FINAL RBT
which of the following is a tact
"Dog!" when a dog was seen.
which of the following is an example of a mand
"May I have an espresso, please?"
according to the cdc estimates, how many children have been diagnosed with asd?
1 in 68
approximately how many different 3-step directions should an advanced learner be able to follow
10
what is the estimated percentage of self-injurious behaviors that have automatic reinforcement as the function according to hagopiau et al. (2015)
25%
a 2009 study found what percentage of family caregivers for older adults with cognitive disabilities and dementia reported abusing their family member
30%
RBTs must document:
The data from the session and any other relevant information
secondary reinforcers become reinforcing after
The secondary reinforcer is associated with other reinforcers.
if a behavior is maintained
Then the individual continues to perform it after intervention has stopped
Triadic Eye Gaze is
Two individuals sharing eye gaze on an object then looking at each other
One way to help a learner generalize skills is to:
Use varied program materials for targets.
the matching law states
When given a choice between reinforcers, an individual will engage in the behavior that yields the more valuable reinforcer
If discrimination training is being used to teach a learner to identify blue objects, which of the combination of materials should be used?
a blue card and a red card
which of the following is included in a functional assessment plan
a definition oof behaviors of concern
_________ needs to take place when there is accurate information about the behaviors that occur in crisis situations
a functional behavior assessment
A limited hold is sometimes added to interval reinforcement in order to:
speed up the display of the target behavior
which would be the next step in a shaping program to increase time on task from 3 minutes
4 minutes
ASD is diagnosed ____ times more in boys that in girls
4.5
intermediate learners should respond to
50 simple noun/verb combinations
in a typically developing child, at what age do they respond to hearing their name
6 months
Which ratio of reinforcers to reprimands should be used for those who display high levels of problem behavior?
6 to 8 reinforcers to 1 reprimand
which the following is an example of a clearly written criteria mastery
9 out of 10 times for 3 consecutive sessions
Water might have a value-altering effect when:
A person is very thirsty
Responding joint attention is when:
A person responds to a bid for attention
Extinction works by:
Abruptly stopping reinforcement for problem behavior
physical interventions should be applied _______
After less restrictive interventions have proved ineffective.
fixed interval schedules often result in
An increased rate of responding at the end of the interval
What is mandatory reporter
Any individual who is required by law to report any suspected abuse or allegations of abuse.
Why are token systems considered to be "flexible"?
Because tokens can be traded for a choice of different reinforcers
Why is modeling optimism helpful to families?
Because you can show them that there is hope for the future
A time delay method for fading prompts would be:
Delay the delivery of prompts and wait for the person to respond
Fluency of skills is:
Demonstrated by quick responding at high levels of accuracy.
Verbal operants are:
Different purposes of verbal behavior
the 2 main functions of behavior are
Escape and gain
differential reinforcement works by
Increasing desirable behaviors while decreasing problem behavior
Who needs a crisis plan?
Individuals who engage in self-injurious or aggressive behavior
what impact does reinforcement have on a behavior
It increases a behavior
the components of the 4-term contingency include
Motivating operation, discriminative stimulus, the behavior, the consequence
which of the following is not true of neglect
Neglect only occurs to older adults with disabilities.
behavior intervention plans that work
Reduce problem behavior and increase desirable behavior
Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:
Reinforcing alternative behaviors using extinction or punishment
Consequence interventions involve:
Reinforcing desired behaviors and reducing the display of undesirable behavior
Behavioral shaping involves:
Reinforcing successive approximations of a larger behavior
spontaneous recovery refers to
Sudden reoccurrence of behavior that was extinguished
If you witness an abusive situation that is dangerous or life-threatening, what should you do?
Take immediate action to remove anyone in the area from harm and call 911
Backward chaining involves:
Teaching the ending steps to the chain first and then teaching earlier steps
what is ratio strain
The disruption in the display of the behavior when reinforcement is thinned too quickly
replacement behaviors are taught so:
The individual has a more desirable option for the behavior of concern
stimulus discrimination training helps
The learner to discern what is correct in the presence of an incorrect stimulus
Most to least prompting sequence involves
Using the most intrusive prompt, then less intrusive prompts until the least is used
what is an interobserver agreement (IOA)?
