First Lecture Test (Chapters 1-4)

__________ is considered the oldest medical science. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology

A) Anatomy

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains _________. A) a higher concentration of potassium ions. B) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. C) almost no glycogen. D) a higher concentration of amino acids. E) almost no lipids.

A) a higher concentration of potassium ions.

In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward ________. A) a negative terminal B) a positive terminal C) a pH terminal D) an organic terminal E) the bottom

A) a negative terminal.

The smallest stable units of matter are ________. A) atoms B) molecules C) protons D) neutrons E) electrons

A) atoms

Ions with a + (positive) charge are called ________. A) cations. B) anions. C) radicals. D) positrons. E) isotopes.

A) cations.

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is _____. A) collagen B) elastin C) actin D) myosin E) connectin

A) collagen

The three categories of connective tissues are ______. A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue. B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue. C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue. D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue. E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form _______. A) covalent bonds. B) hydrogen bonds. C) anions. D) cations. E) ionic bonds

A) covalent bonds

The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells is called ________. A) cytology B) histology C) embryology D) physiology E) anatomy

A) cytology

Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of multiple _______ and _________. A) enzymes; three types of RNA B) enzymes; two types of RNA C) carbohydrates; three types of DNA D) proteins; three types of DNA E) enzymes; three types of DNA

A) enzymes; three types of RNA

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ______ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) basal E) apical

A) epithelial

Transitional epithelium is found _________. A) lining the urinary bladder. B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands. C) lining kidney tubules. D) lining the stomach. E) at the surface of skin.

A) lining the urinary bladder.

Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) _________ secretion. A) merocrine B) apocrine C) holocrine D) serous E) mucous

A) merocrine

Visceral pericardium is located __________. A) on the heart itself B) lining the pleura cavity C) lining the pericardial cavity D) on the lung itself E) lining the peritoneal cavity

A) on the heart itself

Identify the structure located within the mediastinum. A) pericardial cavity B) small intestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach

A) pericardial cavity

The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant. A) right upper B) left upper C) right lower D) left lower E) hepatic

A) right upper

Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure? A) salivary glands B) sebaceous glands C) mucous glands D) sweat glands E) gastric glands

A) salivary glands

The study of the function of specific organ systems is called ________. A) systemic physiology B) organ physiology C) cell physiology D) pathological physiology E) histology

A) systemic physiology

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n) _______. A) tight junction. B) gap junction. C) intermediate junction. D) desmosome. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) tight junction.

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds us to _____ electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8

B) 2

Ionic bonds are formed when __________. A) atoms share electrons. B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. C) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms. D) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms. E) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time.

B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that _________. A) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have high energy demand. C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have low energy demand. E) some cells are older than others.

B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the _________. A) integral proteins. B) clear layer. C) matrix. D) dense layer. E) ground substance.

B) clear layer.

The study of the first two months of development is termed _______. A) histology B) embryology C) cytology D) pathology E) organology

B) embryology

Secretions through a duct might provide _______, whereas ductless secretions act as __________. A) lubrications; lubricators B) enzymes; hormones C) transport media; physical protectors D) superficial relief; interstitial fluid E) odors; alarms

B) enzymes; hormones

The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the _______. A) cytoplasm. B) gene. C) codon. D) anticodon. E) polypeptide itself.

B) gene.

The viscous component of connective tissue is called _______. A) basal layer B) ground substance C) matrix D) lymph E) plasma

B) ground substance

The viscous material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the _______. A) cytosol B) ground substance C) cytoplasm D) crista E) gel matrix

B) ground substance

Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the ________. A) kidneys. B) heart and blood vessels. C) urinary bladder. D) mouth. E) large intestine.

B) heart and blood vessels.

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called _______. A) self-regulation B) homeostasis C) equilibriosis D) hemopoiesis E) amplication

B) homeostasis

Disease is an indicator of _________. A) negative feedback B) homeostatic failure C) signs and symptoms D) positive feedback E) All of the answers are correct

B) homeostatic failure

Which of the following organs is described as retroperitoneal? A) stomach B) kidney C) urinary bladder D) large intestine E) spleen

B) kidney

In any given molecule, the sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms is called _______. A) molecular mass B) molecular weight C) atomic mass D) atomic weight E) chemical mass

B) molecular weight

Wharton's jelly is a form of ______. A) Marfan's syndrome. B) mucous connective tissue. C) ground substance D) collagen fiber. E) embryonic epithelium.

B) mucous connective tissue.

