Final review

Why is it not recommended that overweight children go on a diet? a. It can lead to a lowering of self-esteem. b. Children's school performance can deteriorate. c. Most children are unable to learn new food habits. d. Diet restriction can interfere with growth and development.

Diet restriction can interfere with growth and development.

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?

Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown.

Which of the following may result from iodine deficiency?

Goiter

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

What is another term for hypertension?

High blood pressure

Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?

High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion.

Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?

Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness.

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day? a. Intake is higher. b. Excretion is higher. c. Intake and excretion are equal. d. Excretion is unrelated to intake.

Intake and excretion are equal.

Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland?

Iodized table salt

What is the oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells?

Myoglobin

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

Poor nutrition

Which of the following individuals would most likely need an iron supplement?

Pregnant female

What is the major source of dietary sulfur?

Protein

What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?

Public drinking water

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium?

Catalyst in energy metabolism

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?

Constipation

Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?

Broccoli

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? a. Brain stem b. Cerebellum c. Optic nerve d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

Which of the following is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin? a. Beriberi b. Diarrhea c. Keratomalacia d. Inflamed mouth membranes

d. Inflamed mouth membranes

Which of the following describes an effect of caffeine use in the athlete? a. It enhances performance for almost all athletes. b. It raises blood pH to counteract the buildup of lactic acid. c. It promotes absorption of electrolytes from the intestinal tract. d. It induces fluid losses.

d. It induces fluid losses.

What are the known effects of heavy caffeine use on human pregnancy? a. It may worsen edema. b. It may increase the risk of birth defects. c. It may increase the risk of stillborn infants. d. It may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion.

d. It may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion.

Which of the following is NOT a known danger of taking vitamin supplements? a. Vitamin toxicity b. The taker may ignore warning signs of a disease c. The taker may feel a false sense of security and consume a poor diet. d. Pathogenic bacteria may grow unchecked in the large intestine leading to infections.

d. Pathogenic bacteria may grow unchecked in the large intestine leading to infections.

Which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly? a. Hiking b. Jogging c. Walking d. Quarter-mile run

d. Quarter-mile run

In what period of pregnancy would most damage occur from alcohol consumption? a. Before conception b. First trimester c. Second trimester d. Third trimester

d. Third trimester

Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? a. Oat b. Rice c. Corn d. Wheat

d. Wheat

The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as a. muscle fitness. b. muscle endurance. c. cardiopulmonary adaptation. d. cardiorespiratory conditioning

d. cardiorespiratory conditioning

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? a. Bone b. Carotene c. Tryptophan d. Exposure to sunlight

d. exposure to sunlight

A child who develops antibodies to certain food is said to have a a. food intolerance. b. specific inducible episode. c. transient immune suppression. d. food allergy.

d. food allergy.

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of a. four weeks, called quarters. b. nine weeks, called quartiles. c. four months, called semesters. d. three months, called trimesters.

d. three months, called trimesters.

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

Approximately what fraction of an average teenager's daily energy intake is derived from snacks? a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/2 d. 2/3

a. 1/4

What substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction? a. ATP b. NAD c. Glucose d. Fatty acids

a. ATP

What is the placenta? a. An organ from which the infant receives nourishment. b. A muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth. c. The developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. d. The developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception.

a. An organ from which the infant receives nourishment.

As far as is known, vitamin A does NOT play an important role in which of the following processes? a. Blood clotting b. Growth of bones and teeth c. Synthesis of visual pigment d. Maintaining mucous membranes

a. Blood clotting

In which of the following body functions does vitamin K participate? a. Blood clotting b. Energy metabolism c. Calcium utilization d. Epithelial tissue renewal

a. Blood clotting

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency? a. Bowed legs b. Rupture of the red blood cells c. Frequent respiratory infections d. Abnormally high blood calcium level

a. Bowed legs

Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast? a. Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast. b. Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia. c. Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance, but with time, they adapt and show almost identical achievements. d. Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia.

a. Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast.

What adverse side effect is most likely to develop in infants who are deprived of solid foods for the entire first year of life? a. Delayed growth b. Impaired speech c. Mental dysfunction d. Impaired eye coordination

a. Delayed growth

If muscle work is anaerobic, which of the following cannot serve as fuel? a. Fat b. Protein c. Carbohydrate

a. Fat

What type of chemicals are DHEA and androstendione? a. Hormones b. Estrogens c. Phytonutrients d. Herbal extracts

a. Hormones

Which of the following is not derived directly from cardiorespiratory conditioning? a. Increased flexibility b. Slowed resting pulse c. Increased breathing efficiency d. Increased blood volume and oxygen delivery

a. Increased flexibility

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status? a. Infant's birth weight b. Mother's weight before pregnancy c. Mother's weight gain during pregnancy d. Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy

a. Infant's birth weight

What is the principal reason that intake of alcohol is not beneficial to athletic performance? a. It is not metabolized in muscle. b. It inhibits glycogen breakdown. c. It inhibits creatine-phosphate synthesis. d. It interferes with ATP synthesis in the liver.

a. It is not metabolized in muscle.

