Final Study

The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called A. mitogenesis B. mitophagy C. mitochondria endocytosis D. mitochondrial exocytosis.

B. mitophagy

Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis. A. the amino acid taurine B. the amino acid leucine C. an increase in the muscle levels of TSC2 D. all of these are correct

B. the amino acid leucine

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle? A. Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal B. Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level C. After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults. A. 20 B. 30 C. 50 D. 90

50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program. A. 20 B. 35 C. 50 D. 90

50

In the VOPP, Dr. Magyari presented info from a study that was conducted at UF that measured the VO2max in sedentary male and female college students attending UF. In this study the average VO2max in sedentary young men and women was? A. 25 ml/kg/min B. 30 ml/kg/min C. 35 ml/kg/min D. 40 ml/kg/min

A. 25 ml/kg/min

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals. A. 3-25% B. 30-40% C. 50-60% D. 65-75%

A. 3-25%

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development? A. Neural factors B. Increased mitochondrial density C. activation of phosphatidic acid (PA) by endurance training D. Increase activation of Rheb by endurance training

A. Neural factors

Overload is consider one of training ___________ A. Principles B. Variables

A. Principles

Which of the following factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise? A. Slower blood flow in muscle B. increased fat storage in the liver C. decreased FFA transporters D. decreased beta oxidation enzymes

A. Slower blood flow in muscle

Resistance training results in a __________________. A. fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types B. slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber types C. decrease in the number of slow muscle fibers D. None of these is correct

A. fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types

Which of the following factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max? A. increased maximal cardiac output B. increased Type ll fibers C. increased maximal heart rate D. increased peripheral resistance

A. increased maximal cardiac output

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise? A. increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle B. increased M4 form of LDH C. increased glycolytic capacity D. decreased beta oxidation capacity

A. increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Which of the following training adaptations does NOT occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training? A. increased muscle buffer capacity B. decreased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase C. decreased activities of key glycolytic enzymes D. None of these answers is correct

A. increased muscle buffer capacity

Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed A. sarcopenia B. cachexia C. myodystopia D. myopenia

A. sarcopenia

Several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. These include: A. testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone B. testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone C. insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucocorticoids, and growth hormone D. testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and parathyroid hormone

A. testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect? A. an increase in mitochondria within muscle fibers B. the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters C. an increase in circulating catecholamines D. a decrease in circulating insulin

B. the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Volume is considered one of the training ________ A. principle B. variables

B. variables

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in a ______. A. 1-5% improvement in VO2 max B. 5-10% improvement in VO2 max C. 15-25% improvement in VO2 max D. 40-60% improvement in VO2 max

C. 15-25% improvement in VO2 max

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately A. 22 ml • kg-1 • min-1 B. 35 ml • kg-1 • min-1 C. 45 ml • kg-1 • min-1 D. 83 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

C. 45 ml • kg-1 • min-1

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels? A. 20-30 B. 35-45 C. 50-150 D. 200-300

C. 50-150

It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation. A. 30 B. 50 C. 80 D. 90

C. 80

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the A. central nervous system B. carotid bodies C. Trained skeletal muscles D. lungs.

C. Trained skeletal muscles

Which of the following factors contribute to the initial decline in VO2 max observed during the first 12 days of detraining? A. a decreased maximal heart rate B. a decrease in the maximal arterial-venous O2 difference C. a decrease in maximal stroke volume D. None of these answers is correct

C. a decrease in maximal stroke volume

Several factors contribute to neural drive. Which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive? A. total number of motor units activated B. the firing rate of the motor neuron C. activation of the Golgi tendon organ D. motor unit synchronization

C. activation of the Golgi tendon organ

The term hyperplasia refers to ________________. A. muscle hypertrophy B. an increase in muscle plasticity C. an increase in the total number of muscle fibers D. None of these is correct

C. an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session. A. seconds B. minutes C. hours D. days

C. hours

Which of the following factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise? A. increase afterload B. increased peripheral resistance C. increased cardiac contractility D. decreased end-diastolic volume

C. increased cardiac contractility

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. A. 10-15 hours B. 15-20 hours C. 20-25 hours D. 35-50 hours

D. 35-50 hours

Increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity (prolonged bedrest) promotes muscle atrophy because: A. oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers B. oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers C. oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation D. All of these are correct

D. All of these are correct

The term cross-education refers to ___________________. A. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb B. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength does NOT increase in the untrained (contralateral) limb C. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength decreases in the untrained (contralateral) limb D. None of these is true

A. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

Resistance training increases the specific force production of ________. A. type I muscle fibers B. type IIa muscle fibers C, type IIx muscle fibers D. all muscle fiber types

A. type I muscle fibers

A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as _____________. A. an antagonist B. an agonist C. a promoter D. none of these is correct

B. an agonist

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to A. neural adaptations B. increases in stroke volume C. increases in maximal cardiac output D. Both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct.

D. Both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct.

Which of the following endurance training adaptations result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles? A. increased glycogen utilization B. increased H4 form of LDH C. decreased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate D. decreased mitochondrial number

B. increased H4 form of LDH

Which of the following physiological factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference? A. decreased mitochondria volume in the muscle B. increased capillaries in the muscle C. increased hemoglobin in the blood D. decreased muscle blood flow

B. increased capillaries in the muscle

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to A. an increased maximal cardiac output B. increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries C. a decreased resting heart rate D. a greater anaerobic capacity.

B. increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session. A. seconds B. minutes C. hours D. days

B. minutes

Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called ______. A. mitophagy B. mitochondrial biogenesis C. mitochondrial proteostasis D. none of these answers is correct

B. mitochondrial biogenesis

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle? A. overload B. specificity C. reversibility D. progression

B. specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal A. heart rate B. stroke volume C. arteriovenous O2 difference D. systolic blood pressure.

B. stroke volume

The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________. A. appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training B. is clearly NOT essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training C. is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training D. Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

D. Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in A. increased uptake of fatty acids. B. decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. C. sparing of blood glucose. D. all of these answers are correct.

D. all of these answers are correct.

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to A. the muscles involved in the activity B. the fiber types recruited C. the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity D. all of these are correct.

D. all of these are correct.

Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _________________. A. an increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis B. an increase in the expansion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. a decrease in the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes D. an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

D. an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from A. an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference B. an increase in maximal cardiac output C. an increase in the maximal heart rate D. both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.

D. both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.

A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________. A. TSC2 B. the lysosome C. tyrosine D. mTOR

D. mTOR

The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________. A. motor learning B. the boomerang effect C. satellite cell phenomenon D. muscle memory

D. muscle memory

It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are: A. IGF-1 and Akt B. IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid C. IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) D. phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

D. phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

According to the VoPP, a person is more liekly to experience muscle breakdown >muscle synthesis, accompanied by prolonged muscle soreness during which of the following exercise scenarios A. Sedentary, no exercise B. accustomed exercise C. overload in the "sweet spot" D. severe overload

D. severe overload