final review
What is the difference between leadership and management?
-the difference between leadership and management is that a manager focuses on monitoring results, comparing them with goals and correcting deviations. The leader focuses on energizing people to overcome bureaucratic hurdles to help reach goals. Being a manager does not ensure that a person is also a leader Leadership is necessary to create and direct change and to help the organization get through tough times. Management is necessary to achieve coordination and systematic results and to handle administrative activities during times of stability and predictability
What are the eight types of quality of work life programs?
1. Adequate and Fair Compensation 2. Safe and Healthy Work Environment 3. Growth and Security 4. Constitutionalism 5. Social Relevance 6. Total Life Space 7. Social Integration 8. Development Of Human Capacities
What are the six universal types of leadership according to the GLOBE project?
1. Charismatic/value-based leadership: the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to promote high performance; includes being visionary, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. 2. Team-oriented leadership: emphasizes team building and creating a sense of common purpose; includes being collaborative, diplomatic, and administratively competent. 3. Participative leadership: the extent to which leaders involve others in making decisions; includes being participative and nonautocratic. 4. Humane-oriented leadership: being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous; includes displaying modesty and sensitivity. 5. Autonomous leadership: being independent and individualist; includes being autonomous and unique. 6.Self-protective leadership: behaviors intending to ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group; includes being self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, and face saving.
What are the four types of conflict culture? What is an inclusion culture?
1. Dominating 2. Collaborative 3. Passive Agresive 4. Avoidant culture of inclusion: The extent to which majority members value efforts to increase minority representation, and whether the qualifications and abilities of minority members are questioned
What are the four sources of pressure to change?
1. People, Technology 2. Information Processing 3. Communication 4. Competition
What is the difference between leadership as a process and as a property?
As a process, leadership Involves the use of noncoercive influence, but as a property, leadership is the set of characteristics attributed to someone who is perceived to use influence successfullyLeadership is both a process and a property. Leadership as a process is the use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members to meet goals. As a property, leadership is a set of characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to use such influence successfully.
What are the leadership styles on the leadership continuum?
Boss Centered Leadership & Subordinate Centered Leadership
Define charismatic leadership. List the three attributes of a charismatic leader and at least two examples of each of those attributes. (12)
Charismatic leadership : A type of influence based on the leader's personal charisma Envisioning: - Articulating a compelling vision - Setting high expectations Energizing: - Expressing personal confidence - Demonstrating personal excitement Enabling: - Expressing confidence in people - Empathizing
What is a charismatic leader? What are three attributes of a charismatic leader?
Charismatic leadership: A type of influence based on the leader's personal charisma Envisioning: Articulating a compelling vision, Setting high expectations, Modeling consistent behaviors Energizing: Demonstrating personal excitement, Expressing personal confidence Seeking, finding, and using success Enabling: Expressing personal support, Empathizing, Expressing confidence in people
What are the five leadership styles that can be found in the Leadership Grid?
Country Club Management Thoughtful: attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo. Team Management Work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a "common stake" in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect. Middle-of-the-Road Management: Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level. Authority-Compliance Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree. Impoverished Management: Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done 1,1 is appropriate to sustain organization membership.
What are the leadership styles and contingencies in Vroom's Decision Tree Approach? Be able to choose a leadership style given a contingency.
Decide: The manager makes the decision alone and then announces or "sells" it to the group. Delegate: The manager allows the group to define for itself the exact nature and parameters of the problem and then develop a solution. Consult (Individually): The manager presents the program to group members individually, obtains their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Consult (Group): The manager presents the problem to group members at a meeting, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Facilitate: The manager presents the problem to the group at a meeting, defines the problem and its boundaries, and then facilitates group member discussion as members make the decision.
How does organizational culture come to be?
Different industries develop different cultures. For example, nuclear power plants have a very different culture than do Internet or biotech firms. Organizational culture is also influenced by the national culture in which the organization is embedded.
What do leaders do to act more as coaches?
Just as this football coach is giving direction to his players, so too are managers facilitating the work of their subordinates rather than supervising and controlling their performance.
How do you determine leadership style in the LPC Theory of Leadership? What are the contingencies? Which styles of leadership are most effective in what situations?
LPC theory of leadership: Suggests that a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation Leader's effectiveness depends on the situation and, as a result, some leaders may be effective in one situation or organization but not in another.
What are the leadership styles and contingencies in the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership? Be able to choose a leadership style given a contingency.
Leadership Styles: Directive, Supportive, Participative, Achievement-Oriented Contingencies: Situational,
What are substitutes and neutralizers for leadership? What are some examples of each?
