Final Multiple Choice Study Guide
Palette Knife
"A technique of Impressionism] of unblended color on the surface of the canvas itself...color smeared with a ---."
Napoleon becomes Emperor of France 1804
A charismatic general became the first council of the French Republic...he's going to come into power as the leader of the French Republic, he's going to unify everyone and stop infighting...he is slowly going to expand his territories and his titles, where in 1804 he becomes King of Italy and controls the territory of Rome...he uses this to exploit the Pope for his own purposes...he is going to employ the pope to crown him Emperor of the French.
Slice of LIfe
A depiction of mundane experiences in art and entertainment, as evidenced by the Impressionists....a term that describes the type of realistic or naturalistic writing that accurately reflects what life is like.
Fete Galante
A genre of painting that describes elegant outdoor entertainment. It was conceptualized after academicians were impressed with the Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera, a canvas submitted by Jean-Antoine Watteau for admission to membership of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.
Hudson River School
A group of European artists who came to America to paint the unspoiled nature...they were called so because they originally started off their trek camping and painting along the ----.
Apotheosis
A scene were someone is being elevated, crowned, and sometimes brought into heaven.
Salon
A state sponsored annual show put on by the Académie des Beaux-Arts"
Academic Art
A style of art as developed and promoted by Académie des Beaux-Arts...reminiscent of the Neoclassical style where they are going to look like historicism (Roman history or pagan mythology)...they are also going to like pieces well done technically (accurate shading, proportion, classical composition...they don't always seem to have a message, as opposed to the Neoclassical...seems shallow...not really showing what was going on in France or not at the forefront of any political or social awareness
Civic Virtue
Because the ancient world was considered the source of British and European democracy, secular government, and civilized thought and action, its art was viewed as the embodiment of ------. Neoclassical paintings and sculptures were frequently painted for and displayed in public places in order to inspire patriotism, nationalism, and courage. Neoclassicism was especially popular in Britain, America, and France as a visual expression of the state and political stability.
The Blue Rider
Formed in Munich by the Russian artist Vassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) and the German artist Franz Marc (1880-1916), ---- was named for a popular image of St. George, who wears a blue cloak on the city emblem of Moscow. Just as St. George had been a spiritual leader in society, so ----aspired to offer spiritual leadership in the arts. Its first exhibition was held in December 1911 and included the work of 14 artists working in a wide range of styles from realism to radical abstraction.
Barbizon School
Founded by Jean-Francois Millet, a group of artists who settled in rural villages and chose to observe the everyday world.
Femmes Savant
French, "learned woman." The term used to describe the cultured hostesses of Rococo salons.
Age of Absolutism
King or queen or has absolute power [as in France in the 17th century]
Post-Impressionism
The English critic Roger Fry coined the term "----" in 1910 in order to describe a diverse group of painters whose work he had collected for an exhibition. He acknowledged that these artists did not share a unified approach to art, but they all used Impressionism as a springboard for developing their individual styles...These artists... expressed an interior world of the imagination or imposed a new scientific rigor on representations of the world around them...
Federal Style
The Neoclassical movement in American in regards to architecture....looks like neoclassical in Europe but in Europe [the Neoclassical] refers to the empire and we do not have empires in America... we reject that notion.
1917- Russian Revolution:
The October 1---- led to the Russian Civil War and the eventual triumph of the Bolshevik ("Majority") Communist Party [over the Russian czars] led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), as well as to the founding of the U.S.S.R. in 1922.
Colonization
"---- is going to lead into exposure to other countries...the acquirement of new territory...large countries are developing ---- outside of their mainland and these ----are going to make the countries that they belong to very wealthy because of export and import taxes...its going to encourage travel...the exposure to these countries will lead to an increase in Orientalism.
Benito Mussolini- fascist Italy, Joseph Stalin- USSR, Adolf Hitler- National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
"After Lenin's death and an internal power struggle, --- (1878-1953) emerged as leader of the U.S.S.R. Under ----, the U.S.S.R. took over several neighboring states, suffered through the Great Purge of the 1930s, and lost tens of millions during the war against Nazi Germany...Fascism first took firm root in Italy in October 1922 when ---- (1883-1945) came to power. In Germany, meanwhile, the postwar democratic Weimar Republic collapsed under a combination of rampant hyper-inflation and the enmity between communists, socialists, centrists, Christian Democrats, and fascists. By the time of the 1932 parliamentary election, Germany's political and economic deterioration had paved the way for a Nazi Party victory and the chancellorship of its leader,----(1889-1945).
