FINAL STUDY GUIDE

fibers: strong, resist pulling and stretching, not stiff, made by collagen (most abundant protein) smaller in diameter, elastin, glycoprotein fibrilin, strong and stretchable, turn to original shape (elasticity). in veins/arteries. by collagen. thinner. glycoprotein hold it together. network around cells.

collagen elastic reticular

process that form joints? large round protuberance smooth surface smooth flat concave articular surface rounded articular surface supported by neck

condyle, head, and facet

condyloid/ellipsoidal joint: what movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? example?

convex oval shaped depression of 2 bones biaxial radius and 2 carpal bones

__ at birth become sutures? ^ replaced w bone in __ ossification?

fontanels intramembranous

fluids always flow from __ pressure to ___ pressure

high to low

tubercles/inter-tubercular groove on ___ trochanters on ___ linea aspira on ___

humerus femur femur

suture? intrinsic or extrinsic? di, amphi, sin? in children? syndesmoses? amphi, di, sin? example? interosseous membrane? amphi di sin? where?

intrinsic; sin (unless in children: amphi) amphi; tibiofibular joint/gomphosis (tooth) amphi; between fibula and tibia

cardiac muscle: voluntary/involuntary? where? more than 1 nucleus/ 1 nucleus? striations or no?

involuntary (natural pacemaker/audtorhythmicity); striated; in heart; 1 nucleus

smooth muscle: voluntary/involuntary? where? more than 1 nucleus/ 1 nucleus? striations or no? thick and thin filaments? each are?

involuntary; non striated; 1 nucleus; hollow internal organs *also tapered thick (myosin) and thin filaments (actin)

90% of cells that make epidermis? produce? 4 major types of cells in skin?

keratinocytes; lamellar granules (water repellent sealant/inhibit foreign particles from entering) keratinocytes melanocytes macrophage /langerhans tactile/merkel

concave curves = convex curves =

kyphosis lordosis

___ suture joins parietal bones w occipital? ___ suture joins temporal w all the rest?

lambdoidal squamous (cause flatter)

connects bone to bone? connects muscle to bone?

ligament; tendon

utricle for? saccule for? semicircular ducts for?

linear motion /accelerate/stopping (NOT CONSTANT SPEED) circular motion /rotational

only digestive organ that drains into INF vena cava?

liver

muscles of mastication: closing? presses cheeks against teeth?

masseter and temporalis buccinator (and tongue)

gluteus maximus? medius? minimus?

max: extend thigh; laterally rotate hip medius: medial rotate and abduct thigh minimus: medial rotate and abduct thigh

tactile baroreceptors proprioceptors are all ___ receptors?

mechanoreceptors

incomplete discs/partially divide joint/crescent shaped? fibrocartilage structures not covered by synovial membrane/divide synovial cavity into 2?

menisci articular discs

*****BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES form brainstem?

mesencephalon pons medulla oblongata

cutaneous field? innervated by? (Can overlap several dermatomes)

nerve from a plexus

what cells are excitable?

neuron (nerve impulse) and muscle cells

2 types of cells in CNS?

neurons and glial cells

3 types of capillaries: continuous where? fenestrated where? sinusoid where?

no leaking ; main type ; brain (BBB) small pores ; rapid movement of fluid/ions etc; kidneys and brain least amount; big gaps; cells enter and exit; red bone marrow and liver and spleen

synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis

no movement slightly moveable moveable

saltatory conduction: jumps from __ to __? faster or slower if skips myelinated sheaths/myelinated?

node of ranviers faster (strength of nerve impulse will always stay same)

When the elbow is EXTENDED the ____A____ articulates with the ____B________. olecranon? trochlea? coronoid process? radial head?

olecranon fossa of humerus trochlear notch of ulna nothing capitulum of humerus

olfactory pathway?

olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, olfactory tract, cerebral cortex

___ neuroglial cell that makes myelin sheath?

oligrodendrite

mature bone cells, maintains bone tissue , dont divide cell division to form osteoblast; inner periosteum/endosteum big and ruffled border, bone resorption; regulate blood ca levels bone building and secretes extracellular matrix; starts calcification

osteocytes cells? osteoprogenitor cells? found where? osteoclasts cells? osteoblasts cells?

bone cell lineage? (order)

osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

popliteal passes ___ splits into Posterior and Anterior tibial artery

popliteal fossa

posterior splits into?

posterior and anterior tibial artery

tibial innervates? deep fibular and superficial innervate?

posterior leg anterior leg

pronation/supination of hand which joint?

proximal radioulnar joint

neck muscle functions: sternocleidomastoid? ant or post? capitis muscles? ant or post? scalenes?