Leadership substitutes: Individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance For example, when this emergency vehicle pulled up to the hospital emergency room, doctors and EMT professionals knew what to do without being told. Their training and professionalism served as substitutes for leadership. leadership neutralizers: Factors that render ineffective a leader's attempts to engage in various leadership behaviors For example, that a relatively new and inexperienced leader is assigned to a workgroup composed of very experienced employees with long-standing performance norms and a high level of group cohesiveness.
Be able to compare and contrast the Michigan and Ohio State approaches to understanding leader behavior.
Michigan leadership studies: Defined job-centered and employee-centered leadership as opposite ends of a single leadership dimension Ohio State leadership studies: Defined leader consideration and initiating-structure behaviors as independent dimensions of leadership
What is organizational development?
Organization development: A system-wide application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving organizational effectiveness
How does organizational culture impact the organization?
Organizational culture is the key to organizational excellence ... and the function of leadership is the creation and management of culture."Research has shown that by actively managing culture, your organization and its employees will be more likely to deliver on strategic objectives over the long run
Define organizational culture and its four levels. In addition to the definitions of the four levels, give examples where relevant. (15)
Organizational culture: A system of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide members' attitudes and behaviors
What is organizational culture? What are the four levels of culture?
Organizational culture: A system of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide members' attitudes and behaviors Artifacts: - Physical manifestations of the culture, including: - Myths and stories, - Awards, ceremonies, and rituals - Dress code Assumptions - Taken for granted - Unconscious - The ultimate source of values and behaviors Espoused Values - Explicitly stated organizational values Enacted Values - Norms and behaviors actually exhibited by employees
What are the nine steps in the integrated framework for implementation of task redesign?
Step 1: Recognition of a need for a change Step 2: Selection of task redesign as a potential intervention Step 3: Diagnosis of the work system and context Diagnosis of existing jobs Diagnosis of existing workforce Diagnosis of technology Diagnosis of organization design Diagnosis of leader behavior Diagnosis of group and social processes Step 4: Cost-benefit analysis of proposed changes Step 5: Go/no-go decision Step 6: Formulation of the strategy for redesign Step 7: Implementation of the task changes Step 8: Implementation of any supplemental changes Step 9: Evaluation of the task redesign effort
What are the leadership styles and contingencies of Hersey & Blanchards Life Cycle Theory of Leadership?
Styles: Selling, Selling, Participating and Delegating Contingencies:
How do women act differently as leaders than men? Why?
The one difference that does seem to arise in some cases is that women have a tendency to be slightly more democratic in making decisions, whereas men have a similar tendency to be somewhat more autocratic. One possibility is that women may tend to have stronger interpersonal skills than men and are hence better able to effectively involve others in making decisions. The other possible explanation is that women may encounter more stereotypic resistance to their occupying senior roles.
How does change occur according to the continuous process model of organizational change?
This approach treats planned change from the perspective of top management and indicates that change is continuous
What is a transformational leader? What are the four dimensions of a transformational leader?
Transformational leadership: The set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute the change effectively 4 dimension: charisma, inspirational leadership, intellectual stimulation, and the consideration of the needs of followers
What is the attributional perspective of leadership?
attribution perspective on leadership: Holds that when behaviors are observed in a context associated with leadership, different people may attribute varying levels of leadership ability or power to the person displaying those behaviors
What is the general idea behind the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model? How are the experiences of members of the in-and out-groups different?
leader-member exchange model (LMX) of leadership: Stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates In-group: Often receives special duties requiring more responsibility and autonomy; they may also receive special privileges, such as more discretion about work schedules Out-group: Receive less of the supervisor's time and attention and are likely to be assigned the more mundane tasks the group must perform and not be "in the loop" when information is being shared
What are the sources of resistance to change?
overdetermination, narrow focus of change, group inertia, threatened expertise, threatened power, and changes in resource allocation
What are four methods to change groups and individuals?
training, management development, team building, and survey feedback.
What is the trait approach to leadership? What are some relevant traits that distinguish an effective leader from others?
trait approach: Attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits that differentiated effective leaders from nonleaders
What does it mean to be a strategic leader? Ethical? Virtual?
trategic leadership: The capability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment and to lead change in the organization so as to achieve and maintain a superior alignment between the organization and its environment Ethical leadership: The process of leading based on consistent principles of ethical conduct virtual leadership: Leadership via distance technologies
How does change occur in Lewin's process model?
unfreezing, change, and refreezing
