was pulled over, he was arrested for driving under the influence. He has never been in trouble before and admits that he had too much to drink before getting behind the wheel. Thankfully, Kayden was pulled over before anyone was hurt. The magistrate decides that Kayden does need to face the charge against him. Given his history and the crime, where will the magistrate MOST likely send Kayden?
He will release Kayden on his own recognizance.
A secretary in an accounting office takes home a printer she found stored in the closet at work. She reasons that no one has been using it so she might as well get some use out of it. What kind of crime is this an example of?
Individual Occupational Crime
Death penalty states do not see a decrease in the amount of violent crimes, such as murder, committed. What does this suggest as to the effectiveness of the death penalty?
It does not deter criminal activity.
What group in the United States is MOST likely to be stereotyped as involved with organized crime?
Italian Americans
Highland Village, Texas, has implemented a program that involves parents working with police to guide at-risk young people. If a young person is caught committing a petty crime, police work with their parents to decide on a punishment that the parents can enforce. What kind of police program is this an example of?
police-community relationship program
Although the judge in trial court may have rendered a decision, for what reason can a person convicted of a crime appeal to the appellate court?
when there may be an error on a point of law
What percentage of Americans has tried an illegal drug at some point in their life?
46 percent
A pharmacist has been found guilty of taking drugs from his pharmacy for his own personal use. Because he did not attempt to sell the drugs, the judge does not believe he is dangerous to society. It is obvious that he has an addiction, though. What sentence will MOST likely be imposed on the pharmacist?
6-months in a drug treatment facility
Ermal owns a small shop in the village that his parents and grandparents have lived in all his life. In the last several years, an organized criminal group has demanded that Ermal pay protection money to them. This boils down to a threat that if Ermal doesn't give them money, his shop will be plundered or destroyed. Ermal's grandfather says that this would never have been the case in his day, when the government kept a tight rein on commerce. But since the government fell, these criminals are free to carry on. With what criminal organization is Ermal MOST likely dealing?
Albanian Mafia
The jury in Dare County finds a defendant guilty of burglary in the second degree. The defendant maintains their innocence and does not agree with the jury's ruling. What court would be the next step for the defendant to make their case?
Appellate Court
During voir dire, the defense attorney asks the prospective jurors if anyone knows the defendant or victim personally. One juror raises their hand and explains that the victim is their next-door neighbor. What action will the defense attorney MOST likely take?
Challenge the selection of this juror for cause.
A man has been charged with the crime of murder after a heated scuffle with his neighbor over the holidays. What court would MOST likely be the location of the man's trial?
Court of General Jurisdiction
Valentina was found guilty of manslaughter by a jury after she killed her boyfriend. Valentina continues to swear that she was defending herself because her boyfriend was threatening her with a gun. She appealed the ruling, but the Appellate Court upheld her conviction. What step will Valentina's lawyer MOST likely take?
File for a hearing in the State Supreme Court.
Antonio, a 45-year-old, has been charged with fraud for conning an elderly couple into giving him their ATM card. A judge listens to the evidence against him and decides that Antonio should be charged. Antonio's lawyer points out that he has never been a violent person. He concedes that the charge against Antonio is serious but promises that if set free until trial, he will return to face the charges. Given his history and the crime, what will the judge MOST likely do to Antonio at this stage?
He will set bail for Antonio at $3000
Sara does not often ask questions about her father's past. He emmigrated to the United States and tells her that the man he was before did bad things. Sara sometimes wonders about the tattoos that cover much of her father's body. She is thankful that he works hard, taking care of his family. Her mother says that in the past, Sara's father was part of an organized crime syndicate. What criminal organization did Sara's father MOST likely belong to?
Japanese Yakusa
When Edwin Sutherland closely examined companies in the United States, what was he surprised to find?
Many times, when companies violated the law, it was intentional.
Officers have been called to the scene of an altercation outside a crowded restaurant. Two men were evidently arguing over a sports event. The argument escalated, with both men throwing punches. By the time officers arrived on the scene, one man was holding his nose, which was profusely bleeding. The other was nursing a quickly blackening eye. Several people loitered around the entrance to the club. After speaking with both men on the scene, officers leave without making an arrest. What is the MOST likely reason for their choice in this situation?
Neither man wanted to press charges.
Under pressure to open new accounts, a bank employee creates savings accounts in the names of current customers. The accounts are small, and a fee is deducted from their current accounts to cover the new savings. This allows the employee to show 100 new accounts opened for the month and nets the bank $1000 in fees. What kind of crime is this an example of?
Organizational Occupational Crime
According to some, what is the best way to control organized crime?
Reduce the demand for the goods and services that it provides.
What question did the Christopher Simmons case raise for the American justice system?
Should juveniles be treated as adults in the court system?
