Final Grupos!!!!1234
Storming stage
The beginning of transition stage in which members start to compete with others to find their place in the group. This unsettling aspect of the group involves struggles over power and control that may be both overt and covert
Anthony states: "Since the accident left me paralyzed, I'm unable to walk. Imagine what it's like being a productive worker one day and being at home confined to a wheelchair now!" Which of the following is an appropriate reaction of the counselor utilizing the principle of clarifying?
"Anthony, not only have you been severely injured. You are now left paralyzed. Your life has been altered in many ways, and I sense the frustration which you are feeling."
Frances is recently divorced. She weeps openly and often. As a counselor and group leader, you too have gone through a painful divorce. Which of the following is not an appropriate response?
"I know exactly what you are going through"
Which of the following is not a legitimate fear associated with members of a therapeutic group?
"I'm getting married soon. At the wedding, what if somebody recognized my therapist?"
Conflict resolution
"Is based on the underlying notion that conflict is essentially negative and destructive." Primary focus is on ending a specific conflict.
Candace has decided not to accept Roger into her group. After breaking the news, which of the following is considered the most ethically appropriate and most inclusive response?
"Roger, other groups will come along, and we'll keep you in mind. However, I see the frustration you are feeling. Would you like to talk about those feelings?"
Steps to soften or alleviate a premature ending
1. Inform the group asap about their departure 2. Discuss thoroughly the ramifications of such a move with the member and the group in a safe, protected atmosphere 3. Members should be helped to realize what they have gained from the group and positive steps to take.
7 ways of indirect resistance
1. Intellectualization 2. Questioning 3. Advice giving 4. Band-Aiding 5. Dependency 6. Monopolizing 7. Attack of the group leader
Group leaders must make 3 modifications in working with groups:
1. Must understand what culture is 2. Group theory & technique must be modified & applied to different cultures 3. Group theory & techniques must be developed that acknowledge, explore, and use group member differences to facilitate change & growth
Regardless of theory, closing entails 4 steps:
1. Orientation 2. Summarization 3. Discussion of goals 4. Follow-up
Important capping skills for groups to employ are:
1. Reviewing and summarizing the group experience 2. Assessing members' growth, change (or achievement) 3. Finishing business 4. Applying change to everyday life (implementing decisions) 5. Providing feedback 6. Handling good-byes 7. Planning for continued problem resolution
A leader may employ group exercises for at least 7 reasons
1. To increase the comfort level 2. To provide the leader with useful information 3. To generate discussion and focus the group 4. To shift the focus 5. To deepen the focus 6. To provide the opportunity for experiential learning 7. To provide fun and relaxation
Multicultural groups have 3 common goals (according to DeLucia-Waack, 1996):
1. To understand the situation that brought the person to the group from a cultural perspective 2. To approach all events and behavior in the group from a functional perspective 3. Help members make sense of "new behaviors, beliefs, and skills within a cultural context"
5 conflict management orientations
1. competing 2. accommodating 3. collaborating 4. avoiding 5. compromising
6 other factors that either contribute to or distract from the development of teams
1. leadership style 2. member maturity and motivation 3. group task or purpose characteristics 4. membership stability and group size 5. time availability 6. organizational, institutional, cultural, and societal expectations
4 Myths of multicultural groups
1.Discussion of racial or cultural differences will offend group members 2. Groups can be truly homogeneous 3. Group members differences do not affect the process and outcome of task and psycho-educational groups 4. Group work theory is appropriate for all clients
Assessing members' growth and change
The emphasis is on individuals' memories of themselves at the beginning of the group and now. The idea is to have members share significant gains with themselves and others.
Open quadrant
The first quadrant, contains information that is generally known to self and others.
Unknown quadrant
The fourth quadrant, is full of potential. It contains material hidden from self and others because of a lack of opportunity. As the group progresses, this quadrant shrinks. It may be developed in the group because of crises or opportunities.
Confrontation
The idea is for members to challenge one another to examine the discrepancies between their words and actions.
Informal feedback
The leader may ask members to give their reactions to a group session in an un-structure way at any time they wish. Such an invitation is likely to increase spontaneity and sensitivity.
Hidden quadrant
The second quadrant, contains undisclosed information known only to oneself. This quadrant shrinks during the working stage, through self-disclosure.
In groups of all types, approximately _____________ of the total group time will be spent in the working stage. 1. 20-80% 2. 40-60% 3. 30-70% 4. 50%
40-60%
Incorporation
A final dimension that must be considered in the working stage of the group. A personal awareness and appreciation of what the group has accomplished on both an individual and a collective level.
Feedback
A final global way of dealing with the storming part of transition. Members discuss how they are doing and what they think needs to be done. This process can take place in a formal or an informal way.
A new group leader, whether new to the profession or straight out of school, can bring which strength to the table to compensate for his or her lack of experience?
A fresh perspective
Modeling
A method is used to teach group members complex behaviors in a relatively short time by copying or imitating. This method depends on timing, reinforcement, the amount of positive feedback received, the view of the group leader, the degree of trust, and the amount of motivation for imitation.
Synectics
A novel way of helping groups in the working stage become more productive. The word in Greek means the joining together of different and apparently irrelevant elements.
Excursions
A very refreshing and stimulating part of synectics. In these activities, members actually take a break- a vacation-from problem solving and engage in exercises involving fantasy, metaphor, and analogy.
Brainstorming
A way to stimulate divergent thinking, requires an initial generating of ideas in a nonjudgmental manner. The premise of this approach is that critical evaluation of ideas and actions often holds back creativity and member participation.