When 2 data collectors agree on data collected at the same time during a behavior
which of the following is an example of an exploitive relationship?
a BCBA agreeing to take a child on his caseload if the parents give a discount on power tools at his hardware store
in listener responding interventions, responding to one's name being called is considered to be
a beginning learning skill
Martin is creating a reinforcer menu for 5 to 7 year olds in his social play group. Which of the following descriptions of the menu would be best for this group?
a large poster in the room with photos of 5 items and a visual representation of how many tokens each costs
which of the following is an example of how stimulus control could be augmented
a timer to signal how long to brush teeth
Which step in implementing a token economy comes after the individual displays the target behavior?
a token is delivered to the individual
which of the following items would be the best choice for using during a naturalistic teaching session with a young child
a toy car with a racetrack
which of the following could be a prevention strategy for a behavior that involves throwing items
minimizing the number of items that could be thrown
what are some practices that ABA professionals need to adopt to build strong professional relationships with families?
model optimism, practice nonjudment, and prioritize intervention efforts
As the interventionist, the first step in echoic training is to:
model the sound
which of the following prompt sequences is the preferred one to use in listener responding programs
most-to-least
what three (3) things should be included in the client section of the crisis plan
name of the individual, date of birth, and date the plan was created
which of the following naturalistic techniques places a heavy emphasis on thawing verbal operants such as mands, tacts, and inter verbals
natural environment teaching
a behavior technician provides a card written cue for what to say when ordering lunch at a restaurant. as the
script fading
which of the following is an example of a naturally occurring discriminative stimulus
seeing a stop sign and stopping
variables that are in operation before the display of a behavior and are related to the behaviors are
setting events
Sarah works as an RBT in the local school system. She was at a party, drank one too many drinks and was arrested for driving while intoxicated. The Monday after the incident, she:
she informed her supervisor and the BACB what had happened
which of the following is the best way to thin reinforcement
slowly and gradually
In ABA, which is the best reason why behaviors are targeted for increase?
so learned can increase overall skill repertoires
One of the biggest drawbacks of using response cost is:
so many tokens can be taken away creating a situation where the individual has a negative balance
why is it important for behaviors that are targeted for token reinforcement be clearly defined
so that everyone involved in the delivering reciting tokens know which behaviors are being reinforced
When teaching learners to begin to use 2-word mands, why is it important that both words are critical to the mand?
so the listener will cleary understand them and and can act accordingly
what is the best reason to train parents and caregivers on how to implement naturalistic teaching
so they can help the child acquire targets quicker
a concurrent schedules of reinforcement is operating when
when 2 schedules of reinforcement are simultaneously available
Under which of the following circumstances should extinction not be used
when it could cause harm to the individual or others in the environment
Mohinder has Down's syndrome and lives in a group home. Tom, who works at the group home, asks Mohinder to loan him money for lunch, which he then pays back after his next paycheck. Is this abuse, and if so, why?
yes, it is considered financial abuse because tom is making personal use of mohinder's resources
who is the first person you should report allegations of abuse and neglect to?
your agency's designated investigator
according to the RBT ethics code, clients and their families have a right to:
your background check and credentials
which of the following is an illustration of reflexivity in relation to stimulus equivalence
a=a
which of the following is NOT true about abuse and neglect committed by care providers
abuse and neglect committed by care providers is so rare that it isn't considered a problem
Type 1 punishment involves:
addicting a condition to reduce a behavior
Asking a learner to select items using a preposition is an:
advanced skill
ratio schedules of reinforcement offer reinforcers
after a specific number of responses are displayed
interval schedule of reinforcement is delivered
after a specified amount of time has elapsed
which of the following is an example of punishment
after a student gets scolded in the hallway for making noises in class, he quit making noises in class
variable interval schedules of reinforcement occur
after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Before a behavior change plan can be developed, what has to happen?
an assessment oof the clients skills and needs must be conducted
Which part of the 3-term contingency addresses factors that occur before the display of behavior?
antecedents
Which part of the 3-term contingency is the most responsible for stimulus control?
antecedents
all of the following are considered behavioral signs of abuse, EXCEPT what
appearing with torn, stained, or bloody clothing
which of the following is an intervention target for teaching responding joint attention
attending to a noisy toy when it is activated and positioned across the room
why are individuals taught to use replacement behaviors in place of problem behavior
because just suppressing a problem behavior does not provide a way to get individual's needs meet
Why are crisis plans incorporated into some behavior intervention plans?
because some behaviors cause a risk to the safety of the individual engaging in the behavior or others in the environment
which of the following statements is true
behavior is neutral
John Watson used which term to describe the study of behavior?
behaviorism
in which situations are differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) used
behaviors that are acceptable at low rates
In this training, crisis is defined as:
behaviors that risk harm to self, others or the environment
which of the following is an antecedent variable that could play a role in the display of a behavior r
being in a quiet environment
which of the following is an example of teaching an inter verbal target in the natural environment
being on a playground and asking where do you build sand castles
If someone communicates with you about an incident of abuse and neglect, what is the best way to respond to the individual?
