Fluid Electrolyte Balance Physiology

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by which of these? P CO2 in arterial blood > 45mmHg CO2 builds up -> drives reaction to left -> decreases H+ Hyperventilation

P CO2 in arterial blood > 45mmHg

Obligatory water loss is: is regulated by hormones depends on how hydrated the body is constant water loss that we can't prevent controls urine volume

constant water loss that we can't prevent

When it comes to Na+, which of these is NOT TRUE? a. Sodium is least abundant cation in ECF b. Regulates fluid balance within ECF and determines blood osmolarity c. Sodium salts in ECF: 280 mOsm of 300 mOsm ECF solute concentration d. Only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure

a. Sodium is least abundant cation in ECF

When is ADH released? a. increased blood osmolarity b. High or normal blood pressure c. High or normal blood volumed d. excessive vomiting or diarrhea

a. increased blood osmolarity

Hypotonic hydration a. is a positive water balance b. causes hypertonic blood c. solute gain > water gain d. is a negative water balance

a. is a positive water balance

Sensible water loss is characterized by which? a. measurable loss through urine b. measurable loss through respiration c. measurable loss through skin d. Defined as: a part of fluid intake

a. measurable loss through urine

Which of these are targets for Angiotension II? Select all that apply? a.arterioles b. heart c. kidney d. adrenal cortex e. hypothalamus f. veins

a.arterioles c. kidney d. adrenal cortex e. hypothalamus

Which statement is correct? a. ECF: electrolyte contents are mostly Mg2+ and Cl- b. ECF: contains more soluble proteins than plasma c. non-electrolytes are mostly inorganic molecules d. electrolytes have a greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes

d. electrolytes have a greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes

The fluid compartment with the largest percentage of fluid is a. extracellular b. intracellular c. interstitial d. plasma

b. intracellular

Exchanges between Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid occur across cell membranes. Which of the following does not correctly characterize the exchange? a. Two-way osmotic flow of water b. Nutrients, wastes, gases have unidirectional flow c. Ions move selectively into or out of cell d. Lymphatics pick up remaining fluid and return it to blood

d. Lymphatics pick up remaining fluid and return it to blood

Aldosterone is released for all of these conditions EXCEPT WHICH? a. upon stimulating by angiotensin from adrenal cortex (pressure changes) b. high blood plasma K+ levels c. low blood plasma Na+ levels d. low blood plasma Ca2+

d. low blood plasma Ca2+

Which of these causes pH to become more acidic? diarrhea accumulation of HCO3- alkaline diet decreased lactic acid or other acid production

diarrhea

H+ ions accumulate in the body. Which source is volatile? Keto acids from fat metabolism during aerobic respiration Lactic acid from glycolysis Phosphoric acid from nucleic acid metabolism

during aerobic respiration

Which of the following would result in fluid moving from the blood into the interstitial space? dehydration high water volume intake burns vomiting

high water volume intake

When blood H+ increases, kidneys help maintain pH by which of the following? secreting HCO3- into the filtrate for excretion Intercalated B cells of DCT and CD secrete, absorb or synthesize secreting H+ into the filtrate for excretion absorbing H+ into the blood

secreting H+ into the filtrate for excretion

When blood H+ decreases, kidneys help maintain pH by which of the following? absorbing HCO3- into the blood secreting H+ into the filtrate for excretion secreting HCO3- into the filtrate for excretion Intercalated A cells of DCT and CD secrete, absorb or synthesize

secreting HCO3- into the filtrate for excretion

Hyponatremia is characterized by which of these? ECF osmolality increases too little water ingestion net osmosis of water out of tissues severe loss of Na+ and water

severe loss of Na+ and water

Which is not one of the chemical buffering systems to deal with sudden changes: Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system Alkaline reserve Bicarbonate buffer system

Alkaline reserve

Which of these describes the protein buffering system? Amine group of amino acids acts as a weak base to buffer acid, if pH falls Carbonic acid of amino acids acts as weak acid to buffer base, if pH rises If weak acid is added the weak base NH2 will bind up H+ becoming a weak acid NH3+ If a weak base is added, the weak acid COOH releases H+, becoming a weak base COO-

Amine group of amino acids acts as a weak base to buffer acid, if pH falls

pH is important. Which if these is NOT TRUE? pH is important to avoid alkalosis pH is important to maintain protein structure and function Blood pH is kept between 6.8-7.0 pH is important to avoid acidosis

Blood pH is kept between 6.8-7.0

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of renin? It's released in response to low NaCl sensed by macula densa cells of ascending loop Renin catalyzes production of angiotensin II It's released in response to low blood pressure from granular cells It's released in response to the parasympathetic nervous system

It's released in response to the parasympathetic nervous system

Metabolic Acidosis is characterized by loss of H+ results in an increase in HCO3- blood pH drops exceeds 7.45 Kidneys fail to secrete H+ due to renal dysfunction

Kidneys fail to secrete H+ due to renal dysfunction

How is thirst center turned off? a. decreased salivary secretions b. Decreased blood volume and blood pressure c. Distension of stomach d. Increased blood osmolarity

c. Distension of stomach

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide decreases blood pressure and blood volume Select all of the effects that this hormone has when released to lower blood pressure and blood volume. increases GFR increases urine output increases sodium and water reabsorption decreases urine output decreases sodium and water reabsorption vasocontricts vasodilates decreases urine output

increases urine output decreases sodium and water reabsorption vasodilates increases GFR (due to vasodilation of the afferent arteriole. increasing the GFR speeds up the rate and therefore less reabsorption of Na+ and water in the PCT)

During Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis or metabolic acidosis, the body is characterized by which? Select all that apply. decreased HCO3- reabsorption, creating low pH high HCO3- Kidneys secrete more H+ high pCO2 low CO2-hyperventilation

low pH high pCO2 Kidneys secrete more H+