An important triad of sources for ethical information for group work specialists includes the Association for Specialists in Group Work's Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers (2000), the Principles for Diversity Competent Group Workers (1999), and the ________. 1. APA Code of Ethics 2. ACA Code of Ethics 3. NASPA Code of Ethics 4. Aspirational Ethics
ACA Code of Ethics
Baca and Koss-Chioino (1997) recommend that group counselors working with groups of Hispanics/Latinos should be validating, supportive, and ___________________. 1. Cautious 2. Active 3. Passive 4. Aggressive
Active
When a leader suspects that a group member is breaking down confidentiality, she or he should ________________. 1. Ignore the problem 2. Call the member at home 3. Discuss the matter with one whose confidence was broken 4. Address the breach during group time
Address the breach during group time
To prevent premature closing, the group leader should make sure that... 1. The group starts and ends on time 2. Treat group members in a professional manner 3. Send reminders to group members if there are long interval between sessions 4. All of the above
All of the above
Therapeutic fairy tale
An example of projection. Within 6-10 minutes, members are to write their story beginning with "Once upon a time" and including: a) a problem or predicament b) a solution, even if it appears outlandish c) a positive, pleasing ending. The time limit helps members focus on the task and prevents resistance
Nominal-group technique (NGT)
Another helpful procedure for getting the group to work. This process has up to six steps.
Commitment
Another main, task-related goal of the norming stage. This applies to the group as a whole and its rules as well as to individual goals. The group and its members begin to operate on a higher level when commitment is a central part of the group.
Processing
Another strategy for helping groups maximize their resources in the working stage. It can be defined as capitalizing on significant happenings in the here-and-now interactions of the group to help members reflect on the meaning of their experience; better understand their own thoughts, feelings, and actions; and generalize what is learned to their life outside the group.
Rating sheet
Another way of closing a group and obtaining an accurate picture of how the group assessed the session. The leader distributes a _______ to members to fill out including: involvement, risk taking, goals, emotional involvement, feedback, and productivity.
Synectics theory
Applies to the integration of diverse individuals into "a problem-stating, problem-solving group." It follows the general pattern of group discussions-problem statement, discussion, solution generation, and decision.
By means of cultural influences, asking an African-American to "tone things down" can often be construed by the party as all of the following except:
Appropriate only if the person asking is of the same race
When looking at the stages of a group, transitions from one to another can be defined as _____________ and ____________.
Arbitrary and overlapping.
Boundaries
Are physical and psychological parameters under which a group operates such as beginning and ending on time or sitting in a certain configuration such as a circle.
African Americans
Are quite diverse, and within-group differences are great. Yet, collectively, most share a common bond that is the result of the legacy of slavery and bondage that prevailed in the United States from 1619-1865.
Written projections
Are yet another means to help a group during the working stages. Members are asked to see themselves or their groups in the future having been successful and to describe what the experience was like. Members are able to play with their fantasies at times as well as be realistic.
Penelope is the most difficult client whom group leader Ari has had to deal with in his 30 years of practice. She is disruptive, rude, overbearing, and confrontational. Just now, an intense argument was initiated by Penelope. Two other members have threatened to quit the group. Which of the following is correct?
Ari should state his observations and hunches in a tentative manner.
Group leaders who make the best and wisest ethical and legal decisions are those who are informed by ______________. 1. Their professional associates 2. Their conscience 3. As many sources as possible 4. Strict adherence to an ethic
As many sources as possible
Isabella continually refers to "Kyle" in what often prove to be lengthy tangents regarding her college years. The name itself evokes a high degree of passion. The group leader can/should:
Ask the counselee how Kyle relates to the present issues
The converse of guardedness in a therapeutic group is....
Authenticity
_____________________ group leaders are often charismatic and manipulative. 1. Exclusive 2. Authoritarian 3. Laissez-faire 4. Democratic
Authoritarian
The promotion of self-determination of the power to choose one's own direction in life is often referred to as ___________________________. 1. Beneficence 2. Autonomy 3. Fidelity 4. Loyalty
Autonomy
The promotion of self-determination. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
Autonomy
Primary tension
Awkwardness about being in a strange situation
Working stage
Begins after a group makes the transition from forming to resolving conflicts and norming. This stage focuses on the achievement of individual and group goals and the movement of the group itself into a more unified and productive system. This stage is often regarded as the most productive stage in group development and is characterized by its constructive nature and the achievement of results.
Promoting the good of others. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
Beneficence
Contains information originally unknown to oneself but known to others. 1. Open Quadrant 2. Hidden Quadrant 3. Blind Quadrant 4. Unknown Quadrant
Blind Quadrant
The _____________ of the Johari window is originally unknown to oneself but known to others when the group begins. 1. Unknown quadrant 2. Blind quadrant 3. Open quadrant 4. Hidden quadrant
Blind quadrant
Intervening to stop counterproductive behavior in the group. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Blocking
Physical and psychological parameters under which a group operates are known as ____________________. 1. Boundaries 2. Distance 3. Transference 4. Goals
Boundaries
Rehearsal
Can be done in the group setting with members showing others how they plan to act in particular situations.
"Summarizing" is a skill that group members use to reflect and recall significant events or experiences in the group at its end. This process is often called: 1. Capping 2. Ending 3. Renunciation 4. Appraisal
Capping
When engaging in _____________ the group leader shows a genuine concern for others through their openness and honesty. 1. Caring 2. Reflecting Feeling 3. Active Listening 4. Supporting
Caring
Corrective feedback is also known as
Challenging feedback
Groupthink
Closedness, and the conformity promoted by it, may lead to a destructive process that is regressive in nature. In this phenomenon, there is a "deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures."
A _________________ is a professional or a professional-in-training who undertakes the responsibility of a group with another leader in a mutually determined manner. 1. Facilitator 2. Mediator 3. Co-leader 4. Communicator
Co-Leader
The concept of homework is most closely associated with which therapeutic realm?
Cognitive behavioral
For a group to reach the deepest and most effective levels of the Working Stage of a group, it is essential that members __________ to work through areas of interference that interfere with achievement.