believe what they are telling you
naturalistic techniques are used to help learners generalize skills and for learners who
might initially resist more structured settings
in which scenario would the reinforcer be effective and ethical to use
charlie completed a math quiz, he turned in his paper and received a point on his work completion card
which of the following is an early sign of a potential asd diagnosis
child does coo or babble by 12 months old
which of the following is an example of using natural environment teaching NET to teach receptive discrimination
choosing a spoon from a drawer full of utensils
when is it necessary to use "categories" of behaviors to be reinforced in token systems, which of the following needs to happen
clearly define the behaviors that fall within these categories
When using a token system in a naturalistic intervention, it can be challenging to:
communicate between the behavior and receipt of the token at the time the behavior is displayed
what does the professional and ethical compliance code say about communication and multiple relationships
communicate in a way that does not encourage multiple relationships
which of the following statements is true regarding learning complex behaviors
complex behaviors cannot be learned all at once
early learning skills are important _______ for more advanced skills
components
Reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with hitting would fall under which component of a behavior intervention plan?
consequence strategies
what is the best course of action to take in the event of extinction burst
continue the intervention
which of the following is an example of a defective mand
crying when wanting a drink
In order for reinforcers to be effective a(n) ______ state must exist for that reinforcer.
deprivation
which of the following is NOT an asd-specific diagnostic or screening tool?
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders
discrete trial teaching differs form naturalistic teaching strategies in that
discrete trial instruction is adult-initiated and naturalistic teaching strategies are child initiated
which of the following is an example of a fine motor imitation skill
drawing a line in the air with a finger
which of the following best describes a situation of disability-specific abuse
eric needs assistance transferring onto a toilet, and is sometimes left on the toilet for hours
which of the following functions of behavior involves avoiding a task or interaction
escape
continuous reinforcement schedules are most often used to
establish new behaviors
which of the following is true about token economies used in school-wide systems
expectations must be identified and taught
which of the following is a behavior reduction procedure
extinction
true or false: false reports of abuse and neglect are very common for people with disabilities
false
true or false: recent research has been bale to conclusively link vaccines to greater rates of asd?
false
which of the following is a characteristic of asd that is an example of restricted, repetitive pattersnof behavior, interests, or activities
flipping objects
active listening involves
focusing on the message and not getting too distracted by the details
which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer
food
which of the following is an example of continuous schedule of reinforcement CRF
mike gets a point each time he raises his hand
which of the following naturalistic approaches combines other naturalistic techniques to form an intervention strategy
milieu teaching
George was assigned to work with Franklin at his home today. As part of his therapy, Franklin was learning to use his electric razor to shave his face. He had been shaving the area under his nose independently. Today Franklin flatly refused to do so and shouted "No shave" over and over again. Franklin's mother came in from her garden outside and asked George how the shaving was going. What should George say to Franklin's mother?
franklin did not want to shave under his nose today, thats unusual. i would like to try a different reinforcement schedule with him to see if that will help.
which of the following is an example of a motivating operation
fred is hungry so crackers work well as reinforcers for task compliance
crisis plans should have interventions based on which of the following?
function of behavior
If you take a job working with adults on the autism spectrum but have only worked with children on the autism spectrum, which of the following should you do?
get training working with that population
which of the following is an example of secondary reinforcement
getting a good grade on a test
Any reinforcer that has the potential to affect the health of the client adversely if used inappropriately or in excess is called a:
harmful reinforcer
If a learner starts displaying a skill learned in DTI within natural environment, we might say that the learner:
has generalized the skill from dti to the natural environment
joint attention skills should be targeted for increase for those individuals who
have difficulty responding to cues made by another to attend to a stimulus
When using discrete trials to teach beginning mands, you should:
hold the reinforcer insight and use echoic prompts
which of the following is done before using natural environment teaching with a learner
identify activity routines that provide cues for responding
which of the following is an explanation of the dead mans test
if a dead man cannot do it, then it is a behavior
when is it acceptable to videotape a client receiving intervention
if the client and family provide informed consent which means they know why the videotaping is occurring
which of the following imitation skills is the most difficult for a person with autism
imitating facial expressions
which of the following tasks are RBTs allowed to perform
implement behavior change programs
if an intervention is implemented with a high degree of fidelity it is
implemented consistency and accurately
Although components of shaping programs sometimes need to be retaught, shaping always moves:
in a forward direction
which of the following is considered a naturalistic teaching strategy
incidental teaching
If an RBT is unknowingly assigned to work with a relative, which of the following is the best course of action for the RBT to take?