Which of the following is NOT true of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women? a. Maternal mortality rates are lower. b. Fetal mortality rates are twice as high. c. Cesarean delivery is twice as common. d. Complications that arise typically reflect chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension.

a. Maternal mortality rates are lower.

What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman? a. Preclampsia b. Gestational diabetes c. Teratogenic hypertension d. Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis

a. Preclampsia

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? a. Processed foods. b. Unprocessed foods. c. Salt added during cooking and at the table. d. Sodium bonded to calcium in the food we eat.

a. Processed foods.

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in the greatest quantity? a. Sodium and chloride b. Bicarbonate and sulfate c. Calcium and magnesium d. Potassium and phosphate

a. Sodium and chloride

Which of the following is not a benefit of maintaining fitness? a. You will need no more than 5 hours of sleep a night. b. Bone density will reach optimal levels. c. Increased resistance to infectious diseases and some kinds of cancer. d. Lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.

a. You will need no more than 5 hours of sleep a night.

A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of a. anemia. b. rickets. c. hyperkeratosis. d. ariboflavinosis.

a. anemia.

The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by a. example. b. punishment. c. singling out only hazardous nutrition practices for attention. d. explaining the importance of eating new foods as a prerequisite for dessert.

a. example.

Expressions of vitamin quantities in foods and in the body include all of the following excepta. grams. b. milligrams. c. equivalents. d. micrograms.

a. grams.

The most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children is for a. iron. b. protein. c. calcium. d. vitamin C.

a. iron.

All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke except a. it is rarely fatal. b. it is due, in part, to dehydration. c. it is caused by heat buildup in the body. d. its symptoms include headache, nausea, and mental changes.

a. it is rarely fatal.

Infants showing symptoms of acidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, elevated blood ammonia and urea, and fever may be reacting to the nutritional problem of a. protein overload. b. milk protein intolerance. c. carbohydrate intolerance. d. insufficient protein and energy.

a. protein overload.

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has a. spina bifida. b. macrosomia. c. anencephaly. d. neural tube seizure.

a. spina bifida.

General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following EXCEPT a. they must be consumed daily. b. toxic levels in the body are rarely found. c. they are absorbed directly into the blood. d. excesses are eliminated from the kidneys.

a. they must be consumed daily.

What is gestational diabetes? a. A severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns. b. Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy. c. Reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy. d. A temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy.

b. Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy.

What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? a. Breast milk contains less fat. b. Breast milk is digested faster. c. Breast milk is less nutrient dense. d. The amount of milk consumed per feeding episode is lower in breast-fed infants.

b. Breast milk is digested faster.

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? a. Salt and sugar b. Calcium and iron c. Protein and fat d. Thiamin and ascorbic acid

b. Calcium and iron

Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition a. Low doses may lead to kidney stones. b. High doses may lower blood cholesterol. c. Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure. d. High doses may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals.

b. High doses may lower blood cholesterol.

Which of the following is a characteristic of sports anemia? a. It requires a prolonged treatment period. b. It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment. c. It responds to treatment only with high doses of iron. d. It is due primarily to increased iron loss via perspiration.

b. It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment.

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? a. It inhibits dietary absorption of cholesterol b. It slows oxidation of Low-density lipoproteins c. It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver d. It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver

b. It slows oxidation of Low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy? a. Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women. b. Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy. c. Sudden, large, weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension. d. Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women.

b. Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy.

Which of the following two conditions are associated with television's influence? a. Anorexia and nutrient deficiencies b. Obesity and high blood cholesterol c. Drug abuse and teenage pregnancy d. Hyperactivity and lower body weight

b. Obesity and high blood cholesterol

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? a. Lubricant b. Source of energy c. Maintains protein structure d. Participant in chemical reactions

b. Source of energy

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? a. The total amount available from plant and animal food. b. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body. c. The amount that escapes destruction from food processing. d. The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin.

b. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body.

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? a. They are destroyed by cigarette smoking. b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions. c. They typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides. d. They are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients.

b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions.

During physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate? a. Removal of lactic acid b. Transfer of energy to make ATP c. Removal of nitrogen waste products d. Transfer of phosphate to muscle fiber

b. Transfer of energy to make ATP

Groups of people who are at risk for developing marginal deficiencies and may benefit from taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except a. vegans. b. athletes. c. food faddists. d. habitual dieters and the elderly with low energy intakes.

b. athletes.