Commit
A stated disadvantage of the co-leadership model is:
Competition
A unique challenge encountered working with Asian Americans in groups Is that group work values such as openness, expression of feelings, and directness often ______________ their cultural values. 1. Dismiss 2. Devalue 3. Conflict with 4. Agree with
Conflict with
According to Nolan, accomplishing the goal of "honest self-investigation; to promote full use or potentials; to bring about awareness of self-contradictions", a group leader would employ ____________________. 1. Clarifying 2. Confronting 3. Interpreting 4. Suggesting
Confronting
Challenging participants to look at discrepancies pointing to conflicting information or messages. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Confronting
Lisa tearfully "confesses" to her counseling group members that she is sure once they know "her secrets" they will abandon her, probably hate her, and all the comfort that she now feels from them will be lost! The warmth and support of her group members permits this risky disclosure and affords Lisa the opportunity to examine her feelings, take risks, and face avoided interpersonal behavior. This illustrates __________________. 1. Corrective emotional experience 2. Confrontation. 3. Feedback. 4. Cognitive Restructuring
Corrective emotional experience
Anne Marie has led a particular counseling group for 9 sessions. One member, Gretchen, repeatedly triggers many unexplained feelings for Anne Marie. This leader-member phenomenon is called _________________. 1. Transference 2. Denial 3. Countertransference 4. Repression
Countertransference
___________________________ is usually thought of as the leader's emotional responses to members that are a result of the leader's own needs or unresolved issues. 1. Unfinished business 2. Countertransference 3. Transference 4. Sublimation
Countertransference`
Which of the following is NOT considered uniquely significant with regard to issues encountered by members of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual communities? 1. Career 2. Life Development 3. Homophobia 4. Depression
Depression
European Americans
Descended from European ancestors comprise the largest number of people in the USA, make up what is known as the majority culture. Most obvious similarities is their white skin color, but may lead to some insensitivity about self or others. Time conscious and view nature as something to be conquered. Future-time oriented, competitive, individualistic, rational thinkers, democratic, driven by a strong work ethic, and generally live in nuclear families.
Capping
Easing out of emotional interaction and into cognitive reflection.
Feelings of loss, sadness, and separation mixed with those of hope, joy, and accomplishment during the termination process. 1. Emotional Stimulation 2. Closure 3. Emotional Ambivalence 4. Unfinished Business
Emotional Ambivalence
If group members can identify socially with others and have successfully worked through their struggles together, the result is usually growth in __________________. 1. Risk-taking 2. Leader Dependence 3. Emotional Closeness 4. Altruism
Emotional Closeness
Devil's advocate procedure
Entails asking one or more members in the group decisions with a firm skepticism before the group reaches a conclusion.
Studies have determined that group therapy is:
Equally, or in some cases, more effective than individual counseling
The most crucial task of a group leader is:
Establishing relationships with others
Under the ASGW best practices, ___________________ is explained as group workers employing an appropriate ethical decision making model in responding to ethical challenges and issues and in determination courses of action and behavior for self and group members. 1. Group planning 2. Collaboration 3. Processing 4. Ethical Surveillance
Ethical Surveillance
Morran, Stockton and Whittingham (2004) mention all but __________as inappropriate forms of a leader's self-disclosure?
Except for self-disclosure They do mention: -Gaining sympathy -Addressing his or her own issues -Impressing
The working stage of a group is characterized by exploring _______ and paying attention to the _____ of the group.
Exploring problems; paying attention to they dynamics.
Saying good-bye
Expressing farewells allows the group to wrap up, at least on an effective/cognitive level. Members are encouraged to own their feelings and express their thoughts at this time, especially in regard to what others in the group have meant to them.
As members successfully interact with each other in the working stage, the leader can expect less _____ to be directed toward himself/herself.
Eye-contact
Opening clear and direct communication within the group and members assume increasing responsibility for the group's direction. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Facilitating
The ____________________ is the most significant element in many Arab American subcultures. 1. Social Network 2. Family 3. Career 4. Gender
Family
Arab Americans
Fast-growing and mosaic group coming from 22 countries. There are more than 3.5 million in the USA. Emphasize social stability and the collective over the individual. The family is the most significant element, with the individual's life dominated by family and family relations. Education is valued, approx. 4 in 10 have earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Sharp delineation of gender roles in such families.
___________________________ is sharing relevant information with other people such as how they are perceived, so they can decide whether to change or not. 1. Self-Disclosure 2. Modeling 3. Feedback 4. Team Building
Feedback
Refers to loyalty and duty. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
Fidelity
Reviewing and summarizing the group experience
First way to ask members to cap the group. This procedure involves having members recall and share special moments they remember from the group.
Initial caution, attempt to avoid being rejected. 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Termination
Forming
Written reactions
Frequently used at the end of group sessions. It is an aid to promoting reflection because of the time and structure group members have to devote to it. Furthermore it can demystify the group process, encourage deeper participation, validate members' feelings about group experiences, and increase cohesiveness among members of the group.
Native Americans
Generally share some common values, such as an emphasis on cooperation, health, holism, sharing, spirituality, healing, and an extended-family orientation. Approx. 50% of the population resides in urban areas, so it is important to consider the degree of traditionalism versus acculturation.
Collaboration
Goes hand in glove with cooperation. Members who think they can work in a harmonious, cooperative manner are likely to share facts and feelings about themselves and other matters with the group.
____________________ involves cooperating with others unconsciously or consciously to strengthen existing attitudes, values, behaviors, or norms. 1. Group Collusion 2. Modeling 3. Cultural Encapsulation 4. Group Observing Group
Group Collusion
Projecting the future
Group member are asked to imagine the changes they would like to make in the short and long term. This planning process is more concrete and may involve the use of a written contract between the group member and the group that spells out in a realistic way how the member will implement the plan.
Farewell-party syndrome
Group members emphasize only the positive aspects of what has occurred in the group instead of what they have learned. This type of focus tends to avoid the pain of closure.
Dependency
Group members who display this behavior encourage advice givers and band-aiders. They present themselves as helpless and incapable but refuse to listen to feedback. They are "help-rejecting complainers"
The tragedies of Jonestown, the Branch Davidians, and the Bay of Pigs invasion are all examples of _______________. 1. Groupthink 2. Incorporation 2. Cultural Encapsulation 4. Teamwork
Groupthink
Accommodating
Happens when individuals neglect their own concerns to satisfy the concern of others.
Gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders (GLBTs)
Have become increasingly visible in American society. as a group, approx. 10-15% of the overall population. Regardless of visibility still discriminated against in many ways both in the public domain and in other settings. Have distinct concerns related to their lifestyles in particular and life problems in general. Concerns, such as sexism, homophobia, career, life development, and social justice issues.
Contains undisclosed information known only to oneself. 1. Open Quadrant 2. Hidden Quadrant 3. Blind Quadrant 4. Unknown Quadrant
Hidden Quadrant
In the working stage, __________________ may help group members to carry behaviors they practice within the group to situations outside the group. 1. Rounds 2. Homework 3. Role Play 4. Teamwork
Homework
When utilizing __________ in groups, it is particularly important to gauge the members' non-verbal reactions:
Humor
Leaders when working with conflict brought about by "power" difficulties within a group must differentiate between position power and personal power. Position power conflict is often seen between _____________ individuals. 1. Immature 2. Narcissistic 3. Passive-aggressive 4. Mature
Immature
Existential variables
Immediate feelings and interactions such as conflict, withdrawal, support, dominance, and change all need to be acknowledged as they occur. Group leaders and members can link the present with the past trends, but it is crucial that behaviors and emotions be recognized and worked on when they arise.
Recycling
In which the individual can go through a similar group experience again and learn lessons missed the first time.
Asian & Asian Pacific Americans
Includes more than 40 disparate cultural groups. Each has its own distinct historical and sociopolitical backgrounds, languages, identity, issues, cultures, and challenges. Reluctance to display strong emotion in front of strangers, and unwillingness to disclose personal problems.
During the working stage, through ______________ group members come to realize the value of the group in their lives and become prepared to move on to the termination stage. 1. Incorporation 2. Ice-breaking exercises 3. Homework 4. Collusion
Incorporation
Nonworking groups are characterized by all of the following except....
Individuals do not wait for permission from the group leader
Culturally encapsulated
Individuals who hold stereotyped views and act accordingly and behave in a rigid and stereotyped manner.
Taking action to bring about group participation and to introduce new directions in the group. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Initiating
When a group leader is promoting interaction between group members without drawing attention to him/herself, this role is being employed. 1. Modeler of good behavior 2. Traffic Director 3. Communication Facilitator 4. Interactional Catalyst
Interactional Catalyst
Secondary tension
Intra-group conflict
Exercises
Involve less direct showing and more an experiential integration. "The term is used among group leaders to refer to activities that the group does for a specific purpose."
Group collusion
Involves cooperating with others unconsciously or consciously "to reinforce prevailing attitudes, values, behaviors, or norms." The purpose of such behavior is self-protection. Its effect is to maintain the status quo in the group.
Band-aiding
Involves the misuse of support. It is the process of preventing others from fully expressing their emotional pain through ventilating their feelings (catharsis). Members who do this soothe wounds and alleviate feelings when just the opposite would be more appropriate.
Facilitating
Involves using clear and direct communication channels among individuals. It is an activity usually assumed by a group leader, although members of the group may engage in this process at times.
Power
Is "the capacity to bring about certain intended consequences in the behavior of others."
Identification
Is a "normal" developmental process in which individuals see themselves as being similar to one another.
Intellectualization
Is a behavior characterized by an emphasis on abstraction with a minimal amount of effect or emotion. The person uses thoughts and a sophisticated vocabulary to avoid dealing with personal feelings.
Multiculturalism
Is a movement that has been defined traditionally in terms of culture, ethnic, and racial differences. An emphasis is placed specifically on the collective history of a people as an identified group as well as individual differences among members.
Leveling
Is a process in which members are encouraged to interact freely and evenly. The leader draws out group members who are under-participating, and those who are excessively active are helped to understand the impact of their actions through group feedback.
Storming
Is a time of conflict and anxiety when the group moves from primary tension to secondary tension.
Denial
Is acting as if an experience, such as a group, will never end. It can be expressed in a group on a limited or mass level. Usually the denial of termination is an individual matter; although some groups at times act as if the group experience will continue indefinitely.
Corrective emotional experience
Is another benefit that can come in the working stage of the group. Yalom and Leszcz (2005) describe this experience as the hallmark of the working phase of therapy groups.
Influential power
Is based on the idea of persuasion and manipulation of others through convincing them that a certain course of action is correct.
Unfinished business
Is basically "when someone hurts another, or is hurt by someone, and fails to resolve the problems with the relevant person." May develop in groups because of their fast pace and lack of time to process all of the material that arose.
Resistance
Is best defined as any behavior that moves the group away from areas of discomfort, conflict, or potential growth. It appears to increase especially during the early part of the storming stage.
Providing Feedback
Is crucial to the closure of a group and is an integrating experience. It provides an opportunity for leaders and members to reinforce each other for the progress they have made as well as to deal with their thoughts and feelings about making meaningful changes.
Compromising
Is in effect when individuals attempt to find an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties.
Authoritative power
Is predicated on social position or responsibility in an organization. This power means such as "pulling rank," may be employed to try to influence members of groups that include individuals of unequal status, such as those in task/work groups.
Conflict Management
Is premised on the "basis that conflict can be positive". Thus the focus is on directing conflict toward a constructive dialogue.
Informational power
Is premised on the idea that people who know more are able to exert control over situations, including those involving people.
Attack on the group leader
Is probably the most direct form of resistance that causes groups difficulty. Many theories view an attack on the leader as an opportunity to shape new norms and enhance group movement.
Avoiding
Is seen when individuals do not immediately pursue their concerns or those of other persons.
Formal feedback
Is structured. It may be set up, for example, through the use of what is known as rounds.
Supporting
Is the act of encouraging and reinforcing others. Its aim is to convey to persons that they are perceived as adequate, capable, and trustworthy. Through this act, group members feel affirmed and are able to risk new behaviors because they sense a backing from the group.
Transference
Is the displacement of effect from one person to another. It has many sources but basically operates on an unconscious level and is manifest most directly when individuals attempt to relate to other persons in ways inappropriate for the situation.