Analytic Cubism
"Braque's and Picasso's paintings of 1909 and 1910 initiated what is known as --- because of the way the artists broke objects into parts as if to analyze them. In works of 1911 and early 1912, such as Picasso's Ma Jolie, they begin to take a somewhat different approach to the breaking up of forms, in which they did not simply fracture objects visually, but also rearranged their components. Thus, --- begins to resemble the actual process of perception, during which we examine objects from various points of view and reassemble our glances into a whole object in our brain...Examines every possible vantage point of a form and combines that analyzation of the multiple angles into one pictorial whole...another way of showing an objects three dimensionality....Except Picasso and Braque reassembled their shattered subjects not according to the process of perception, but conforming to principles of artistic composition, to communicate meaning rather than to represent observed reality.
Manifest Destiny
"Landscape conceived to be ----to be taking over in America- associated with the Hudson River School"
Camera Obscura
"Since the late Renaissance, artists and others had sought a mechanical method for drawing from nature. One early device was the --- (Latin, meaning "dark chamber"), which consists of a darkened room or box with a lens through which light passes, projecting an upside-down image of the scene onto the opposite wall (or box side), which an artist can then trace...Photography developed as a way to fix—that is, to make permanent—the images produced by a ---- (later called simply a ---) on light-sensitive material."
American Revolution 1776-87
"The ---- was just one of many revolutions to shake the established order during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries...Most Enlightenment philosophers believed that, when freed of past religious and political shackles, men and women could and would act rationally and morally. The role of the state was to protect and facilitate these rights, and when the state failed, the moral solution was to change it. Both the ----- and the ----- were justified on this basis." (Text p.922)
Industrial Revolution
"The eighteenth century was also a period of economic and social transformation set in motion by the -----. In the Europe of 1700, wealth and power belonged to the aristocracy, who owned the land and con-trolled the lives of poor tenant farmers. The ------eventually replaced the land-based power of the aristocracy with the financial power of capitalists, who were able to use new sources of energy to mechanize manufacturing and greatly increase the quantity and profitability of saleable goods. Factory work lured the poor away from the countryside to the cities with the promise of wages and greater independence. The conditions that urban workers endured, however, were dreadful, both at their grueling factory jobs and in their overcrowded and unsanitary neighborhoods. These conditions would sow the seeds of dissent and revolution in several European countries in the mid nineteenth century. ------- also produced a large middle class that both bought and sold the new goods made in factories." (Text, p. 922)
Primitivism- Oceania and Africa
"The term ---- refers to the widespread tendency among Modern artists to scour the art of other cultures beyond the Western tradition for inspiration...Seen through a colonialist lens, the formal distinctions of African art reflected current notions of -----the belief that, lacking the corrupting influence of European civilization, non-western peoples were more in tune with the ---elements of nature. . It is not benignly descriptive; it carries modern European perceptions that Western culture is more civilized, more developed, and more complex than other cultures, which are less civilized, less developed, and simpler. It could be argued that just as colonizing nations exploited "----" lands in the nineteenth century for raw materials and labor to increase their own wealth and power, so did Western artists exploit the visual cultures of "----" nations to amplify ideas about themselves. Many early Modern artists thus represented other cultures and used aspects of their art without understanding—or really caring to understand—how those cultures actually functioned or how their art was used.
Enlightenment
"The transformations of this period were informed by a new way of thinking that had its roots in the scientific revolution of the previous century... Over the course of the eighteenth century, this emphasis on thought ----- by reason was applied to political and moral philosophy as well as science. ----thinking is marked by a conviction that humans are not superstitious beings ruled by God or the aristocracy, and that all men (some thinkers also included women) should have equal rights and opportunities for "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
Broken Color/Divisionism:
"[A technique of Impressionism] where the colors are not blended on the canvas.
Arts and Crafts Movement
"[William] Morris inspired what became known as the ----. He rebelled against the idea that art was a highly specialized product made for a small elite, and he hoped to usher in a new era of art for the people. He said in lectures: "I do not want art for a few, any more than education for a few, or freedom for a few." A socialist, Morris opposed mass production and the deadening impact of factory life on the industrial worker. He argued that when laborers made handcrafted objects, they derived satisfaction from being involved in the entire process of creation and thus produced honest and beautiful things.
Collage
(from the French coller, meaning "to glue"), a work composed of separate elements pasted together.