Nala is writing a report on criminal organizations found close to her home country. In her research, she finds that there is a movement of ordinary fishermen who are trying to fight back against these criminals. They are pooling their funds to try to purchase police boats to be able to pursue the criminals. What criminal organization is Nala MOST likely reporting about?
Somali pirates
A health insurance company wants the opportunity to cover the accounts of all county employees. In order to land this account, they must get the approval of the county board of directors. The board members mention that they are taking some time off to prepare for the holidays and say that the company might stay on their minds if they were given some holiday spending cash. What kind of crime is this an example of?
State Authority Occupational Crime
When Sutherland first coined the term 'white-collar crime' he said that there were two qualifications for a crime to be classified as white-collar. The first is that the perpetrator must be of "high social status." What was the second qualification?
The crime had to be related to the person's occupation.
What is the effect of fines on companies who are found guilty of price fixing?
The fine they pay is much less than the profit they made from their crime.
In the plantations of the old South, how could the opinions and disposition of the owner affect the handling of crime?
The plantation owner made the laws and set the punishments so they could be lenient or harsh.
One of the hallmarks of occupational crime is its focus on the individual.
True
One of the reasons that organized crime has been around so long is that it provides goods and services that society wants.
True
Studies show that an individual is more likely to be arrested if the victim is a stranger to the suspect and if the victim favors an arrest in the situation.
True
The defendant has the option of a trial by jury or by judge.
True
The largest category of cases handled by the federal district courts are drug cases.
True
The police may decide not to continue an investigation if they do not have a witness willing to testify.
True
In reading about the San Francisco Vigilance Committee, what can you deduce about the definition of vigilante justice?
Vigilante justice occurs when ordinary citizens try to enforce the law without authority.
Convicted of a gruesome crime, a defendant is sentenced to be executed. Their lawyer immediately appeals but until another court overrules this decision, the defendant must await their execution date. What is this stage of the process referred to?
death row
The Innocence Project, founded in 1992, uses newly discovered DNA testing and other investigation to uncover new evidence in crimes where a defendant claims to have been unjustly convicted. They fight against the use of tactics like jailhouse informants, false confessions, and eyewitness misidentification to ultimately convict someone of a crime. What model of criminal justice would you say that The Innocence Project believes in?
due process
Ava is a social worker who runs a program in a large women's prison. She holds classes with the inmates, teaching them how to manage their finances and navigate the healthcare system. What kind of rehabilitation is Ava involved in?
educational
Investigators find that the Chief Financial Officer of a large banking company has taken $4 million belonging to investors to buy a house on a tropical island. What classification would BEST describe this crime?
elite deviance
In the late 1980s several savings and loan companies folded, costing those who had invested their retirement funds thousands of dollars. Upon investigation, it was found that representatives of the companies were taking funds that were supposed to be owned by investors and depositing them into their own bank accounts. This was usually a crime committed by two or three top executives of the company. What crime would these men MOST likely be found guilty of?
embezzlement
Which official does NOT work in the criminal justice system?
emergency room physician
A protein powder company has recently come out with a new formula. On their labels, they describe how much muscle is built with every shake made with it. Testing by an independent lab shows that there is nothing in the powder that would build muscle. What kind of crime is this company committing?
false advertising
A large investment company has used the money that its clients entrusted them with to buy risky stock instead of the bonds that it promised. Unfortunately, the stock they invested in lost money. During the shareholders meeting, the company provides statements showing a modest gain on bonds. What kind of crime is this company committing?
fraud
While driving home from her sister's wedding reception, 29-year-old Tia is found guilty of driving while intoxicated and is arrested by police. Since she has no criminal record, the judge decides that it is likely that Tia will not drive while intoxicated again. What sentence will MOST likely be imposde on Tia?
one-year probation
Khalil works in an advertising agency. Because the agency is constantly printing samples for customers, the printer ink is well stocked. Whenever Khalil changes the printer ink, he pockets one cartridge for his printer at home. If caught, what crime would Khalil MOST likely be accused of?
pilferage
Which activity is NOT a common source of income for organized crime?
pilferage
When the police have gathered enough evidence to arrest a suspect and presented the prosecutor with it, the prosecutor lays out the evidence in front of a judge. The judge considers the evidence and decides that the case will go forward. At this point, the defendant can enter a plea of not guilty or guilty. What is this point in the justice system process called?
preliminary hearing
During a routine traffic stop, a young man is found to have illegal drugs in his car. He says that it is not enough to sell but is for his own personal use. The young man doesn't understand why it is illegal for him to have the drugs, since he is the only one affected when he uses them. What kind of crime has this young man committed?
public order crime
Which is generally NOT required for someone to become a police officer?
recommendations from teachers
What is an example of alternative sanctions?
so-called "boot camps"
For what crime might a person need to appear in front of a Federal Magistrate?
stealing someone's mail
What is the MOST important factor in the decision to arrest someone?
the evidence against the person
When John Smith created the law in Jamestown Colony that if a man did not work, he could not eat, what was MOST likely his intent?
to motivate people to work harder
Because drug cartels in countries like Columbia move their products to other areas like Mexico and the United States, what kind of crime are they committing?
transnational organizational crime
Which would be an example of a State Authority Occupational Crime?