Radioisotopes have unstable _______. A) ions B) nuclei C) isotopes D) electron clouds E) protons

B) nuclei

The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the _________. A) pericardium B) peritoneum C) pleura D) mediastinum E) abdomen

B) peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the ________. A) pleura B) peritoneum. C) pericardium D) periosteum E) perichondrium

B) peritoneum

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _________. A) lymphocytes B) platelets C) phagocytes D) plasma cells. E) mast cells.

B) platelets

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ______ it has. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons and neutrons E) protons and electrons

B) protons

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as _________. A) columnar. B) squamous. C) blasts. D) transitional. E) cuboidal.

B) squamous

The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ____ anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) systemic D) regional E) surgical

B) surface

Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to _____. A) the sharing of electrons. B) the attraction of opposite electrical charges. C)each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule. D) the presence of water molecules. E) The attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons.

B) the attraction of opposite electrical charges.

While standing erect, the direction of caudal is________. A) toward the head B) toward the heel C) lateral to the trunk D) medial to the sides E) posterior to the head

B) toward the heel

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5- 8). 1. mitochondrion 5. intracellular transport 2. centriole 6. liquid in a cell 3. endoplasmic reticulum 7.provides cell energy 4.cytosol 8.aids the formation of the spindle apparatus A) 1&7, 2&6, 3&8, 4&5 B) 1&8, 2&5, 3&6, 4&7 C) 1&7, 2&8, 3&5, 4&6 D) 1&5, 2&6, 3&7, 4&8 E) 1&6, 2&8, 3&5, 4&7

C) 1&7, 2&8, 3&5,4&6 Mitochondrion - provides cell energy centriole - aids the formation of the spindle apparatus endoplasmic reticulum -intracellular transport cytosol - liquid in a cell

_________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction. A) Bindins B) Adhesions C) Connexins D) Attachons E) Tieons

C) Connexins

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by _________. A) keratin. B) interfacial canals. C) a basement membrane. D) a reticular lamina. E) proteoglycan.

C) a basement membrane.

The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of a liver cell is to ________. A) physiology B) regional anatomy C) cytology D) systemic anatomy E) radiographic anatomy

C) cytology

Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are ______. A) all connective tissues proper. B) elastic and hyaline cartilage. C) dense irregular connective tissues. D) reticular connective tissues. E) dense regular connective tissues.

C) dense irregular connective tissues.

Which of the following imaging techniques is used to monitor blood flow through specific organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys? A) PET scan B) ultrasound C) digital subtraction angiography D) MRI E) CT scan

C) digital subtraction angiography

Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue? A) squamous cell B) adipocyte C) fibroblast D) chondroblast E) chondrocyte

C) fibroblast

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called _______. A) inflammation B) apoptosis C) fibrosis D) cystosis E) necrosis

C) fibrosis

Unlike cartilage, bone _______. A) is a connective tissue. B) has a matrix that contains collagen. C) is highly vascular. D) has an outer covering. E) has cells within lacunae.

C) is highly vascular.

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of _______. A) protons in the nucleus B) electrons in the nucleus C) neutrons in the nucleus D) electron clouds E) electrons in energy shells

C) neutrons in the nucleus

Which of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories? A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

C) osseous tissue

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the _______. A) number of protons. B) number of neutrons. C) outermost electron shell. D) size of the atom. E) mass of the nucleus.

C) outermost electron shell.

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? A) sulfur B) sodium C) oxygen D) potassium E) carbon

C) oxygen

Antibodies are produced by ______. A) macrophages B) microphages C) plasma cells D) mast cells E) fibroblasts

C) plasma cells

Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed _______, while these proteins are called antibodies. A) T Cells B) B Cells C) plasma cells D) immunocytes E) phagocytes

C) plasma cells

Tubulin is a _______. A) carbohydrate that assembles into microtubules. B) lipid that assembles into microtubules. C) protein that assembles into microtubules. D) protein that forms the tubular portion of the cytosol. E) lipid that forms the ER.

C) protein that assembles into microtubules.

mRNA is needed to synthesize _______ in the cytoplasm. A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) salts

C) proteins

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) _________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) _________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) _________whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. A) control center, effector, receptor B) receiver, communicator, effector C) receptor, control center, effector D) effector, receiver, communicator E) control center, receiver, effector

C) receptor, control center, effector

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity of the function of _________. A) cutaneous membranes. B) mucous membranes. C) serous membranes. D) synovial membranes. E) the lamina propria.

C) serous membranes.