Group norming
Is the feeling of "We-ness," identity, groupness, or cohesiveness that comes when individuals feel they belong to an association or organization larger than themselves.
Follow-up
Is the procedure of reconnecting with group members after they have had enough time to process what they experienced in the group and work on their goals or objectives. Usually is planned 3-6 months after a group ends, either with the group as a whole or with the leader and a group member.
Transition period
Is the time after the forming process and before the working stage - on average 5%-20% of the groups time - Two part process is characterized by the expression of a number of member emotions & interactions
Scapegoat
Is to project the group's problems onto a single individual instead of the group taking responsibility for creating and resolving its difficulties.
Countertransference
Is usually thought of as the leader's emotional response to members that are a result of the leader's own needs or unresolved issues with significant others.
Intergroup feedback is most effective when...
It doesn't contain qualifiers
Questioning
It is often a disguise for a statement. If members are constantly doing this type of resistance to one another, then they are safe from exposing their true selves. It also keeps the group focused on why something occurred in the past and thereby prevent members from concentrating on what is happening now.
Cohesion
It is widely recognized as central to the success of groups and is often cited as the most important factor in shaping the outcome of groups. Can be thought of as a sense of "Group-ness" or "We-ness." Groups that establish such a spirit (and keep it) run harmoniously as a unit.
The ______________ is a good representation of what happens in the arena of self-disclosure when a group is in the working stage. 1. SYMLOG 2. Nominal Group Technique 3. Johari Awareness Model 4. ABC Model
Johari Awareness Model
Refers to the equal treatment of all people. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
Justice
Alan and Arturo, members of a counseling group, have expressed similar feelings of inadequacy following divorce. Sensing this, the leader attempts to foster a line of communication regarding the commonality of the issue between these members. This attempt to build cohesiveness and interaction is known as:
Linking
A factor to be aware of when terminating a group is the members' potential feelings/fears of __________.
Loss
"Executive function" is one of the core mechanisms of group leadership. Which of the following statements best characterizes this role? 1. Provide cognitive explanation for what is occurring in the group. 2. Manage the group as a social system 3. Showing genuine concern for group members 4. Help members express feelings as well as thoughts
Manage the group as a social system.
Reframing, conceptualizing potentially destructive act in a positive way. 1. Manipulators 2. Resisters 3. Monopolizers 4. Users of Sarcasm 5 Silent Members
Manipulators
Culture
May be defined broadly and may include such factors as demographic variables, status variables, and affiliations. Thus there is a fine line between too narrow and too broad a definition.
A group member is silent. It seems by his nonverbal behavior that he has something to say. The leader asks herself in contemplation, "Is he waiting for me to call on him?" Is this a legitimate concern?
Maybe; it could be politeness.
Empathizing
Means putting oneself in another's place in regard to subjective perception and emotion while keeping one's objectivity.
Role playing
Members are given a chance to assume an identity that differs widely from their present behavior. It is a tool for bringing patterns of behavior and their consequences into focus "by allowing participants to experience the situations concretely... gain insight into their behavior, and practice the skills required to manage the situation constructively."
Cognitively restructure
Members begin to think of and perceive themselves differently. They see that although change is difficult, they are not helpless and the situation is not necessarily hopeless.
Pat on the back
Members draw the outline of their hand on a piece of white paper that is then taped on their back. Other members write closing comments on the hand outline or the paper itself that are positive and constructive about the person.
Young found that all of the following help prevent premature closure in groups except ________________. 1. Members should commit to attend a number of sessions 2. Groups should start and end on time 3. Members should be carefully screened. 4. Members should be treated in a personal and professional way
Members should be carefully screened
Logs or Journals
Members' written comments made after a group. Ideally, they are written and read between group sessions by the group leader, who gives feedback to group members and even the group as a whole regarding specific and general comments.
A behavior in which a group counselor addresses issues by setting an example of himself or herself is known as:
Modeling
Demonstrating Desired behavior through actions. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Modeling
Address the non productive talk and use the cutting off technique. 1. Manipulators 2. Resisters 3. Monopolizers 4. Users of Sarcasm 5 Silent Members
Monopolizers
The concept "Group work theory is appropriate for all clients" is a(n) ___________________. 1. Empirical Truth 2. Professional Tenet 3. Myth 4. Lie
Myth
Avoiding doing harm. 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
Nonmaleficence
One of the dominant values of professional ethics is ______________, which essentially means "avoiding doing harm." 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Veracity
Nonmaleficence
A feeling of we-ness, a sense of belonging. 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Termination
Norming
If an ethics complaint is filed against you as a group leader, you should _________________. 1. Immediately contact the individual who filed the complaint. 2. Notify your insurance company and hire a lawyer. 3. File a countersuit 4. Hope that the matter will resolve itself.
Notify your insurance company and hire a lawyer
Hope
Occurs on both a cognitive and an emotional level in groups. The importance is that it energizes group members and the group as a whole. Furthermore, it helps groups envision meaningful, but not yet realized, possibilities.
Monopolizing
Occurs when a person or persons in the group dominate the group's time through excessive talking or activity that is often irrelevant to the groups task.
Cooperation
Occurs when group members work together for a common purpose or good. During norming, group participants become relaxed and work better together
Competing
Occurs when individuals pursue their own concerns at other people's expense.
Collaborating
Occurs when individuals work with others to find solutions that fully satisfy the concerns of both.
Emotional ambivalence
Often there are feelings of loss, sadness, pain, and separation. Frequently these feelings are mixed with those of hope, joy, anticipation, and accomplishment. Almost always, there are issues involving "unfinished business," transference, and countertransference.
Self-disclosure
One of the strongest signs of trust in a group. This reveals to group members information about oneself of which they were previously unaware. This is enhanced when members feel safe. Through this, barriers that inhibit communication among individuals are torn down.
Blind quadrant
The third quadrant is originally unknown to oneself but known to others when the group began.
Team Player Inventory (TPI)
One way of selecting members. Is a 10-item assessment instrument that denotes the degree to which individuals are predisposed toward organizational team-working environments. It is the "only measure that is specifically designed to assess predisposition of individuals working in teams."