Art Nouveau
--- embraced the use of modern industrial materials but rejected the functional aesthetic of works such as the Eiffel Tower that showcased exposed structure as architectural design. --- artists and architects drew particular inspiration from nature, especially from vines, snakes, flowers, and winged insects, whose delicate and sinuous forms were consistent with the graceful and attenuated aesthetic principles of the movement. The goal was to harmonize all aspects of design into an integrated whole, as found in nature itself.
Symbolism
--- was an international movement in art and literature championed by a loose affiliation of artists interested in the irrational aspects of the human mind. A fascination with the dark recesses of the psyche emerged over the last decades of the nineteenth century, encompassing photographic and scientific examinations of the nature of insanity as well as a popular interest in the spirit world of mediums... The ---rejected the value placed on rationalism and material progress in modern Western culture, choosing instead to explore the realms of emotion, imagination, and spirituality. They sought a deeper and more mysterious reality beyond everyday life, which they conveyed through strange, ambiguous subject matter and stylized forms that suggest hidden and elusive meanings. They often compared their works to dreams.
Japonisme
--- was forcibly opened by the U. S. Navy to Western trade and diplomacy in 1853. Two years later, when France, England, Russia, and the United States signed trade agreements that permitted regular exchange of goods, --- art became available to European and American artists... The Paris International Exposition of 1867 hosted the first exhibition of --- prints in Europe, and soon, ---lacquers, fans, bronzes, hanging scrolls, kimonos, ceramics, illustrated books, and ukiyo-e (prints of the "floating world," the realm of geishas and popular entertainment) began to appear for sale in specialty shops, art galleries, and even some department stores. Soon it became fashionable for those in the art world to collect --- objects for their homes. The French obsession with --- and its arts reached such proportions by 1872 that the art critic Philippe Burty gave it a name: ---.
Neoclassicism
----- sought to present Classical ideals and subject matter in a style derived from Classical Greek and Roman sources. ------paintings reflect the clear forms, tight compositions, and shallow space of ancient relief sculpture. Because the ancient world was considered the source of British and European democracy, secular government, and civilized thought and action, its art was viewed as the embodiment of timeless civic and moral lessons. ----- paintings and sculptures were frequently painted for and displayed in public places in order to inspire patriotism, nationalism, and courage. ----- was especially popular in Britain, America, and France as a visual expression of the state and political stability.
Charles IV- New Inquisition-1780's
----King of Spain was a very religious individual and he wanted to bring Spain into a era of ---- emphasizing Catholicism...in the ---- he started the new Spanish ----.
Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition- 1876
----celebrated their centennial celebration of independence...there were kiosks of different things that are happening.
King Louis XIV-Sun King
Absolute monarchy was exemplified in the rule of --- (r. 1643-1715), "le Roi Soleil" who glorified himself in art as the sun god, Apollo....He was called the Sun King because people loved him...he did much to expand the territory of France so he gained a lot of favor because he was making a lot of money for the country. He also claimed a divine right to rule, meaning his authority to rule the people was unquestionable among the French people. He is going to have an interesting affect on art on the period...He is one of the first French kings to think of art as propaganda...he took control over the art market and artists [by creating the French Academy and the Salon]
Historicism
Academic art and architecture frequently used motifs drawn from historic models—a practice called ----. Elaborating on earlier Neoclassical and Romantic revivals, ---- art and architecture encompassed the sweep of history. ----- often referred to several different historical periods in a single work.
The Sublime
According to [the philosopher Edmund Burke], when we witness some-thing that instills fascination mixed with fear, or when we stand in the presence of something far larger than ourselves, our feelings transcend those we encounter in normal life. Such savage grandeur strikes awe and terror into the heart of the viewer, but there is no real danger. Because the ---- is experienced vicariously, it is thrilling and exciting rather than threatening, and it often evokes the transcendent power of God. Turner translated this concept of ---- into powerful paintings of turbulence in the natural world and the urban environment.
Napolean banished- 1815
After being defeated at Waterloo by the armies of the Duke of Wellington, -----was ----- to the island of Saint Helena off of the coast of Africa.
Modernism
Along with the concept of the avant-garde, the idea of ---- also shaped art in France at this time. The experience of ---—of constant change and renewal—was linked to the dynamic nature of the city... In his 1863 essay "The Painter of --- Life," poet Charles Baudelaire argued that in order to speak for their time and place, he called for artists to be painters of contemporary manners and "of the passing moment and of all the suggestions of eternity that it contains," using both ---- urban subjects and new approaches to seeing and representing the visual world. This break with the past was critical in order to comprehend and comment on the present. Especially after the invention of photography, art was expected to offer new ways of representing reality.