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach? A) simple squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) simple columnar epithelium D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium E) stratified squamous epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine

C) skeletal

Anatomy is to _______ as physiology is to ________. A) function: form B) form; structure C) structure; function D) structure; form E) growth; form

C) structure; function

Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue? A) fluid connective tissue B) dense connective tissue C) supporting connective tissue D) loose connective tissue E) adipose tissue

C) supporting connective tissue

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper" ? 1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue A) 3 & 4 B) 1, 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1, 2 & 4 E) 1 & 3

D) 1, 2 & 4 areolar connective tissue adipose tissue dense irregular connective tissue

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward _________. A) sodium B) salt C) buffers D) anions E) hydrogen ions

D) anions

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called _________. A) gap junctions. B) intermediate junctions. C) tight junctions. D) desmosomes. E) junctional complexes.

D) desmosomes.

The study of tissues is called _______. A) cytology B) toxicology C) micrology D) histology E) mycology

D) histology

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat ______. A) includes active melanocytes. B) is more superficial. C) traps pollutants. D) is highly vascular. E) is more mature.

D) is highly vascular.

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and __________. A) synovial fluid. B) urine. C) sweat. D) lymph. E) serous fluid.

D) lymph

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are ________. A) mast cells B) fibroblasts C) plasmocytes D) mesenchymal cells E) lymphocytes

D) mesenchymal cells

Chemical analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin filaments. This tissue probably contains ________. A) nerve cells. B) reproductive cells. C) bone cells. D) muscle cells. E) liver cells.

D) muscle cells.

Two types of microphages include _______. A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes. B) mast cells and basophils. C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages. D) neutrophils and eosinophils. E) microphages and adipocytes.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils.

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in _____ anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) microscopic D) pathological E) regional

D) pathological

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) _________ bond occurs. A) single covalent B) double covalent C) triple covalent D) polar covalent E) hydrogen

D) polar covalent

The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of _________. A) protons B) neutrons C) electrons D) protons and neutrons E) protons, neutrons, and electrons

D) protons and neutrons

The nucleus of an atom consists of _______. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons and neutrons E) protons and electrons

D) protons and neutrons

The mass number represents the number of _______. A) protons in an atom. B) electrons in an ion. C) neutrons in an atom. D) protons and neutrons. E) neutrons and electrons.

D) protons and neutrons.

The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ______ tissue. A) loose connective B) regular dense connective C) irregular dense connective D) reticular connective E) adipose

D) reticular connective

Which of these lists contains only trace elements? A) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen B) selenium, hydrogen, calcium C) boron, oxygen, carbon D) silicon, fluorine, tin E) cobalt, calcium, sodium

D) silicon, fluorine, tin

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are ______. A) simple and proper. B) stratified and pseudostratified. C) squamous and simple. D) simple and stratified. E) cuboidal and columnar.

D) simple and stratified.

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the ________. A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.

D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle

As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called ________. A) DNA B) mRNA C) rRNA D) tRNA E) RER

D) tRNA

The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the ________ and ________. A) pelvic and thoracic B) cranial and sacral C) lateral and medial D) thoracic and abdominopelvic E) dorsal and ventral

D) thoracic and abdominopelvic

Given the following approximate values, calculate the molecular weight for NaCl. Atomic number for Na:11, Atomic weight for Na: 23 g/mol, Atomic number for Cl:17, Atomic weight for Cl:35 g/mol, Boiling point for Cl: -34°C. A) 11 gmol B) 28 g/mol C) 34 g/mol D) 40 g/mol E) 58 g/mol

E) 58 g/mol

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for ______. A) drug and toxin neutralization. B) lipid synthesis. C) modification of new proteins. D) shipping molecules to the Golgi apparatus. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ______ at their free surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) Golgi complexes

E) Golgi complexes

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it _______. A) can repair itself readily. B) is malformed. C) can only divide once more. D) will be a long-lived cell. E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.

E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell to cell junctions are especially abundant? A) tight junctions B) basolateral junctions C) gap junctions D) hemidesmosomes E) desmosomes

E) desmosomes

The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed ________. A) histology B) physiology C) anatomy D) embryology E) exfoliative cytology

E) exfoliative cytology.

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except _______. A) attachment. B) avascularity. C) regeneration. D) polarity. E) extracellular matrix.

E) extracellular matrix.

The weakest bond between two atoms is the _______ bond. A) ionic B) covalent C) polar D) nonpolar E) hydrogen

E) hydrogen

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? A) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism B) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism C) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism D) organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

The watery fluid component of blood is called _______. A) hemosol B) liquid elements C) formed elements D) hemoplasm E) plasma

E) plasma

The heart and blood vessels are lined by _______ epithelium. A) pseudostratified columnar B) transitional C) simple cuboidal D) simple columnar E) simple squamous

E) simple squamous

Functions of epithelia include all of the following except _______. A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) absorption. D) producing specialized secretions. E) supporting muscle cells.

E) supporting muscle cells.