pull head down/flexion; ant pull head back/extension ; post pulll head down/flex neck

more O2 blood in pulm veins or pulm arteries?

pulm veins

what cells in cerebellum responsible for coordination? (in cortex)

purkinje cells

primary cortex find what neurons/cells? (control of skeletal muscles)

pyramidal

patella inserted within ? patellar ligament will hold it in place

quadriceps femoris tendon

diaphysis metaphysis (what happens here?) epiphysis

shaft/middle long part bwtn epiphysis and diaphysis; bone is added/grows; epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage that turns into epiphyseal line when bone matures) two ends of long bone

group of cells that work together w similar function

tissue

longest cranial nerve? only nerve w cranial and spinal root? only nerve that doesn't go through thalamus? (straight to cerebrum)

vagus accessory olfactory

what passes thru transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae?

vertebral arteries

phrenic nerve is made up of what 3 nerves?

C3, C4 ,C5 (Cervical plexus)

ball and socket: what movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? example?

ball and cup like structure triaxial head of femur w acetabulum

*****CHAPTER 2: TISSUES transitional cells look like?

balloon shaped; rounded cells

synthesis of vit D: most active form of vit D? aids in absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract

calcitriol

cephalic and basilic (medial or lateral) (front or back of hand)

cephalic: lateral , back of hand basilic: medial, front of hand

system that moves blood and lymph around body

circulatory

hip anatomical word?

coxal

schwann cell does? difference between oligrodendrite cell?

creates myelin sheath/axon regeneration oligro can make myelin sheath for several axons and schwann only for one segment of an axon

lateral of foot just distal to heel bone? which foot bone affected?

cuboid

brachialis function?

flex forearm

pituitary gland where? connected by?

hypothalamus connected by infundibulum

determining if individual is still growing by the bone?

if epiphyseal line, no more growth

precapillary sphincters function?

if running and need more blood going to respiratory, they will close entrances and guide blood to where it is needed most

groin anatomical word?

inguinal

pulm arteries take blood into ? ___ in O2?

lungs low

protect from debris getting in back of our eyeballs? tears released from/empty at?

palpebral/bulbar conjunctiva fornix

plnataris, gastrocnemius, and soleus

plantarflex

pons does?

regulate respiratory

diff kinds of CT: tendons ligaments bone blood WHAT ISN'T?

skeletal muscle

zygomatic process part of? bones that form nasal septum?

temporal vomer and ethmoid

insula what lobe? for?

temporal taste

Which protein holds the thick filaments in place?

titin

external intercostal: __ midline ; increase or decrease space btwn ribs/elevate or depress? internal intercostal: __ midline ; increase or decrease space btwn ribs/elevate or depress?

towards midline; increase/elevate away midline; decrease/depress

rough projection? prominent ridge? shallow depression?

tuberosity crest fossa

polarized cell? (- or + on inside?) depolarized? repolarization?

- inside and + outside + inside and - outside from + to - in the inside

chose albinism or vitiligo: 1. Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin 2. melanocytes that are unable to synthesize tyrosinase 3. partial or complete loss of melanocytes 4. Melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin 5. Formation of skin patches 6. vision problems 7. Normal amounts of melanocytes 8. Loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes

1. albinism 2. albinism 3. vitiligo 4. albinism 5. vitiligo 6. albinism 7. albinism 8. vitiligo

endochondral ossification: (6 steps) in ALL bones

1. cartilage model 2. growth of cartilage model/calcified EC matrix 3. primary ossification center 4. medullary cavity 5. secondary ossification center 6. articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

function of the?: 1. intellectual process , conscious thought, memory, skeletal muscle functioning 2. relay center for sensory info (thalamus) and emotions, hormone production (hypothalamus) 3. visual/auditory, consciousness, reflexes 4. sensory information, subconscious motor control 5. sensory info to thalamus, regulate visceral functioning (heart, respiratory, digestive)

1. cerebrum 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. pons 5. medulla oblongata

intramembranous ossification: (4 steps) mesenchymal tissue replaced by bone

1. development of ossification center (osteoblasts secrete EC matrix) 2. calcification of EC matrix (osteocytes formed) 3. trabeculae (forms spongy bone) 4. development of periosteum (spongy bone thins out to form two outer compact bones)

how many organ systems do we have?

11

thick filament: myosin tails look like? heads contain __ and __ binding site?

2 golf clubs twisted together actin and ATP

pectoral girdle formed by _ bones pelvic girdle formed by _ bones

2; 1

*****CHAP 8 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (lower) how many tarsals? metatarsals? phalanges?

7 5 14

*****CHAP 8: APPENDICULAR SKELETON (upper) how many __ on each upper limb: carpals? metacarpals? phalanges?

8 5 14

pairs of spinal nerves? cervical? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? cocyx?