A city planner allows a construction project to move forward in exchange for stock in the company.
Prosecutors must go over cases that are sent to them by the police investigators. Sometimes, they dismiss the charges. Sometimes, they move the case to a lesser or different court. What reason would NOT be acceptable for a prosecutor to refuse to try a case?
They believe the victim brought the crime on themselves.
Most people who embezzle money depend on others in the company as accomplices.
False
Once law enforcement is able to prosecute the boss of a criminal organization, the criminal activities of that organization cease.
False
The FBI believes they have found a source of money laundering for a crime syndicate. They suspect that documents are being held in a warehouse by the boat docks. In order to raid this warehouse in search of the documents, the FBI is going to need a search warrant. What court or official will they MOST likely ask for this warrant?
Federal Magistrate
A dentist uses silver amalgam to fill the cavity in a patient's tooth but when the bill is sent to the insurance company, it states that they used porcelain instead. What kind of crime is this an example of?
Professional Occupational Crime
What is the difference between the duties of a grand jury and that of a trial jury?
The grand jury decides if there is a probability that the defendant committed the crime, while the trial jury finds guilt or not.
One of the fundamental rights of defendants in the justice system is the right to a fair trial. How is this right protected when a jury is sequestered?
The jury will not hear things from outside sources that might influence their decision.
Police are investigating the site of a convenience store robbery. The glass door was broken, and it looks as if several packages of cigarettes are missing from behind the counter. One police officer notices a man walking past the store and gets an odd feeling about him. He stops the man and insists on searching his pockets. Inside the man's pockets, police find several packs of cigarettes. They arrest the man and charge him with the crime. Unfortunately, the judge throws out the charges. What is MOST likely the judge's reason for dismissal?
The policeman did not have probable cause to search the man.
During his closing argument for a client accused of armed robbery, Ryan points out that the prosecutor never produced solid evidence that his client committed the crime. Yes, he admits, the perpetrator matches his client's description. And he admits that his client was walking in the neighborhood at the time of the robbery. But he points out that there was no weapon or stolen valuables found on his client when they were arrested. The prosecution feels that the evidence presented is enough to prove that Ryan's client committed the crime. What standard is Ryan MOST likely going to remind the jury of?
The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that his client is guilty.
Which would be an example of an Organizational Occupational Crime?
The regional manager of a janitorial supply company slyly bills his customers $10 more per visit, boosting his branch's profit.
What flaw did the Wickersham report expose about America's justice system?
The report showed that crimes were prosecuted and punished differently all over the country.
In looking back, what fact might make some question the execution of those who were found guilty during the Salem Witch Trials?
The trials and executions were carried out quickly without much deliberation or investigation.
While investigating a case involving a stolen dog, police receive a tip about a woman on the street who has been seen trying to lure dogs into her yard with treats. The police go to the woman's house to speak to her. When she answers the door, police hear barking from the back of the house. They ask the woman to show them who is barking. Before she can answer, the stolen dog bounds out of the kitchen toward the officers. They arrest the woman for theft and take her to the police station. Immediately, officers begin to question the woman, who eventually confesses to stealing the dog. Once she is charged, though, she pleads not guilty. Her lawyer says that her confession does not matter because the police missed an important procedure during the case. What procedure did the police MOST likely forget?
They did not read the woman her Miranda warning when arresting her.
What tactic did famous crime bosses like Edward Teach and Carlo Gambino MOST likely use to keep order in their organizations?
They used fear and violence to keep people in line.
Amelia, aged 21, is on trial for poisoning her small infant. The case has made the news and most people in the town already know about it. Trying to find anyone who will be sympathetic to Amelia is going to be difficult. What prospective juror might the prosecution use a preemptory challenge on?
a 36-year-old mother of two who admitted to suffering from postpartum depression.