Contains information generally known to self and others. 1. Open Quadrant 2. Hidden Quadrant 3. Blind Quadrant 4. Unknown Quadrant
Open Quadrant
_____________________________ is defined by the ASGW as the systemic, limited access to resources for an individual, group, or community due to multi-systems prejudice and discrimination. 1. Oppression 2. Privilege 3. Social Justice 4. Taking Action
Oppression
The subject of closure should first be addressed during which stage of a group? 1. Norming 2. Storming 3. Orientation 4. Working
Orientation
The correct (and by default, most complete) phase-link of group work is:
Orientation- Transition- Working Stage- Final Stage
Brett is 10 minutes away from his second counseling session. The group members have been expressing strong emotions ranging from anger to feelings of betrayal, pain to jealousy. Although he knows that he must be present, aware and empathic in terms of their situations, he remembers the voice of his supervisor in his head: "Avoid the risk of ______________ with your clients."
Over-identifying
Some researchers (Hornsey et al.) have stated that the criticality of group cohesiveness is ________________.
Overstated
Focus on the achievement of goals. 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Termination
Performing
Individuals quitting a group early or a group ending due the actions of a leader are both examples of __________________. 1. Storming 2. Recycling 3. Premature Termination 4. Ending Rounds
Premature Termination
Effective self-disclosure often hinges upon all of the following concepts except:
Pressure
According to the ASGW best practices, the _____________ should include information on confidentiality, theoretical orientation, information on the nature, purpose(s) and goals of the group, the group services that can be provided, the role and responsibility of group members and leaders. Group Workers qualifications to conduct the specific group(s), specific licenses, certifications, and professional affiliations. 1. Program Evaluation 2. Assessment 3. Professional Disclosure Statement 4. Group Competencies
Professional Disclosure Statement
Safeguarding members from unnecessary psychological risks in the group. 1. Modeling 2. Blocking 3. Facilitating 4. Protecting 5. Initiating 6. Confronting
Protecting
_____________________ allows the group member to examine the incident with the help of consensual validation from the rest of the group. 1. Humor 2. Reality testing 3. Role Play 4. Reflection
Reality Testing
The verbal reiteration of what a second individual has stated — for purposes of clarification and so the other person can see that both of you understand the point — is known as:
Reflecting
Group observing group
Requires that the group break up into two smaller groups in any way the leader directs and that each observe the other function (as outsiders). This process is sometimes called a fishbowl procedure.
Yalom (2005b) advocates a nontraditional view of __________ in terms of increasing the effectiveness of counselors and group leaders:
Research
Build trust in the group by inviting them to participate but not insisting that they do. 1. Manipulators 2. Resisters 3. Monopolizers 4. Users of Sarcasm 5 Silent Members
Resisters
Equal member air-time may be increased through the use of __________________. 1. Role Playing 2. Rounds 3. Homework 4. Groupthink
Rounds
Revealing information about oneself to the group is known as __________________. 1. Self-Disclosure 2. Secret Telling 3. Tell-all 4. Awareness
Self-Disclosure
Which one is not a core mechanism of group leadership? 1. Emotional Stimulation 2. Caring 3. Self-Disclosure 4. Meaning Attribution
Self-Disclosure
Evaluation questionnaire
Serves the purpose of helping group members be concrete in assessing the group in which they have participated.
Jasmine is leading her first group. Things are not going according to plan. As prolonged periods of silence follow, one after another, she must learn:
Silence, although uncomfortable, is to be expected
Give the person the opportunity to respond to a question and observe the reactions to assess the reasons behind the behavior. 1. Manipulators 2. Resisters 3. Monopolizers 4. Users of Sarcasm 5 Silent Members
Silent Members
DeLucia-Waack and Fauth consider ____________ to be most critical in the development of skilled, competent leaders of therapeutic groups?
Skilled supervision
___________________ is defined by the ASGW as the awareness of how social locations of social privilege and oppression influence group work process and dynamics, and identifying ways to take action to related issues. 1. Social Justice 2. Oppression 3. Multicultural 4. Social Privilege
Social Justice
Johari awareness model
Sometimes called the Johari Window, is a good representation of what happens in the arena of self-disclosure when a group is in the working stage. This model also illustrates how appropriate disclosure develops during the life of the group.
Premature termination
Sometimes individuals quit a group abruptly or the group experience ends suddenly because of actions by the leader. May result in difficulties for the participants.
When a group is at work, unity and cohesion are paramount concerns. Is it permissible for subgroups of the larger group to meet outside the group, to the exception of other members?
Sometimes; depending on the setting and type of group
It is believed that when utilizing humor in a group setting (whether for insight, feedback, etc.), the humor is most effective when it is:
Spontaneous
The epitome of therapeutic feedback from one member (or leader) to another is: (1) When it lets others know how you feel as a result of their behaviors, actions or work, and (2) When the feedback is
Spontaneous
Self-revelation on the part of the counselor should be used with group members:
Spontaneously and only when the situation calls for it
A real danger to the group posed by lack of confrontation is:
Stagnation
Time of conflict and anxiety. 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Termination
Storming
Johnson (2000) believes that by working collaboratively with persons who differ from themselves in group work, all of the following benefits are probable EXCEPT that members ________________________. 1. Grow in cognitive and moral reasoning 2. Learn to view matters from a new perspective 3. Become more creative in their problem solving 4. Strive for racial equality
Strive for racial equality
During the _______________________ step of closing the group, group leaders and group members review all the material that has been uncovered and processed through the group sessions. 1. Orientation 2. Summarization 3. Discussion of goals 4. Follow up
Summarization
SYMLOG
System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups. This model yields a field diagram that pictures how members of a group are rated on three dimensions: dominance versus submissiveness, friendliness versus unfriendliness, and instrumentally versus emotionally expressive.
Barry is a group leader who feels compelled to disclose certain aspects of himself to the group. He is uncertain as to roots and motivation of his feelings. All are appropriate avenues for Barry except_________.