8 12 5 5 1

sliding filament mechanism: __ doesn't move and ___ filaments goes towards it

A band thin filaments towards (thick filaments)

electrical propagation slows down where? atrial __ begins

AV node contraction

lubb dubb: "lubb" sounds is closure of? "dubb" sounds is closure of?

AV valves close semi lunar close

intervertebral discs start at? common features of ALL vertebrae?

C2 (none in btwn C1 and C2) prcoess, arch, body, foramen,

ependymal cells (glial cells) help make __ from blood plasma what helps moving it?

CSF cilia

subcutaneous layer consists of? (2 tissues)

CT and adipose tissue

___ ion channels open in synaptic end bulbs and vesicles will fuse w synaptic end bulb membrane and release where? neurotransmitters bind receptors in postsynaptic neuron and open __ ___ channels. __ ion flows in and neuron now ___?

Ca2+; synaptic cleft; ligand gated channels; Na+; depolarized

epithelial tissue high or low cellularity? CT? epithelial avascular or vascular? CT?

HIGH (little to no extracellular matrix; LOW epithelial avascular; vascular

pulm veins arrive where? where is the highest blood pressure?

L atrium aorta

which heart vesicle wall is thicker? why?

L ventricle (bc pumps to aorta and needs more pressure)

spinal cord ends at?

L1/L2

___ side of diaphragm is lower? why?

Left (Cause stomach needs less space than liver and heart is above it)

do capillaries have smooth muscle in their walls?

NO

carotid body? measures __; what receptors? carotid sinus? measures __: what receptors?

O2 (chemoreceptors) pressure ; baroreceptors

*****CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM superior and inferior vena cava arrive at heart in the __ atrium __ in O2 and __ in CO2

R low; high

all de-oxyganted blood coming from head ends up?

R and L brachiocephalic trunk(vein) --> sup vena cava

corpus callosum connect? anterior commisure connect? association fibers: arcuate and longitudinal connect? projection fibers connect?

R and L hemisphere R and L hemisphere connect areas within same hemisphere connect cerebrum to other areas of brain

moderator band only found in ?

R ventricle (since its way thinner, doesnt need that much pressure since goes into pulmonary trunk)

ribs: (12 total) vertebrosternal (start; end? which ribs?) vertebrochondral (start; end? which ribs?) vertebral ribs (start; end? which ribs?)

S: vertebrae E: sternum (own cartilage) (1-7) S: vertebrae E: cartilage (8-10) S: vertebrae E: no where (11 and 12)

conduction system route?

SA node, AV node, common bundle is His, bifurcate at apex, purkinje fibers, into cardiac muscles, blood released from ventricles (bottom --> up)

organ absorbs nutrient from your food?

Small intestine

rotator cuff muscles are ?

Subscapularis. Infraspinatus. Supraspinatus. Teres minor.

When the elbow is FLEXED the ____A______ articulates with the _____B_______. Olecranon Trochlea Coronoid process Radial head

X trochlear notch of the ulna coronoid fossa of humerus capitulum and radial fossa of humerus

femoral artery reach __ splits into 2

abductor hiatus

groups 2 and 3: deltoid function? latissimus dorsi function? pectoralis major function? teres major function? rotator cuff muscles function?

abducts humerus extends arm and adducts arm adduct arm and medial rotate arm medially rotate arm circumduction

*****CHAP 11: AXIAL MUSCLES (LOWER GROUP) tensor fasciae latea

abducts thigh

neurotransmitter that causes muscles to contract?

acetylcholine

gracilis?

adduct thigh

inhibitory neurotransmitters do what? so post synaptic neuron now?

allow - ions to flow in and + to flow out negative

musculocutaneous nerve innervates? radial nerve? median nerve? ulnar nerve?

anterior arm posterior arm/forearm anterior forearm/hand hands/forearm

L ventricle pumps blood to ?? oxygenated or no?

aorta, oxygenated

pulse where?

arteries not capillaries bc no elastic fibers or smooth muscle veins only pulse in abnormal conditions

capillaries veins arteries: tunica media layer in ___ is the thickest? ___ hold much more blood?

arteries veins (bc lumen biggest)

___ neuroglial cell make up BBB?

astrocytes

what forms BBB

astrocytes with tight junctions

___ nervous system moderate our heart rate? sympathetic? parasympathetic? (do what)

autonomic (sympathetic : high rate/contractions) (parasympathetic: low rate/contractions)

lateral grey horn cell bodies are? (control what)

autonomic motor neurons (cardiac and smooth muscles)

articular cartilage? (avascular or vascular?) periosteum? avascular or vascular? purpose? medullary cavity? endosteum?