Brayden, aged 40, is on trial for embezzling funds from his company. In the course of the investigation, it is uncovered that Brayden has a gambling addiction and stole the money to cover his debts. Brayden is happily married with two children. During voir dire, which prospective juror would Brayden's attorney MOST likely use a preemptory challenge on?
a 45-year-old executive who manages a large printing company
Norfolk, Virginia has a program where citizens volunteer to be 'ambassadors' in the downtown area. These volunteers wear special vests identifying themselves and perform regular walks through the streets. They provide directions to tourists and help homeless find information about shelters and soup kitchens in the area. If something or someone causes a disturbance, the ambassadors are the first ones who attempt to deescalate the situation. What kind of police program is this an example of?
community policing program
An auto manufacturer supplies replacement parts for their vehicles. Although they box the parts with their own logo, the parts are actually repackaged parts of lower quality. The policy of the manufacturer is to charge full price for these replacement parts. According to Marshall Clinard and Richard Quinney, what kind of crime is this?
corporate crime
Saanvi is incarcerated because of a drug conviction. During her prison time, she attends meetings for those with substance abuse problems. They discuss the triggers that lead to substance abuse and figure out new coping mechanisms to use instead. What kind of rehabilitation is Saanvi taking advantage of?
counseling
A convicted felon escapes from a prison facility. Police suspect that someone in the neighboring town is hiding the woman. Even after holding press conferences to plead for the public to turn her in, they are still no closer to finding the fugitive. One officer suggests that they conduct a house to house search for the fugitive because she is almost certainly hiding in one of them. The sergeant explains that searching every citizen's home without probable cause would be against the law. The officer retorts that the most important thing is to get the dangerous woman back in prison where she belongs, for the protection of all the citizens. What model of criminal justice would you say the officer MOST likely believes in?
crime control
Violet handles the books for a prominent doctor. She also takes care of a box in which petty cash is kept. Every evening, while counting out the petty cash, Violet puts five dollars in her purse. She thinks that this is such a small amount that the doctor will never notice. If caught, what crime would Violet MOST likely be accused of?
embezzlement
Andre lives in a neighborhood that has become known for drug activity. He notices that police cars have begun to slowly drive down his street at different intervals during the day. His father says that the police are trying to remind residents that they are around and will punish those who break the law. What law enforcement goal is this an example of?
general deterrence
Jamal looks up to his father, a police officer, more than anyone in the world. He wants to follow in his father's footsteps by becoming a police officer as well. Jamal studies hard in school and volunteers after school in the community. What is the FIRST goal that Jamal needs to reach to pursue his dream of becoming a police officer?
graduate from high school
After standing trial for multiple muggings, Zeke is given a jail sentence of two years in prison. The judge says that Zeke is a menace to the public, and it is his duty to make sure that the public is kept safe from Zeke's future actions. What goal of law enforcement does the judge's reason cover?
incapacitation
At the end of jury deliberation, Abdul stands up before the judge. He reads the decision of the jury to the entire courtroom. In these proceedings, what is MOST likely Abdul's role?
jury foreperson
Bella's family has fallen on hard times. Her father lost his job, but the rent is due. Bella's father does not have good credit so he cannot ask the bank for a loan. He goes to a man recommended by a friend. The man agrees to loan Bella's father the money. He says that Bella's father can pay him back whenever he can but that every day he waits, the man will charge interest on top of the amount he owes. This means that if Bella's father borrows $500, in one month's time, he must pay back the man $2300. What criminal activity is this an example of?
loan sharking
What is the lending of money at interest rates higher than the legal limits called?
loan sharking
Because of the neighborhood in which he grew up, Angel is bilingual. He is familiar with many known in his neighborhood to deal drugs. Angel has successfully finished his time on probation as a new police officer and would like to try his hand in a special division of the police force. Considering his background, what specialty would Angel MOST likely find appealing?
narcotics
Manuel's father likes to play poker with his friends. He has become extremely good at it and soon gets a reputation for being a challenging opponent. Someone invites Manuel's father to a private poker game in which every person must put up $10,000 just to play. Manuel's father is warned not to talk about the game because it is against the law. What kind of criminal activity does this high-stake poker game fall under?
public order crime
A woman with a prior history of drunk driving was involved in a hit and run of a three-year-old girl. The jury found her guilty of manslaughter, acknowledging that she didn't know the girl and didn't plan to hit her. The judge sentenced her to 10 years in prison, citing that her careless and illegal behavior cost a young life and caused pain to a family. What goal of law enforcement does the judge's reason cover?
punishment
An internet provider has been the only one available in the county for many years. A small startup has recently opened, offering customers internet at a much lower rate. The original internet provider buys the building that is being rented by the startup and raises their rent to an unfair amount. This makes it impossible for the startup to stay in business. If brought to the attention of authorities, what kind of crime would the company MOST likely be accused of?
restraint of trade
What classification would BEST describe a millionaire who moved their bank accounts out of the country in order to evade paying taxes?
upperworld crime
In a facility for violent offenders, James holds classes twice a week on growing bonsai trees. He shows the inmates how to patiently care for these unique plants. Many of the men who attend James's classes say that taking care of their plants makes them happy. What kind of rehabilitation is James involved in?
wellness
What might a new police officer learn while on probation that they did not learn in police academy?
what to say to grieving parents