Taking a spontaneous risk; group leaders do after all encourage risk
Hispanic/Latin Americans
There are 4 major subgroups in the United States: 1. Mexican Americans, 2. Central & South Americans 3. Puerto Ricans 4. Cuban Americans Shared Values include importance of family, interdependence & cooperation, the worth and dignity of the individual, and acceptance of life as it exits.
All of the following, according to Yalom (2005b), are stated benefits of cohesive groups except:
They allow the group to finish its work and end sooner
Participants come to know themselves in a deeper level, reflect, process, and evaluate what was learned. 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Termination
Termination
Humor
The ability to laugh at oneself or a situation in a therapeutic and non-defensive manner. Groups that last make more frequent and longer use of ____ than those that are short lived. It also helps individuals and group members as a whole bond and gain insight. It influences them positively about working together.
Understanding a group leader's personal qualities, those characteristics of personality that influence the group, is advocated by which of the following approaches to group leadership? 1. Trait approach 2. Intrapersonal approach 3. Interpersonal approach 4. None of the above
Trait Approach
A ______________ leader attempts to empower group members and shares power with them in working toward making critical decisions. 1. Transpersonal 2. Traditional 3. Transformational 4. Transactional
Transformational
Jefferson has been leading a counseling group for the past three weeks. Several issues have surfaced, issues that his training has not directly addressed. He could/should:
Trust his instincts; It's the courageous thing to do
Contains material hidden from self and others. 1. Open Quadrant 2. Hidden Quadrant 3. Blind Quadrant 4. Unknown Quadrant
Unknown Quadrant
The Association for Specialists in Group Work, Best Practice Guidelines suggests that a group leader contact a group member that drops out with each of the following goals except ___________________. 1. Discuss reasons for the premature termination with other members 2. Say goodbye to the remaining members of the group 3. Use pressure to have the member return and stay in the group 4. Discuss the benefits and liabilities of staying in the group.
Use pressure to have the member return and stay in the group.
Help member work on expressing anger directly. 1. Manipulators 2. Resisters 3. Monopolizers 4. Users of Sarcasm 5 Silent Members
Users of Sarcasm
Task processing
Ways of accomplishing specific goals. Appears to regress during storming. No longer do members or leaders concentrate as directly on objectives as they did at the beginning of the group. Rather there is a great deal of attention on personal matters, such as group safety, leader competence, trust, and ways of interacting.
Catharsis is typically evident in...
Working groups
Homework
Working outside the group itself. Group members often find that they need to carry behaviors they practice within the group to situations outside the group.
Pamela is having issues dealing with authority. First with her teachers, and now with the group leaders. Group members are consulted regarding their feelings toward Pamela. The entire group now looks to the issue to address Pamela's rebelliousness. This scenario is indicative of the _____ stage.
Working stage
Process observer
a neutral third-party professional who observes the group and gives it feedback on its interpersonal and interactive processes.
Ways to increase awareness & abilities of group leaders in culturally diverse groups are:
a) Consultation or group co-leadership with minority counselors already serving specific cultural groups b) participation in cultural immersion experience c) actively taking inventory of the needs and issues of minority groups in their communities d) language training when possible
Closing occurs in two levels in groups:
a) at the end of each session b) at the end of a certain number of group sessions
Monopolizers may be helped by
a) confronting them b) teaching them new skills to deal with anxiety c) giving them feedback on how their old or new behaviors affect interpersonal communications In some cases, the group leader may display a hand signal to remind the monopolizer that he or she needs to change behaviors
Primary activities of group members in closing are:
a) reflect on their past experiences b) process memories c) evaluate what was learned d) acknowledge ambivalent feeling e) engage in cognitive decision making
An evaluation questionnaire should cover at least:
a) the leadership of the group b) the facilities in which the group was held c) the group's effectiveness in achieving its objectives
A group member openly challenges co-leaders simultaneously. The co-leaders should:
address the issue objectively- at all costs- either privately or in front of the group.
When looking at the stages of a group, transitions from one another can be defined as _________ and _________.
arbitrary/overlapping
Norms
are expectations about group members behaviors that should or should not take place.
Mary has proposed a group aimed at adolescents who are struggling in the post-divorce life of their parents. Marcy is highly experienced social worker who has been practicing for more than a decade at the same community center. Which of the following is not true?
as a social worker with seniority, marcy will probably not need authorization to start the group. her track record and experience should speak for themselves.
The converse of "guardedness" in a therapeutic group setting is:
authenticity
Which should be considered non-negotiable in a group with co-leaders?
both leaders screen applicants
A critical aspect of the Transition stage is learning about one's:
capacity to change.
The concept of homework is most closely associated with which therapeutic realm?
cognitive behavioral
For a group to reach the deepest and most effective levels of the Working Stage, it is essential that members ________ to work through areas of interference that hinder achievement.
commit
A stated disadvantage of the co-leadership model is
competition
Resistance can represent a method of ________ that the individual, at one point, considered, either consciously or subconsciously, as being _________.
coping/adaptive
Being "parental" toward group members is:
counterproductive and can represent a dependency issue on part of the practitioner.
The "Critical-incident Model" for training group leaders involves each of the following "steps" where the trainee completes each except ______________.
critiquing fellow students
A group has been set up for in-patient psychiatric patients, patients who are relatively low-functioning. The group ideally, should meet:
daily, for short sessions
appropriate only if the counselor is of the same race. _____________________ group leaders are less directive serving as a facilitator, not as a director
democratic
When storytelling takes place in a/an _______ manner, it is considered to be _______.
detached/defensive.
Corrective feedback is also known as:
difficult-to-hear feedback
Intergroup feedback is most effective when it:
doesn't contain qualifiers
Satish has been holding back his feelings in the face of a fellow group member who has been making disparaging remarks about a third member under his breath. He feels, finally, ready to confront the offender. Which of the following is a legitimate form of confronting?
doing so with the goal of growing closer.