avascular; harder for cartilage to be repaired CT; vascular; nutrients to cells; attachment for ligaments and tendons; lines bone exteriorly yellow bone marrow lines medullary cavity inside

*****CHAPTER 1: INTRO armpit anatomical word?

axilla

nerve fiber layers from inside to outside?

axon, endoneurium, fascicle, perineurium, spinal nerve, epineurium

voltage gated channels in ___ will allow ___ ions to flow in the neuron and will make it ___ inside and ___ outside? causes (polarization or depolarizaiton)?

axon; Na+; positive; negative (depolarization)

important collateral vein between superior and inf vena cava incase they get obstructed? (in thoracic and lumbar region)

azygus

2 layers form basement membrane?

basal and reticular lamina

Most stem cells differentiate into keratinocytes in which skin layer?

basale

examples of: parallel muscle? parallel muscle w tendinous bands? wrapping muscle? converging? unipennate? bipennate? multipennate? circular?

biceps brachii rectus abdominis supinator pectoralis extensor digitorum rectus femoris deltoid orbicularis oris/oculi

which cells release extracellular matrix? (blast, clast, cyte)?

blast AND cyte blast: able to differentiate

pivot joint: what movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? example?

bone rotating within a ring uniaxial head of radius and radial notch of ulna and ligament

neuroglia in white or grey matter or both ?

both

aortic arch 3 arteries?

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

ions essential for muscle contraction?

calcium

***** CHAP 6: BONES what 2 minerals do bones store?

calcium and phosphorus (for strength)

calcium channels what rushes into neurons?release of?triggers opening of?what levels increase?

calcium ions rush in neurons release of acetylcholine into synaptic cleft opens sodium gated channels sodium ion levels increase

What component of the bone matrix gives it its toughness?

calcium phosphate

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, gases, and wastes (which system)?

cardiovascular

opposition? what joint? which bones? for what?

carpo-metacarpal joint trapezium and metacarpal of thumb touch (grip)

catabolism and anabolism? ___ molecule to ___ molecule

catabolism: large to small anabolism: small to large

which vertebrae (differences:)? c1= atlas c2= axis, C1 no spinous process, C1 no vertebral body, axis has dens, smaller body, larger vertebral foramen sup/inf/transverse costal facets doesnt have transverse foramen and costal facets, big body, smaller vertebral foramen

cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar

___ release aqueous humor in posterior chamber then to anterior chamber of anterior cavity? posterior cavity is filled with?

ciliary body vitrous humor

dermis: has what fibers? papillary vs reticular layers: has more blood vessels? most of dermis is which layer? cells for touch in papillary? cells for pressure in reticular?

collagen and elastic papillary (since epidermis is avascular) reticular tactile/meissner corpuscle and free nerve endings pacinian corpuscle/lamellated

systole = diastole =

contraction relaxation

first arteries that branch of aorta?

coronary arteries

spinal nerve ("mixed nerve") formed by? (specific)

dendrite of sensory unipolar nerve from dorsal root and axon of motor multipolar nerve from ventral root

*****CHAP 9: JOINTS fibrous cartilaginous synovial

dense irregular CT cartilage CT and cartilage

the R ventricle pumps __ blood to lungs?

deoxygenated

area served by a single area of spinalnerve called?

dermatomes

synovial joints? amphi di or sin? examples?

diarthrosis saddle, hinge, pivot, etc gliding angular rotation special movements

muscles assist in speech and swallowing? suprahyoid and infrahyoid supra? infra? digastric does?

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid = pull hyoid up omohyoid, sternohyoid = pull hyoid down digastric pulls down mandible

incases pituitary gland in sella turcica?

dipahgrama sellae

ulna: head is ___ (proximal or distal); styloid process? ___ will articulate w the head of the radius?

distal; distal radial notch

potential space = ? (meaning and example)

doesnt normally exist (hematoma this place gets filled); subdural space

hinge joint: movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? permit? example?

door hinge uniaxial (permit flexion and extension) elbow

tibialis anterior

dorsiflex and invert foot

back anatomical word? lower back?

dorsum ; lumbar

thermoregulation: which glands cause/stop sweat?

eccrine

route of arteries --> veins?

elastic artery muscular artery arterioles capillaires venules medium sized vein large vein

*****CHAP 11: AXIAL MUSCLES (UPPER GROUPS) group 1: trapezius function? levator scapulae function? rhomboids function? pectoralis minor function? serratus anterior function?

elevate and retract scapula (bring back) elevate scapula retract scapula (bring back) depression/protraction of scapula (bring forward) protract scapula (bring forward)

glandular epithelium: 3 types of endocrine glands (PAT)? flow thru duct? far/close reaching? exocrine glands secrete (MESEOS)? flow thru duct? far/close reaching? which ovaries contain both/mixed (POT)?

