First and second wave feminism

What was the slogan for 2nd wave feminism?

'The personal is political'

What are the criticisms of the feminist movement as well as Hooks' argument?

- The movement doesn't address real and different problems of black and Asian women - Feminists talk about progress as one model - it doesn't allow for differences in culture, race or class - Feminism became divided in 3rd wave as different political, intellectual & pedagogical interests became attached to it - Criticisms of 2nd wave = movement becoming increasingly academic & feminist movement could be political AND/OR ideological

Name and describe the 1960s 'permissive legislation' acts passed by the labor government

1. Abortion Act (1967): legal to have an abortion in the UK 2. Family planning Act (1968): allows doctors to give women advice about contraception without having to be married 3. Divorce reform Act (1969): easier to get a divorce 4. Equal pay Act (1970): recommends men and women should have equal pay for equal jobs (only raised this issue & is still a problem today)

What were the 5 major achievements for 1st wave feminists?

1. Opening of higher education for women 2. Reform of the girls' secondary school system 3. Married women's property rights recognized (Married Women's Property Act: 1870) 4. Improvement in divorced and separated women's child custody rights 5. Women getting the vote

When and what was second wave feminism?

1960s and 1970s Australia,US & UK - broadened debate from legal obstacles to issues such as sexuality, family, workplace and reproductive rights

When did women in the UK get the pill and what was its significance?

1961 Separated sex from motherhood

When was the third wave of feminism?

1990s - present day

Estimated amount of hours of house work a women did per week (sometimes in addition to paid work)

55 hours

What happened in the 1950s?

A re-emphasis on women's domesticity

What happened in 1980s America?

Anti-pornography movement

Germaine Greer

Australian feminist author of "Female Eunuch" in 1970, academic, journalist and scholar of early modern English literature, wrote about men's hatred of women and female agency, time for women to take control, biggest problem for women's equality is women.

Why wasn't 2nd wave wave feminism unified?

Differences emerging between black feminism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism and social feminism

Why did Margret Sanger say birth control was important to her?

During her work among working-class immigrant women, Sanger met women who underwent frequent childbirth, miscarriages and self-induced abortions for lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy. She says birth control was important to her because she couldn't bear to see women going through unwanted pregnancies or botched abortions

E.R.A.

Equal Rights Amendment: First introduced in 1923 but wasn't ratified (passed into law) until 1983. The ERA outlawed any differential treatment of men and women under all state and federal laws. Conservative women played prominent roles in delaying ERA, arguing it would destroy the family, deprive women of important privileges.

What did the Women's Freedom League do and during what wave?

Forced themselves into the House of Commons and chained themselves there 1st wave

When and what was first wave feminism?

Late 19th-early 20th century An international movement to gain political equality and a a largely Western movement - focused on rights and equality in political and public spheres - main focus = legal issues

Ms. Magazine

Movement's most successful media coup. Unlike feminist newsletters, it extended message to wider audience of unaffiliated sympathisers (75% of subscribers not part of feminist organisations). The term "Ms." made no distinction between married and unmarried women. When: First appeared in 1971

What formed in 1966 and why?

National Organisation for Women (NOW) to act as a legal 'watchdog' for women because many anti-discrimination laws weren't enforced

What is the wave metaphor?

Something that's always there and arises again

When was homosexuality decriminalized in Australia?

South Australia: 1975 ACT: 1976 Vic: 1980 NSW and NT: 1984 WA: 1989 Tasmania: 1997

What was the 'new woman'?

Term coined in beginning of 20th century - women on bicycles/ smoking etc: seen as dangerous as it enables women to move around new urban spaces independently

What were Betty Friedan's goals and purposes in the Feminist Mystique?

The book was written to encourage women to embrace the opportunities that surround them and to resist gender segregation Its purpose was to make a change in the women's mentality that there was no place for them in the workplace doing what they loved Her goal was to make a change the expectation that women had to stay home and be housewives

What does the Feminist Mystique discuss?

This book explores the idea that women can be happy and have a sense of fulfilment doing something other than domestic. In The Feminine Mystique Friedan talks about how women disregarded their own desires to push forward their needs. She argues that the media has created this role for women. She also states that women should not be accepting the limitations that they are faced with in their personal or working lives.

What happened in 1928?

Universal democracy - all women could vote

What happened in 1918?

Women of 30+ years with certain property qualifications could vote in the UK

What did the 60s, 70s and 80s see a particular concern for?

Women's representation in the media

Patriarchy

a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.

Gloria Steinam

journalist; founded Ms. Magazine that held different perspectives than other magazines; familiarized readers with the issues of womens movement