Charles Dickens
An author of realist literature
Repoussoir
An object, motif, or figure placed in the right or left foreground of a picture to act as a framing element which leads the spectator's eye back into the composition.
The Salon des Refusés
At mid-century, the Académie des Beaux-Arts increasingly opened Salon exhibitions to non-academic artists, resulting in a surge in the number of works submitted, and inevitably rejected by, the Salon jury. In 1863, the jury turned down nearly 3,000 works. A storm of protest erupted, prompting Emperor Napoleon III to order an exhibition of the rejected work called the "---" ----
WW1 1914-1918
Beginning in August 1914, the --- initially pitted the Allies (Britain, France, and Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and the Ottoman Empire. The United States eventually entered the --- on the side of Britain and France in 1917, helping to guarantee victory for the Allies the following year. ---- transformed almost every aspect of Western society, including politics, economics, and culture. The war was fought with twentieth-century technology but nineteenth-century strategies. Trench warfare and the Maxim gun (an early machine gun) caused the deaths of millions of soldiers and the horrible maiming of millions more. Europe lost an entire generation of young men; whole societies were shattered. Europeans began to question the nineteenth-century imperial social and political order that had brought about this carnage and foreshadowed a change in the character of warfare itself. Future --- would be fought over ideology as well as territory.
Readymade
But by the time Duchamp himself arrived in the United States, he had discarded painting, which he claimed had become for him a mindless activity, and had devised the Dada genre that he termed the ---, in which he transformed ordinary, often manufactured objects into works of art.
Royal Academy
During the seventeenth century, the French government founded a number of --- for the support and instruction of students in literature, painting and sculpture, music and dance, and architecture...Many Western cultural capitals emulated the French academic model: ----were established in Berlin in 1696, Dresden in 1705, London in1768 (Boston in 1780, Mexico City in 1785, and New York in 1802
Scientific Method
Product of the Enlightenment...for anything to be proved it has to be proved by a series of steps, developing a hypothesis, conducting experiments, coming up with a thesis, and sometimes thesis will become law through further experiments.
Exoticism
Characteristic of the Romanticism that arose with France coming in contact with the far East due to the conquests of Napolean...artifacts and stories from these cultures are going to make their way back to France.
Impasto
Characteristically thick application of paint in different color in a brushstoke that goes in different directions. (van Gogh's technique)
Complementary Color
Colors located directly opposite one another on the color wheel
Grand Tour
From the late 1600s until well into the nineteenth century, the education of a wealthy young northern European or American gentleman—few women were considered worthy of such education—was completed on the -----, an extended visit to the major cultural sites of southern Europe. Accompanied by a tutor and an entourage of servants, the ---- began in Paris, moved on to southern France to visit a number of well-preserved Roman buildings and monuments there, then headed to Venice, Florence, Naples, and Rome. As the repository of the Classical and Renaissance pasts, Italy was the focus of the -----.
Primitive
Gauguin's art was inspired by sources as varied as medieval stained glass, folk art, and Japanese prints; he sought to paint in a "---" way, employing the so-called decorative qualities of folk art, such as brilliantly colored flat shapes, anti-naturalist color, and bold, black outlines. Gauguin called his style "synthetism," because he believed it synthesized observation and the artist's feelings in an abstracted application of line, shape, space, and color.
Simultaneous Contrasts
Georges Seurat preferred the clarity of structure he saw in Classical relief sculpture and the seemingly systematic but actually quite emotive use of color suggested by optics and color theory. He was particularly interested in the "law of the --- of colors" formulated by Michel-Eugène Chevreul in the 1820s. Chevreul observed that adjacent objects not only cast reflections of their own color onto their neighbors, but also create the effect of their complementary color.
Darwin, Origin of Species
His work espoused natural selection and survival of the fittest...it was later appropriated by the bourgeoise to underpin their idea of social ---.
Johan Joachim Winckelmann
In 1758, [Cardinal Allesandro Albani] hired ----(1717-1768), the leading theoretician of Neoclassicism, as his secretary and librarian. The Prussian-born ---- had become an expert on Classical art while working in Dresden, where the French Rococo style that he deplored was still fashionable. In 1755, he had published a pamphlet, Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture, in which he attacked the Rococo as decadent, arguing that modern artists could only claim their status as legitimate artists by imitating Greek art. After relocating to Rome to work for Albani, --- published a second influential treatise, The History of Ancient Art (1764), often considered the beginning of modern art-historical study. In it ---- was the first to analyze the history of art as a succession of period styles, an approach which later became the norm for art history books (including this one).