endo: pituitary, adrenal, thyroid DONT flow thru duct (flow thru interstitial fluid) far reaching exo: mucous, ear wax, saliva, enzymes, sweat, oil YES flow thru duct close reaching pancreas, ovaries and testis

hypothalamus, adrenal glands, thyroid gland part of what system

endocrine

thymus what system?

endocrine and lymphatic

which cells secrete basal lamina? which cells secrete collagen to form reticular lamina?

epithelial fibroblasts

fibularis longus and brevis?

evert foot

1.ability to respond to stimuli and respond w action potential 2.contracts and generates tension while pulling on attachment points, muscle while shorten 3.muscle stretch w out damage (heart fills up w blood or stomach fills up w food) 4.ability to return to original shape/lengthelectrical

excitability? contractility? extensibility? elasticity?

back muscles: splenius capitis? does? errector spinae group? does?

extend neck and extend spine (pull neck back) extend neck and extend spine (pull neck back)

posterior compartment of thigh does? to thigh? to leg? anterior compartment of thigh does? to thigh? to leg?

extend thigh/flex leg flex thigh/ extend leg

posterior compartment of arm __ ? (extends or flexes)? example? anterior compartment? example? forearm muscle anterior compartment? forearm muscle posterior compartment

extends (triceps) flexes (biceps) flex extend

triceps brachii function?

extends forearm

extensor carpi radiali brevis and longus?

extends hand and aBducts

extensor carpi ulnaris

extends hand and aDducts

quadriceps femoris?

extends leg

pressure pain temp receptors in skin are?

exteroreceptors

cranial reflex example? spinal cord reflex example?

eyes tracking words while we read patellar reflex

what nerve innervates anterior 2/3 of tongue? for taste what nerve innervates posterior 1/3 of tongue? for taste

facial glossopharangeal

cornea and sclera = __ layer ciliary body, choroid, iris = __ layer pigmented layer (absorb light)and neural layer (photoreceptors)= ___

fibrous vascular retina (inner layer)

calcaneonavicular ligament?

fibrous CT help maintain medial longitudinal arch support for talus

posterior gives rise to (2)? anterior tibial artery gives rise to?

fibular and plantar artery dorsalis pedis

tibia: tibia articulates w fibula at ___

fibular notch

forms the belly of a muscle? (order from small --> big)

filament myofibril muscle fiber endomysium (layer of CT/reticular) fascicles perimysium (dense irregular CT) skeletal muscle belly epimysium

planar joint /gliding: what movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? example?

flat/slightly curved back and forth/side to side movement some rotate biaxial or triaxial navicular and cuneiforms

flexor carpi radialis? flexor carpi ulnaris?

flex and aBducts hand flex and ADducts hand

Coracobrachialis function?

flex arm / adduct

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

flex leg/extend thigh

rectus femoris?

flex thigh /extends leg

iliopsoas function?

flex thigh at hip

palmaris longus?

flex wrist

sartorius? allows you to?

flex, abducts laterally rotate thigh cross legs

biceps brachii function?

flexes arm and forearm

brachioradialis

flexes forearm at elbow

saddle joint: what movement? biaxial, triaxial, uniaxial? example?

flexion extension, abduction adduction biaxial trapezium and thumb meracarpal

concentric eccentric isometric

flexion/shortens/moves up extension/lengthens/moves down no displacement takes place/muscle doesnt move

*****NERVOUS TISSUE (dr benaduce) sympathetic? parasympathetic?

flight or fight rest or digest

connects the two atria in the fetal heart?

foramen ovale

bone surface marking? which one: depression; forms where you articulation of 2 bones groove, long trench tube like structure

fossa sulcus meatus

*****CHAP 7: AXIAL SKELETON 8 cranial bones? 14 facial bones? unpaired?

frontal occipital parietal sphenoid ethmoid temporal vomer maxilla mandible 3 nasal conchaes palatine zygomatic lacrimal nasal unpaired? sphenoid frontal occipital ethmoid vomer mandible

cranial bones part of orbit? facial bones part of orbit?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic

proteins present in basal lamina?

glycoproteins, laminin, collagen, proteoglycans

place where nerve fibers decussate in the spinal cord?

gray commissure

water storage; medium for exchange of substances between blood and cells; support and bind cells together are all functions of ___ in extracellular matrix?

ground substance

integumentary system?

hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus? (which one medial/lateral)?

hallucis: lateral digitorum: medial (they're inverse)

extracellular in bones: mineral salts in bones for? (calcium phosphate) collagen fibers for? and water

hardness flexibility

humerus: how does humerus articulate w scapula? radius articulates w __ of humerus? ulna articulates w __ of humerus?