A group of parents meets weekly at the local community center to discuss divorce. the optimal size for this group would probably be:
eight to ten
Morran, Stockton and Whittingham (2004) mention all but __________ as inappropriate forms of a leader's self-disclosure?
evaluation
As members successfully interact with one another in the Working Stage, the leader can expect less ________ to be directed toward himself or herself.
eye contact
Preliminary screening for a group-therapy candidate should allow for which most comprehensive scenario:
for the candidate to be interviewed by all leaders and be given the opportunity himself or herself to interview the leaders
Which of the following is not considered a practical consideration when forming a therapeutic group?
how absenteeism will be dealt with
Nonworking groups are categorized by all of the following except:
individuals do not wait for permission from the leader
An excellent reference point for actors to be considered in inpatient therapy groups is:
inpatient group psychotherapy (Yalom)
By means of cultural influences, asking an African-American to "tone things down" can often be construed by the party as all of the following except
insulting
Melanie is over-resistant, even during the intermediate phase of Transition Stage. Ormont (1988) would point to a fear of _________ as the root cause of Melanie's problem.
intimacy
Advice giving
involves instructing someone on what to do in a particular situation. This is seldom appropriate or needed in most groups. It prevents members from struggling with their own feelings and keeps the advice giver from having to recognize shortcomings in his or her life.
Alan and Arturo, members of a counseling group, have expressed similar feelings of inadequacy following divorce. Sensing this, the leader attempts to foster a line of communication regarding the commonality of the issue between these members. This attempt to build cohesiveness and interaction is known as
linking
Common "people problems" in groups can begin in the formation of the group. Benjamin declares to his fellow group members that "if you are going to be so nosey, I am not staying in this group!"
manipulator
Which of the following is a clear sign that trust is being built within the group?
members speak openly of their agendas.
Potential additional weight, when screening group prospects, must be given to those who are deemed "difficult" as they:
might be the ones who need the group the most
Mort works in a position of authority. He is a college guidance counselor. He is now a member of a court-mandated group. When others speak of their problems, he is always the first to react, even at the risk of cutting off other would-be responders. He seems to speak more than any other member. His behavior could legitimately be constructed as:
monopolizing.
Norming stage
occurs if the group successfully weathers the turbulence. In this stage there are resolutions, the building of cohesiveness, and the opportunity to move forward in growth.
Which of the following is not considered a critical-to-address characteristic of the Transition Stage?
one's childhood experiences
Some researchers (Hornsey et al.) have stated the criticality of group cohesiveness is _________>
overstated
Effective self-disclosure often hinges upon all of the following concepts expect:
pressure
It should be stressed to group members that while engaging in self-disclosure, they can still retain a sense of:
privacy
The Working Stage of a group is characterized by exploring _________ and paying attention to the ________ of the group.
problems/dynamics
It is important to educate non-participatory or minimally participatory members that others in the group are likely to react to them with:
projection.
Juan has informed his interagency colleagues that his proposal for PTSD group has been authorized, and he is seeking clients. His colleagues may:
publicize, recruit and screen potential members
The "R" which describes the stated purpose for forming a therapeutic group is:
rationale
Group processing
refers to the dynamics that naturally occur in the group, or the nature of the relationship between interacting individuals.
A term used to describe the group's barrier toward advancement in the Transition stage is:
resistive
Whether a proposed group will be long term or short term is ______ important when devising initial proposal, __________:
sometimes/unless the group is to be of limited and planned duration.
When a group is at work, unity and cohesion are paramount concerns. Is it permissible for subgroups of the larger group to meet outside the group, to the exception of other members?
sometimes; depending on circumstance, setting and the type of the group.
A fundamental concern when choosing a meeting place for a group is:
sound conduction within the building
It is believed that when utilizing humor in a group setting (whether for insight, feedback, etc.), the humor is most effective when it is:
spontaneous
The epitome of therapeutic feedback from one member (or leader) to another is: (1) When it lets others know how you feel as a result of their behaviors, actions, or work, and (2) When the feedback is _________:
spontaneous
A real danger to the group posed by lack of confrontation is:
stagnation
Barry is a group leader who feels compelled to disclose certain aspects of himself to the group. He is uncertain as to roots and motivation of his feelings. All are appropriate avenues for Barry except ________.
taking a spontaneous risk; group leaders do, after all, encourage risk-taking.
A particularly comprehensive guideline for group formation, recruiting and the dissemination of information to group members has been formulated by:
the Association for Specialists in Group Work
Pamela is having issues dealing with authority, first with teachers, now with the group co-leaders. Group members are consulted regarding their feelings toward Pamela. The entire group now looks to address the issue of Pamela's rebelliousness. This scenario is indicative of ________ stage.
the Working
A clearly spelled-out statement on group participation presented to members before the group commences would be particularly important when:
the group is court-mandated
De Shazer (1984) attributes most instances of failure of a client to overcome resistance to:
the practitioner
Which of the following is of paramount concern when screening and selecting potential group members?
the risk of harm by participating in the group
All of the following, according to Yalom (2005b), are stated benefits of cohesive groups except:
they allow the group to finish its works and end sooner
Liz has been screened for potential group membership. She fits all criteria; however, she seems to lack the desire to participate. In the eyes of the leader Jacque, she just doesn't seem to "want" it enough. Which of the following should be considered?
this should be a factor; the desire to make positive change is deemed highly important
Group therapy is not recommended (contra-indicated) for all of the following except:
those with a history of violent tendencies
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the correct pathway in which resistance is allowed to be overcame is:
threatening material- denial and repression- conscious awareness
The extent of diversity is dependent on a number of factors:
time, acculturation process, the socioeconomic environment of persons, and even the number of group members from a particular background.
Thomas Parham (2007) states his belief that members must actively involve themselves in _______ others in order for progress to occur.
trusting.
To get the group started, Marcy may find herself up against the wall. In terms of her professional peers and administrators, she may find herself assuming the role of all the following except:
voter
Memory decay
where more frequent life events of members overshadow previous group experiences.
Catharsis is typically evident in:
working groups
When a group prospect is coming from individual therapy, is a release form necessary for consultation with the individual therapist?
yes, without exception