Haussmann
In 1848, after rioting over living conditions erupted in French cities, Napoleon III (ruled as emperor 1852-1870) launched sweeping new reforms. The riots had devastated Paris's central neighborhoods, and ---- (1809-1891) was engaged to redraw the street grid and rebuild the city. ----imposed a new, rational plan of broad avenues, parks, and open public places upon the medieval heart of Paris. He demolished entire neighborhoods, erasing networks of narrow, winding, medieval streets and evicting the poor from their slums rapidly and without exceptions. Then he replaced what he had destroyed with grand new buildings erected along wide, straight, tree-lined avenues that were more suitable for horse-drawn carriages and strolling pedestrians.
Marx- Communist Manifesto
In 1848, workers' revolts broke out in several European capitals, and ---- and Friedrich Engels published the ----, which predicted the violent over-throw of the bourgeoisie (middle class) by the proletariat (working class); the abolition of private property; and the creation of a classless society
Freud- interpretation of dreams
In 1900, Austrian psychiatrist --- published The Interpretation of Dreams, which argues that our behavior is often motivated not only by reason, but also by powerful forces that work below our level of awareness. The human unconscious, as he described it, includes strong urges for love and power that must be managed if society is to remain peaceful and whole. For ---, we are always attempting to strike a balance between our rational and irrational sides, often erring on one side or the other.
John Locke
In England, ---- (1632-1704) argued that reasonable and rational thought should supplant superstition.
Surrealism
In France during the early 1930s, a group of artists and writers took a very different approach to Modernism in a revolt against logic and reason. Embracing irrational, dis-orderly, aberrant, and even violent social interventions, ---- emerged initially as an offshoot of Dada, born from the mind of poet André Breton (1896-1966). Breton trained in medicine and psychiatry and served in a neurological hospital during World War I where he used Freudian analysis on shell-shocked soldiers. By 1924, Breton, still drawn to the vagaries of the human mind, published the "Manifesto of ----," reflecting Freud's conception of the human mind as a battleground where the forces of the unconscious wage a constant war against the rational, orderly, and oppressive forces of the conscious. Breton sought to explore humanity's most base, irrational, and forbidden sexual desires, secret fantasies, and violent instincts by freeing the conscious mind from reason. As he wrote in 1934, "we still live under the rule of logic." To escape this restraint, he and other ---- developed strategies to liberate the unconscious using dream analysis, free association, automatic writing, word games, and hypnotic trances. ---- studied acts of "criminal madness" and the "female mind" in particular, believing the latter to be weaker and more irrational than the male mind. The only way to improve the war-sick society of the 1920s, Breton thought, was to discover the more intense "----" that transcended rational constraint.
Futurism
In Italy, Cubism developed into ---, with an emphasis on portraying technology and a sense of speed. n 1908, Italy was a state in crisis. Huge disparities of wealth separated the north from the south; four-fifths of the country was illiterate; poverty and near-starvation were rampant; and as many as 50,000 people had recently died in one of the nation's worst earthquakes. On February 20, 1909, Milanese poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944) published "Foundation and Manifesto of ----" on the front page of the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro. He attacked everything old, dull, and "feminine" and proposed to shake Italy free of its past by embracing an exhilarating, "masculine," "-----," and even dangerous world based on the thrill, speed, energy, and power of modern urban life. In April 1911, a group of Milanese artists followed Marinetti's manifesto with the "Technical Manifesto of ---- Painting," in which they demanded that "all subjects previously used must be swept aside in order to express our whirling life of steel, of pride, of fever, and of speed." Some of these artists traveled to Paris for a ---- exhibition in 1912, after which they used the visual forms of Cubism to express in art their love of machines, speed, and war.
Grattage
In painting, Ernst called this new technique [frottage] ----, laying a painted canvas on a textured surface and then scraping the paint away, then "revealing" the imagery he saw in the paint with additional painting.
