Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
The physiological response to an acid‐base imbalance is termed: a. alkalosis b. alkalemia c. compensation d. buffer e. surrender
c. compensation
The most abundant buffer in body cells and plasma is the: a. carbonic acid‐bicarbonate buffer system b. phosphate buffer system c. protein buffer system d. glucose buffer system e. none of the above
c. protein buffer system
Normally, fluid loss is adjusted by: a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. aldosterone d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following substances is an effective buffer in red blood cells? a. leukocytes b. plasma c. antibodies d. hemoglobin e. DNA
d. hemoglobin
Identify the sources of water required by the human body, and the approximate amount taken from each source.
‐ ingested liquid 1600 ml ‐ liquid in ingested food 700 ml ‐ metabolic water 200 ml
Define the term ʺacidosis.ʺ
Acidosis is a condition in which the blood pH is below 7.35.
Define the term "extracellular fluid" and identify the types.
Extracellular fluid is all the fluids of the body that are outside of the cells. It includes the interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluids, etc.
Explain how amino acids can act as buffers.
The proteins have many carboxyl and amino groups that can act as acids or bases.
List the functions served by electrolytes.
Some electrolytes are essential minerals. They control the osmotic movement of water, and help to maintain the acid‐base balance.
Which is the most common cation in intracellular fluids?
The most common cation in intracellular fluids is potassium.
Calcium is a structural component of bone and teeth like another ion called: a. phosphate b. sulfate c. chlorate d. calcitate e. bicarbonate
a. phosphate
List the three common buffer systems found in the body.
a. protein b. carbonic‐acid‐bicarbonate c. phosphate
The regulation of Cl‐ seems to be passively controlled by: a. K+ b. Na+ c. (HPO 2‐ 4 ) d. both a and b e. none of the above
b. Na+
Define the term "buffer systems."
A buffer is a combination of chemicals, often a weak acid and the salt of the acid that acts as a weak base, which tends to resist changes in the pH of a solution.
Explain the effect that an increased breathing rate would have on the pH of the blood.
An increased breathing rate would expel more carbon dioxide, which would cause a loss of acid, making the blood more basic.
Which is the most common anion in extracellular fluids?
The most common anion in extracellular fluids is chloride.
Which is the most common cation in extracellular fluids?
The most common cation in extracellular fluids is sodium.
About 80% of extracellular fluid is: a. blood plasma b. interstitial fluid c. intracellular fluid d. lymph fluid e. none of the above
b. interstitial fluid
The primary method of water movement in and out of body compartments is: a. diffusion b. osmosis c. filtration d. hydrosis e. both b and d
b. osmosis
The electrolyte that is so important in establishing the resting membrane potential and in the repolarization phase of action potentials in nervous and muscle tissue is: a. Na+ b. CLc. K+ d. (HPO 2‐ 4 ) e. Ca+
c. K+
Which of the following is correct concerning dehydration? a. decreases saliva production b. increases blood osmotic pressure c. decreases blood volume and thus blood pressure d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid is that plasma contains more: a. Na+ b. K+ c. electrolytes d. water e. protein anions
e. protein anions