inform the supervisor and ask not to work with client
in studying problem behavior in kittens, thorndike used which term to describe behaviors they displayed to escape an enclosure by pulling a string on a latch?
instrumental behavior
what are social narratives
interventions that describe different social situations and provide descriptions of appropriate behavior expectations
why is role playing helpful in behavioral skills training (BST)
it can provide a dry run of what to eventually do with the child
which of the following statements is true about reinforcement
it increases a behavior
which of the following is true about behavior skills training (BST)
it is considered to be a component of many evidence based training packages
How does a motivating operation work to increase the effectiveness of mand training?
it makes it more likely that the individual will want the reinforcer and will mand for it
which of the following is an example of motivating operation
jan is hungry so she works harder to get crackers as a reward
which of the following statements represents using clear language when discussing intervention progress?
joey hand waving behavior has been reduced by 45% since he started being reinforced for doing other things
Prompting procedures help a behavior technician to:
know how to prompt and how to fade prompts
when multiple people are involved in the delivery of naturalistic intervention, it is important that everyone
knows what skills are to be addressed and the strategies used to teach the skill
all of the following are ways DSPs can help reduce risk factors for abuse EXCEPT
limit the persons social circle to reduce exposure to perpetrators
The term "receptive language" is similar in meaning to the term:
listener responding
when setting up natural environment teaching NET to teach bands, which of the following is most important
make sure that the motivation for reinforcers can be contrived
which of the following behaviors might serve a "gain attention" function
making silly noises
which of the following verbal operants is used when learner requests a cookie
mand
which of the following verbal operants is directly tied to reinforcement
mands
which of the following is an example of overcorrection
marty had to clean the bathroom wall because she wrote on it
In order to randomly rotate trials, what must a learner have done first?
mastered some targets they can be mixed in the rotation
Sarah is helping Kendra, a woman with a moderate intellectual disability, cook breakfast in the morning. Kendra attempts to touch the hot stove, and Sarah yells "Don't touch that!" to her. Is this considered abuse?
no it is not, yelling is not idea but it is preventing kendra from causing harm to herself
Marla overslept and was late dropping off her kids at school. That made her late for her work as an RBT at the ABC Autism Center. When she met her first client, Zoe this morning, she did not make her usual silly faces to Zoe that she always does. She was in a hurry to get therapy started. Zoe did not comply when Marla told her to "sit in chair." What is this an example of?
not leaving your problems at the door
which of the following schedules for exchanging tokens for back-up reinforcers might be best for a class of 5th graders
once a week
which of the following is an illustration of most-to-least prompting
partial physical, modeling, visual, gestural
which of the following is an example of negative punishment
paying a speeding ticket
ethical codes and supervision of behavior analytic services are important because:
people receiving behavior analytic interventions are vulnerable and deceive the best interventions
which of the following best describes autism spectrum disorders
persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction , and engagment in repetitive or stereotypical movements that impairs a person's everyday functioning
non-accidental inappropriate contact or the use of force with an individual that causes injury or physical pain is considered which type of abuse
physical abuse
which of the following naturalistic techniques places a heavy emphasis on self-management and the development of behaviors associated with empathy
pivotal response treatment
which of the following can be done to try to elicit a request (mand) from a child
place the reinforcer in a place where they have to ask for it
motivating operations can exert stimulus control over a behavior by
playing a role in the effectiveness of the reinforcer at the point in time
which of the following best describes the different between positive and negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement adds something, negatives takes away
How can consistency and routine help to increase the display of a desired behavior?
predictability that goes with consistency and routine helps learners focus on what is important
what is the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer
primary = one that individual does not have to learn
what needs to be includes as part of data collection for a naturalistic teaching session
prompt levels needed to elicit the target behavior
variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
provide high and steady rates of the behavior targeted for reinforcement
When families have questions about the impact of ABA on the future of their child, which is the best approach toward answering them?
provide honest and accurate information about ABA in general and refer to individual data
When a learner imitates the correct sound during a discrete trial, what is the next thing the interventionist should do?
provide reinforcement
what are the steps of behavior skills training (BST)
providing instructions, modeling, role play, & feedback
the doctrine of 'least restrictive alternative' when it comes to punishment states that:
punishment is a last resort after other interventions have been attempted and failed
Multiple exemplar training involves teaching target words as:
receptive identification, tacts, and interverbals
which of the following is an example of a progressive schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement after the 2nd behavior, then after the 4th, then after the 5th
when punishment is used, it should be paired with which procedure?