New Deal- Public Works Project
In the early 1930s during the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's ---established a series of programs to provide relief for the unemployed and to revive the nation's economy, including several initiatives to create work for American artists. The 1933 ---- lasted only five months but supplied employment to 4,000 artists, who produced more than 15,000 works. The Treasury Department established a Section of Painting and Sculpture in October 1934, which survived until 1943, commissioning murals and sculptures for public buildings. -----which ran from 1935 to 1943, succeeded the ---and was the most important work-relief agency of the Depression era. By 1943, it had employed more than 6 million workers in programs that included, in addition to the -----About 10,000 artists participated in the ----, producing a staggering 108,000 paintings, 18,000 sculptures, 2,500 murals, and thousands of prints, photographs, and posters, all of which became public property.
Realism
In the modern world of Paris at mid-century—a world plagued by violence, social unrest, overcrowding...Workers Revolution of 1848...Against this social and political backdrop a new intellectual movement known as ---originated in the novels of Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Honoré de Balzac, and others who wrote about the real lives of the urban lower classes. What art historians have labeled ---- is less of a style than a commitment to paint the modern world honestly, without turning away from the brutal truths of life for all people, poor as well as privileged.
Sigmund Freud- Interpretation of Dreams
It is hardly coincidental that --- (1856-1939), who compared artistic creation to the process of dreaming, wrote his pioneering ----(1900) during [the symbolist period].[First to approach the unconscious mind from a scientific perspective and explore the world of the unconscious.]
Frottage
Max Ernst (1891-1976), a self-taught German artist who collaborated in Cologne Dada and later joined Breton's circle in Paris, developed the automatist technique of ---- in 1925. First, he rubbed a pencil or crayon over a piece of paper placed on a textured surface, then he allowed the resulting image to stimulate his imagination, discovering within it fantastic creatures, plants, and landscapes that he articulated more clearly with additional drawing.
Napolean Attacks Spain 1808
Napoleon convinces Charles IV one son to overthrow his father because the New Inquisition was unpopular among the young people, who were more liberal in their religion Napoleon helps Ferdinand to overthrow his Father but then Napoleon betrays and decides to put his own brother on the throne, which starts a war with -----.
Frankenstein
One of the great Romantic pieces of literature...very accurately illustrates why the Romantics mistrusts science (people trying to play God).
Biomorphic
Organic shape resembling a living organism.
Second French Revolution- July 1830
People of the France rebel against Charles X...once they kicked out Napolean and they ended up putting another monarch, etc...there was a --- but it was unsuccessful.
Salon
Royal --- put on by the French Royal Academy or an art show that had works selected specifically by King Louise X1V...as the rooms and the events held in them were known, were intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings, often including splendid entertainments that mimicked in miniature the rituals of the Versailles court. The ---- were hosted on a weekly basis by accomplished, educated women of the upper class women.
Assemblage
Sculpture had traditionally been carved, modeled, or cast. Picasso's sculptural collage was a new idea and introduced ----, giving sculptors the option not only of carving or modeling masses to sit within space, but also of constructing three-dimensional works from combinations of found objects and unconventional materials, ---- in such a way that each part maintains its own identity while at the same time contributing to a new, combined form.
Pointillism
Seurat's goal was to find ways to create such retinal vibrations to enliven the painted surface, using distinctively short, multidirectional strokes of almost pure color in what came to be known as "Divisionism" or "---." In theory, these juxtaposed strokes of color would merge in the viewer's eye to produce the impression of other colors. When perceived from a certain distance they would appear more luminous and intense than the same colors seen separately, while on close inspection the strokes and colors would remain distinct and separate.
Daguerreotype
Similar to a camera obscura, a scene would be projected unto chemically light-sensitive paper and you had to hold unto the scene for 20 to 30 seconds...the projected image would create a permanent image that would need to be reversed...France, while experimenting with ways to duplicate his paintings, Louis-Jacques-Mandé ----(1787-1851) discovered that a plate coated with light-sensitive chemicals and exposed to light for 20 to 30 minutes would reveal a "latent image" when later exposed to mercury vapors. By 1837, he had developed a method of fixing his image...The final image was negative, but when viewed upon a highly polished silver plate it appeared positive. he resulting picture could not be duplicated easily and was very fragile, but its quality was remarkably precise. ----, after he patented and announced his new technology, produced an early type of photograph called a ---- in August 1839
Social Darwinism
Some of ---- more extreme supporters, however, suggested that the "survival of the fittest" had advanced the human race, with certain types of people—particularly the Anglo-Saxon upper classes—achieving the pinnacle of social evolution. "-----" provided a rationalization for the poor conditions of the working class and the colonization of the "underdeveloped" parts of the world.