head w glenoid fossa capitulum and radial fossa trochlea and coronoid fossa

CELL JUNCTIONS: holds epithelium to basement membrane? weblike strands of protein fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal passageways? plaque that connects to membrane proteins and microfilaments of cytoskeleton? contains plaque that connects to intermediate filaments? connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels (connexons) that connect neighboring cells that allow passage of ions?

hemidesmosomes tight junctions adherens junctions desmosomes gap junctions

"pelvis" includes __ and ___ "pelvic girdle" /os coxa/coxal bone consists of ___ head of femur articulates where? sacrum articulates w ___ of os coxa? bone you sit on?

hip bone and sacrum ilium, ischium, pubis (meet at acetabulum) acetabulum iliac tuberosity ischium

neurogenesis (RARE) happens in __ what happens?

hippocampus plasticity makes new pathways (remapping) NOT new neurons

hypothalamus for?

homeostasis temp control (shivering and sweating) thirst center limbic system links nervous system and endocrine system

superior mesentery supplies O2 blood to? inferior mesentery?

intestines L intenstine last part and rectum

*****CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : BLOOD VESSELS capillaries only made of __ layer

intima

tibialis posterior?

invert foot and plantar flex

___ vein drains blood from dura venous sinus

jugular

protection: protects underlying tissue from abrasion and heat, bound by cell junctions prevent microbes from entering released by keratinocytes (granulosum); prevent skin dehydration release oil protect skin and hair, kills bacteria acidic/low Ph, prevent growth of microbes on skin produced by melanocytes, prevent against UV light, (light skin= basale->spinosum, dark skin=basale -> stratum granulosum), protect keratinocytes nucleus, get destroyed by UV light kill pathogens trying to enter body, get destroyed by UV light detect touch, axon ends on tactile disc

keratinocytes/keratin lipids sebaceous sweat glands melanin macrophage (langerhans) tactile/merkel cell

organs that get rid of waste in blood?

kidneys

cells in hypodermis? (for pressure)

lamellated corpuscle

extrinsic eye muscles: ___ rectus and ___ oblique only ones NOT innervated by oculomotor nerve? innervated by? rectus muscles all originate in? insert?

lateral and superior; abducens nerve and trochlear common tendinous ring /annulus of zinn; ant. sclera

organ gets rid of toxins in blood

liver

celiac trunk arteries innervate what organs

liver spleen and stomach

RUQ organs? LUQ organs? RLQ organs? LLQ organs?

liver, gallbladder stomach, pancreas right part of ilium, jejunum, duodenum, appendix left part of ilium and jejunum

clavicle known as __ bone? scapula?

long flat

classify:clavicle, humerus, clavicle, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals carpal and tarsal (except heel) cranial bones (Except temporal), ribs, scapula, os coxa, sternum sphenoid, temporal, os coxa, vertebrae, calcaneus patella ethmoid btwn cranial sutures

long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones sesamoid bone pneumatized bone sutural bones

femoral, obturator, and genitofemoral nerves all arrive from what plexus? femoral innervates? obturator innervates?

lumbar skin and muscles in anterior thigh skin and muscles medial thigh

pulm veins takes blood from __ to __?

lungs; L atrium

spleen and tonsils part of what system?

lymphatic

develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis in blood vessels. produce histamine. kill bacterias. dilate blood vessels during inflammation WBCs for allergic and parasitic reactions WBCs go to site of infection. destroy microbes thru phagocytosis. develop from B lymphocytes. release antibodies. secrete fibers and ground substance. large and flat.

macrophages mast cells eusinophils neutrophils plasma cells fibroblasts

highest concentration of cone cells in? specifically?

macula ; fovea centralis

amplify sound waves? equalize pressure inside tympanic membrane and outside? balance and equilibrium? hearing?

malleus, incus, stapes auditory tube semicircular tubules cochlea

navicular medial or lateral? radial head articulates w this depression on humerus?

medial radial fossa

stratum basale/germinativum have which cells (1 layer)? stratum spinosum (8-10 layers/more space btwn cells)? stratum granulosum (why important?) (apoptosis/flatter cells) (3-5 layers)? stratum lucidum (4-6 layers)? stratum corneum (25-30 up to 50 layers) (shed but replaced by?)