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of a. excessive fat deposition. b. excessive fluid retention. c. abnormal fetal development. d. normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester.

b. excessive fluid retention.

A tissue deprived of an oxygen supply during exercise would have an accumulation of a. ATP. b. lactic acid. c. oxygen. d. glucose-1-phosphate

b. lactic acid.

In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by combining a a. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. b. low number of repetitions with heavy weight. c. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. d. high number of repetitions with lighter weight.

b. low number of repetitions with heavy weight.

An athlete who believes in soda loading as a means of improving performance would, right before the event, consume a. caffeine tablets. b. sodium bicarbonate. c. a carbonated beverage. d. a lactose containing beverage.

b. sodium bicarbonate.

Dietary antioxidants minimize free radical damage by a. supporting further free radical formation. b. stimulating repair enzyme activity. c. slowing down antioxidant enzyme activity. d. stimulating enzymes that enable free radicals to work more effectively.

b. stimulating repair enzyme activity.

What is a precursor?a. A conditionally essential vitamin b. A sign or symptom of a vitamin deficiency disorder c. A substance that is used to synthesize another compound d. A substance that is recycled through the liver and intestines

c. A substance that is used to synthesize another compound

What is the source of whey protein sold as supplements to body builders? a. An alkaline extract of brewer's yeast. b. An acid extract of soybean processing. c. A waste product of cheese manufacturing. d. A complementary protein composed of animal and legume extracts.

c. A waste product of cheese manufacturing.

What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations? a. Fats b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Vitamins and minerals

c. Carbohydrates

Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants? a. Maternal passage of lead to fetus b. Baby bottles made from lead crystal c. Contaminated water used to make infant formula d. Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers

c. Contaminated water used to make infant formula

Which of the following is a characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria. b. Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation. c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet. d. Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat soluble vitamins.

c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet.

Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate? a. "Sweat" replacers b. Salt tablets and tap water c. Diluted juice or cool water d. Water warmed to body temperature

c. Diluted juice or cool water

Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin? a. Blood coagulation b. Formation of red blood cells c. Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients d. Formation of epithelial cell polysaccharides

c. Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of human growth hormone use in athletes? a. Low cost accounts for some of its popularity b. Laboratory tests can differentiate between the naturally occurring form and the drug form of growth hormone c. Excessive use shortens life span d. Excessive use leads to shrinking of internal organs

c. Excessive use shortens life span

What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? a. Inadequate intake. b. Increased excretion. c. Inadequate absorption. d. Increased losses in food preparation.

c. Inadequate absorption.

Which of the following reflects one of the effects of alcohol intake on lactation? a. It does not pass into the milk. b. It mildly stimulates milk production. c. It hinders the infant's ability to breastfeed. d. It passes into the milk but is degraded by enzymes in breast tissue.

c. It hinders the infant's ability to breastfeed.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children? a. It provides an opportunity to learn about nutrition. b. It meets federally mandated school nutrition guidelines. c. It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function. d. It helps decrease the symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 5% of school-age children.

c. It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function.

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? a. There is no limit to the supply. b. The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk. c. It provides immunological protection. d. It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby.

c. It provides immunological protection.

What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane? a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Osmotic pressure d. Hypertonic pressure

c. Osmotic pressure

What organ functions to prepare the mother's breasts for lactation? a. Uterus b. Ovaries c. Placenta d. Amniotic sac

c. Placenta

In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother? a. Cessation of lactation b. Reduced quality of milk c. Reduced quantity of milk d. Increased lactation

c. Reduced quantity of milk

Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion? a. Niacin b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin B12

c. Vitamin C

Vitamins differ from proteins, carbohydrates and fats in that they a. offer twice as much energy per gram as any other nutrient. b. are needed in greater quantities than measurements of other nutrients. c. are individual units and are not joined together. d. they contain energy available to do work in the cell.

c. are individual units and are not joined together.

All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except a. breast size increases. b. blood volume increases. c. body water level decreases. d. joints become more flexible.

c. body water level decreases.

The components of fitness include all of the following except a. strength. b. flexibility. c. bone fragility. d. cardiovascular endurance.

c. bone fragility.

When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted? a. Water b. Protein c. Glucose d. Fatty acids

c. c. Glucose

Keratinization is the result of a. toxicity of vitamin A. b. toxicity of vitamin D. c. deficiency of vitamin A. d. deficiency of vitamin D.

c. deficiency of vitamin A.

Two definitive indicators of the physical fitness of older adults are strength and a. VO2 max. b. jumping ability. c. walking endurance. d. resting heart rate below 70.

c. walking endurance.

All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except

calcium from milk.

Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A in the body? a. Cholesterol b. Chlorophyll c. Xanthophyll d. Beta-carotene

d. Beta-carotene

What term is given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth? a. Ovum b. Zygote c. Embryo d. Fetus

d. Fetus