Automatism
Surrealist artists employed a variety of techniques, including ---—releasing the unconscious to create the work of art without rational intervention—in order to produce surprising new imagery and forms.
Académie des Beaux-Arts
The ----- (founded in 1816 to replace the disbanded Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and its official art school, the École des Beaux-Arts, continued to exert a powerful influence over the visual arts in France during the nineteenth century. Academic artists controlled the Salon juries, and major public commissions routinely went to academic architects, painters, and sculp-tors. It was to Paris that artists and architects from Europe and the United States came to study the conventions of academic art.
Greek War for Independence- 1821-29
The ----were fighting for independence from the Ottoman Turks. The French saw the ---- as the underdogs and because of their historical association with the ancient ----, they were considered the protagonists, and the Turks were the antagonists.
Woman's Suffrage
The Americans Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the country's first ----, in Seneca Falls, New York. They called for the legal equality of women and men, property rights for married women, acceptance of women into institutions of higher education, admission of women to all trades and professions, equal pay for equal work, and women's right to vote.
Skyscraper
The development of the --- design and aesthetic depended on several things: metal beams and girders for the structural-support skeleton; separation of the building-support structure from the enclosing wall layer (the cladding); fireproof materials and measures; elevators; and overall integration of plumbing, central heating, artificial lighting, and ventilation systems. The first generation of ---, built between about 1880 and 1900, were concentrated in the Midwest, chiefly in Chicago and St. Louis Second-generation ----, mostly with over 20 stories, date from after 1895 and are found more frequently in New York. The first tall buildings were free-standing towers, sometimes with a base, such as the Woolworth Building of 1911-1913. New York City's Building Zone Resolution of 1916 introduced mandatory setbacks—decreases in girth as the building rose—to ensure light and ventilation to adjacent sites. Built in 1931, the 1,250-foot setback form of the Empire State Building, diagrammed here, has a streamlined design. The Art Deco exterior cladding conceals the structural elements, and mechanisms such as elevators that make its great height possible. The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world when it was built, and its distinctive profile ensures that it remains one of the most recognizable even today.
Impressionism
The generation of French painters maturing around 1870 continued to paint modern urban subjects, but their perspective differed from that of Manet and the Realists. Instead of challenging social commentary, these younger artists painted pretty pictures of the upper middle class at leisure in the countryside and in the city, and although several members of this group painted rural scenes, their point of view tended to be that of a city person on holiday. They also began to paint not in the studio, but en plein air (French for "in the open air," or outdoors), in an effort to record directly the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere by applying many small touches of pure color directly onto the canvas... Setting aside the boredom of the academic program for painting, with its elaborate preparatory drawings and underpainting followed by laborious work in the studio, the --- sought instead to capture the play of light quickly, before it changed. In April 1874, a group of these artists—including Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir—exhibited together in Paris under the title of the Société Anonyme des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. (Anonymous Corporation of Artist-Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc.)...While the --- are the most famous of its members today, at the time the group included artists working in several styles. All 30 participants agreed not to submit anything that year to the Salon, which had in the past often rejected their work. This was a declaration of independence from the Académie and a bid to gain the public's attention directly. While their exhibition received some positive reviews, one critic, Louis Leroy, writing in the satirical journal Le Charivari, seized upon the title of Claude Monet's painting ---: Sunrise and dubbed the entire exhibition "----." Leroy was ridiculing the fast, open brushstrokes and unfinished look of some of the paintings, but Monet and his colleagues embraced the term because it aptly described their aim of rendering the instantaneous --- and fleeting moment in paint...
Imperialism
The nineteenth century also saw the rise of ----. In order to create new markets for their products and to secure access to cheap raw materials and cheap labor, European nations established numerous new colonies by dividing up most of Africa and nearly a third of Asia. Colonial rule often suppressed indigenous cultures while exploiting the colonies for the economic development of the European colonial powers.
Workers Revolution of 1848
The proletariat rose up against the bourgeoise and demanded things like fair working hours, etc...during this revolution 10,000 workers were killed and bourgoise...both sides were dealt severe blows...Rising food prices, high unemployment, political disenfranchisement, and government inaction ignited in a popular rebellion known as the ----, led by a coalition of socialists, anarchists, and workers. It brought an end to the July Monarchy and established the Second Republic (1848-1852).