merkel/tactile, melanocytes, young daughter keratinocytes or stem cells macrophages/langerhans and keratinocytes (tonofilaments) ONLY keratinocytes (w lamellar granules that secrete lipid rich secretion), last layer where cells are still alive) ONLY dead keratinocytes ONLY dead keratinocytes, replaced by stem cells in basale

exocrine cells whichone? salivary glands; ER -> golgi complex -> secretion thru exocytosis (no damage of cell) mammary gland; ER -> golgi complex -> cytoplasm pinched -> cytoplasm and vesicles released skin (sebaceous gland); ER -> golgi complex -> mature cell die and become secretory product (replaced by stem cells)

merocrine (most common) apocrine holocrine

cells originate from ___ cells in CT?

mesenchymal

embryonic CT: found in embryos? found in fetus? mature CT: connective tissue proper supporting connective tissue (bone) liquid connective tissue (blood , lymph)

mesenchyme (before birth) mucous (before birth)

what joint is considered biaxial?

metatarsal-phalangeal joint

multipolar for? bipolar for? unipolar/pseudounipolar for?

motor /interneurons special sense (hearing seeing etc) general senses

What is represented as a single muscle cell?

muscle fiber

*****CHAP 11: AXIAL MUSCLES facial muscles: levator labii superioris originate? insert? does? zygomaticus muscles? originate? insert? does? platysma? originate? insert? does? depressor anguli oris? originate? insert? does? buccinator? originate? insert? does? orbicularis oris? originate? insert? does? orbicularis oculi? originate? insert? does?

originate: maxilla; insert: orbicularis oris (raise lips) originate? zygomatic bone insert? mouth does? major: smile minor: raise upper lip originate? chest insert? mandible does? depress mandible originate? mandible insert? mouth does? depress lower lip originate? maxilla/mandible insert? orbicularis oris does? press cheeks/whistling/blowing/sucking originate?circle mouth insert? skin of mouth does? close mouth /close lips /shapes lips for talking originate? circle eye insert? skin of eye does? close eyes

When calcium levels in the blood fall below homeostasis, which bone cells act to raise calcium levels and through what mechanism?

osteoclast; resorption

__ form medullary cavity/resorption? __ for matrix deposition? __ for mineralization?

osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes

compact bone: functional unit circular plates increase diameter around central canal body of osteocytes tunnels that help osteocytes communicate/filled w EC fluid

osteon concentric lamallea lacuna canalliculi

spongy/trabecular bone: NO ___ and ___ (that compact bone has) still has lacuna and canallilculi and lamellae

osteons or central canal **long bones made of compact bone in diaphysis and outer covering and epiphysis has spongy **all other bones are spongy bones

___ will help you know when you're moving in an elevator?

otoliths (moving hairs to bend and action potential to brain)

SA node controlled by what cells? what do they do?

pacemaker cells DEPOLARIZE

***** GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSES tonic receptor? examples phasic receptor? examples

pain, photoreceptors (doesnt adapt, constant) smell, touch, pressure (changes over time/fast adapting)

L atrium doesnt have? (but yes in auricle)

pectinate muscle

where does external iliac artery become femoral artery?

pelvic girdle

muscles of leg: superficial posterior compartment for? deep posterior compartment for? lateral compartment for? anterior compartment for?

plantar flex toe flex eversion dorsiflexion/toe extends

axon regeneration happens in CNS or PNS?

pns

thinking trouble solving concentration behavior area?

prefrontal cortex

pineal gland where? does?

produce melatonin: awake/sleep pattern hormone epithalamus (in diencephalon)

cardiac muscle (pt 2): intercalated discs? desmosomes? gap junctions?

projections to increase surface area to keep cells close hold cells together canals for communication *also branched

2 CNS neurons?

pyramidal and purkinje

abdominal muscles: 2 flexion muscles? extension muscles? lateral flexion and rotation muscles?

rectus abdominis and psoas major erector spinae group obliques and quadratus lumborum and iliocstalis and longissimus

3 ways of getting rid of neurotransmitters?

recycled and back to synaptic end bulb degrade neurotransmitter diffuse to nearby tissue fluid

CT in bones called? produces?

red bone marrow WBCs, RBCs, platelets, adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, fibers,

mesencephalon does?

reflex extrinsic eye movements sight and auditory info

epithelium: high capacity for cell division = __? organelles inside cell are disorganized = ___?

regeneration polarity

gonads what system?

reproductive and endocrine

pharynx what system?

respiratory and digestive

regions of stomach?

right hypochondriac region epigastric left hypochondriac region right lumbar region umbilical left lumbar region right inguinal region pubic left inguinal region

Which is the smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle?

sarcomere

radius articulates w what 2 carpal bones? ulna articulates w what carpal bone?

scaphoid and lunate triquetrum

neuroglia of PNS?

schwann cell and satellite

largest nerve/what plexus? innervates?

sciatic/sacral posterior thigh

valve at entrance of pulm trunk? does? valve at entrance of aorta trunk?