reinforcement of replacement behaviors
what can be said about reinforcement used in discrete trial instruction
reinforcers used in discrete trial instruction are often UNRELATED to teaching activities
which of the following is true about the concept of motivating operations (MO)
reinforcers work better when they are in effect
which of the following is a pivotal skill that helps individuals 'learn to learn'
responding to multiple cues in an environment
Walter can ride a bicycle and shoot a basketball through a hoop, but he cannot draw a picture of a dog. Which of the skills would you say are in Walter's "behavioral repertoire?"
riding a bicycle and shooting a basketball through a hoop
when teaching someone to learn to follow simple directions , which target would be among the first to be implemented
rolling a ball with a model
which of the following is a behavior
running a race
which of the following is a discriminative stimulus
saying 'match blue' and receiving a blue card
which of the following is an example of an interverbal
saying i like chocolate. what do you like?
Grace is teaching Micah how to write his name. She started by giving him a sheet with his name spelled in dark dotted lines. Once Micah was able to trace his name using those dark dotted lines, she faded them until there were no lines and he could write his name independently. What was the process Grace used?
stimulus fading
if you have an individual who engages in escape behaviors you should
tailor antecedent interventionists to the person you support based on data from the FBA
which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
taking aware a chore for making good grades
Extinction of Behavior Maintained by Positive Reinforcement works by
taking away the reinforcement for problem behavior
which of the following is one stress management technique that can help prevent burnout
talking to a professional
which of the following could be a replacement behavior for cutting in line
teaching to stand in line and wait
which of the following is an example of positive punishment
telling someone 'no' when they are about to run into the street
which of the following behaviors could be reinforced on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
the amount of time spent on a task
A good rule for using token systems for younger children is:
the fewer target behaviors to reinforce at a time the better
which of the following is an advantage of backward chaining
the learner experiences the culmination of the steps of the chain more quickly
generalization across settings occurs when
the learner performs the behavior in different environments
which of the following best explains the primary purpose of the bacb's rat ethics code
the purpose of the rat ethics doe is to provide guidelines for certified and credentialed indivualds when they are providing behavior analysis services
what is the difference between differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
the replacement behavior selected in (DRA) does not have to be compatible with the problem
which of the following is an advantage of using token economy
they are resistant to satiation and individuals becoming bored because of the variety of back-up reinforcers that can be used
why is imitating facial expressions particularly difficult for some individuals
they avoid looking at faces
Teaching with multiple instructions helps learners to generalize because:
they can respond to different cues found in the natural environment
Why are prevention strategies a valuable part of behavior intervention plans?
they decrease the likelihood that an undesirable behavior will get reinforced
what is one reason it may be difficult for a person with a disability to self report abuse or maltreatment
they may fear retaliation for reporting certain individuals who assist them
When behaviors are being maintained, reinforcement schedules move from:
thick to thin
what is the overall intent for delivering a discriminative stimulus
to get an individual to engage in a particular behavior
why is it important to establish target behaviors in a token system
to know what behaviors an individual must display to receive a token
which of the following is the best reason for conducting a reinforcer assessment before implementing a naturalistic intervention
to know what to have available as reinforcers and possibly intervention materials
environmental manipulations are discussed in the training for which reasons
to make a safe environment for the interventionists and the person they support
under what circumstance would it be important to provide an echoic training session related to targeted tacts
to make sure the learner knows how to repeat words and sounds when asked
If a shaping program is not moving forward and there are not questions about the effectiveness of reinforcers, what is likely to be the issue?
too much was expected too soon
which of the following data collection methods involves recording the results of each trial presented
trail by trail data
The transitivity aspect of stimulus equivalence is the result of:
training 2 other stimulus relations
which of the following best describes a level 1 severity of asd?
trevor feels anxiety when his day is unstructured so his teacher provides an hourly schedule for him everyday
T or F: families should always have some role in ABA intervention
true
True or False: allegations that go unreported are just as serious as the actual abuse or neglect
true
true or false: cultural and socioeconomic factors may affect the age recognition of ASD symptoms or diagnosis?
true
true or false: echoics can be addressed in both discrete trial and naturalistic intervention
true
true or false: people with IDD are more likely to experience abuse and neglect than individuals without IDD
true
which of the following replacement behaviors might be functionally equivalent to the undesirable behavior of screaming a demand
verbalizing what is wanted
which is another term for echoics
vocal imitation
antecedents are
what happens before a behavior occurs