Urbanization
The technological, economic, and social transformations initiated by the Industrial Revolution intensified during the nineteenth century. Increasing demands for coal and iron prompted improvements in mining, metallurgy, and transportation. Likewise, the development of the locomotive and steamship facilitated the shipment of raw materials and merchandise, made passenger travel easier, and encouraged the growth of cities. These changes also set in motion a vast population migration, as the rural poor moved to cities to find work in factories, mines, and mechanical manufacturing.
Art Critics- Charles Baudelaire
There are --- where people make money at looking and writing about art and they are not going to be responsible for setting the trend for what kind of art is talked about. They don't have any say in who gets into the Salon but they have a say in the artistic dialogue that is going on...---- liked Gustav Courbet.
French Revolution 1789-1804
These new ways of thinking, combined with a financial crisis (the country was bankrupt) and poor harvests left many ordinary French people both angry and hungry. In 1789, the ----began. In its initial stage, the revolutionaries asked only for a constitution that would limit the power of the king. Ultimately the idea of a constitution failed, and the revolution entered a more radical stage. In 1792 King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were deposed and ultimately beheaded along with thousands of other aristocrats believed to be loyal to the monarchy."
Bourgeois vs. Proletariat
This time there was a huge disparity between the haves and have-nots... --- came into "new" money through industrialization...they were the people that owned the factories...not particularly well educated but had a lot of money and power...they were the upper middle class...then you had the ---, or the working class...the ---- wanted to keep the ----down because they relied on them to keep making money...the ---- relies on the ---- for jobs so they have a symbiotic relationship but it is taking advantage of the ----... Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto, which predicted the violent over-throw of the ----(middle class) by the ----(working class)...
Divine Right to Rule
Unquestionable ----, as exhibited by King Louise XIV
Formalist
Valuing form over content
Dada
When World War I broke out in August 1914, most European leaders thought it would be over by Christmas. Both sides reassured their citizens that the efficiency of their armies and bravery of their soldiers would ensure a speedy resolution and that the political status quo would resume. These hopes proved illusory. World War I was the most brutal and costly in human history up to that time... Horror at the enormity of the carnage arose on many fronts. One of the first artistic movements to address the slaughter and moral questions of the war was ---—a transnational movement with distinct local manifestations that arose during the war in Zürich and New York, then spread to Berlin, Paris, Cologne, and Hannover. If Modern art until that time questioned the traditions of art, ---went further to question the concept of art itself. Witnessing how thoughtlessly life was discarded in the trenches, --- mocked the senselessness of rational thought and even the foundations of modern society. It embraced a "mocking iconoclasm" even in its name, which has no real or fixed meaning...----artists annihilated the conventional understanding of art as something precious, replacing it with a strange and irrational art focused on ideas and actions rather than objects.
Color Gradation
When you place two colors next to each other, close up you will see them as separate colors, but when you step away you see the colors blend together.
Synthetic Cubism
Works such as Ma Jolie brought Picasso and Braque to the brink of complete abstraction, but in the spring of 1912 they pulled back and began to create works that suggested more clearly discernible subjects. Neither artist wanted to break the link to reality; Picasso said that there was no such thing as completely abstract art, because "You have to start somewhere." This second major phase of --- is known as --- because of the way the artists created complex compositions by combining and transforming individual elements, as in a chemical ----.
Successive Contrasts
Your eye, when exposed to a certain color for a certain time, will get temporarily fatigued of that certain wavelength and when you look away, you will see its opposite.
1867- Exposition Universelle in Paris
[An exposition held in Paris] where there were kiosks, or small stores, from all over the world (the countries dominated by the west).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[Genevan philosopher] Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains...it reflects a Romantic's idea of freedom...we are born with freedom and innocence and life experiences take away from that.
Rococco Architecture
[It] looks very feminine seeing that Louise XiV was very feminine...there were a lot woman in power...these women would influence the architecture...it is flowery, gilded, opulent, pastel color palette, decorated.
En Plein Air
[Not painting in the studio but experiencing modern life, an Impressionistic tenet], but --- (French for "in the open air," or outdoors), in an effort to record directly the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere by applying many small touches of pure color directly onto the canvas. ---- painting was greatly facilitated by the invention in 1841 of collapsible metal tubes for oil paint, which artists could conveniently pack and take out of the studio.
Romantic Poets
[The ----Movement] was inspired by the poetic movement which originated in Britian with Byron, Keats, Kelly, Shelley, etc.
Rocaille Shell
a popular form of garden or interior ornamentation using shells or pebbles.
Incubus
mara, or evil spirit...According to legend, the --- was believed to feed by stealing women and having sex with them