semilunar /pulmonary prevent back flow ALSO semilunar

ophthalmic and maxillary have __ function mandibular has ___ function (sensory, motor or both)

sensory sensory and motor

___ separates R and L ventricles?

septum pellucidum

high frequency sounds ___ waves low frequency sounds ____ waves

short long (in cochlea)

gliding movement? examples? angular movement? examples?

side to side, back and forth, no angles; examples: inter-carpal and inter-tarsal increase or decrease angle

epithelia for: diffusion and filtration? (alveolar) protection? secretion and absorption?

simple squamous transitional and stratified simple columnar

synchondroses? di sin amphi? where? symphyses? di sin amphi? where? (in midline) epiphyseal cartilage? di sin amphi? where?

sin and amphi; rib and manubrium amphi; pubic symphysis/sternum & manubrium sin; in bones and frontal bones

___ and ___ = integument skin consists of 2 major layers? widest layer?

skin and subcutaneous layer/hypodermis epidermis and dermis dermis **hypodermis NOT part of "skin"

cranial bone that articulates w all other bones? which bone feature shares w occipital and temporal? inferior nasal conchae part of ethmoid? vomer paired or unpaired? nasal septum formed by? maxilla paired or unpaired? mandible paired or unpaired? bone that doesnt articulate w any other bone?

sphenoid jugular foramen NO only superior and middle conchaes unpaired perpendicular plate of ethmoid(sup) and vomer (inf) maxilla paired mandible unpaired hyoid bone

*****SPINAL CORD AND NERVOUS SYSTEM CSF found where? (2 places)

subarachnoid space and central canal

supinator?

supinates forearm

3 kinds of fibrous joints?

sutures syndesmoses interosseous membranes

3 kinds of cartilaginous joints?

symphyses epiphyseal cartilage synchondroses

left side ___ circuit? right side ___ circuit?

systemic pulmonary

bone features of cranial bones: zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, styloid process jugular foramen, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal sella turcica, optic canal, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate

temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid

sarcoplasmic reticulum forms __

terminal cisterns on ends of t tubules

largest nuclei in brain?

thalamus

diencephalon 3 parts?

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

band A = entire length of _ filaments? zone of overlap? I band contains _ filaments? z disc passes thru center of each __ band? H zone center of each _ band contains _ filaments? M line where?

thick thick and thin overlap thin (NO THICK) center of each I band A; thick middle of sarcomere

*****CHAP 5: INTEGUMENTARY thick and thin layers from superficial -> deep(wider?) dermal ridges in thin vs thick? sudoriferous glands more in thin or thick?

thick: (5) corneum (WIDER THAN THIN SKIN) lucidum granulosum spinosum (WIDER THAN THIN SKIN) basale thin: (4) corneum granulosum spinosum basale dermal ridges in thick skin more defined more in thick skin (sweaty hands)

actin in __ filaments? myosin in __ filaments? myoglobin function?

thin thick makes muscle fiber red

calcium homeostasis? high level of ca glands stimulates? __ gland releases __? stimulate Ca __ in bone? (Deposition or release) __ Ca uptake in kidneys? (reduce or increase) low levels of ca glands stimulates? __ gland releases __? stimulate ca __ in bone? (deposition or release) __ ca uptake in kidneys? (reduce or increase) stimulate vitamin __? __ ca uptake in Small intestine? (reduce or increase)

thyroid; calcitonin deposition reduce parathyroid/chief cells; parathyroid hormone release increase vitamin D increase

valve between R atrium and R ventricle? valve between L atrium and L ventricle? /another name? *FOR ONE WAY FLOW*

tricuspid bicuspid (mitral)

thin filaments: filaments look like? actin? has _ binding site? tropomyosin does? troponin does?

twisted helix spheres ; myosin troponin holds tropomyosin in place tropomyosin covers myosin binding site (strands)

radius: ___ will articulate w head of ulna?

ulnar notch

Most of the small intestine is in the ____________ region. epigastric pubic umbilical

umbilical

what kind of neurons in dorsal root? neuronal cell body where? what kind of neurons in ventral root? neuronal cell body where?

unipolar; ganglion multipolar; grey matter

dermatomes (somatic): cervical nerves involved w what areas? thoracic sacral lumbar

upper limb thorax and abdominal genital and lower limbs lower limbs

organ system that removes waste from your body ?

urinary

The spinal cord passes through which body cavity?

vertebral

*****CHAP 10: MUSCLE TISSUE skeletal muscle: voluntary/involuntary? attached to? more than 1 nucleus/ 1 nucleus? striations or no?

voluntary; bone and sometimes skin/other tissue; multinucleated, striations

w development red becomes __ bone marrow? why is it called that?

yellow why: bc adipose cells (stores triglycerides/energy storage)