Fluid regulation, water, electrolytes

Define dehydration, its dangers, and explain the conditions that increase the likelihood of becoming dehydrated. Provide guidelines for rehydration after exercise

1 pint of water (16oz) gains back a pound of fluid loss. Elderly and children and more susceptible to dehydration. Effects: memory loss, lower attention span, fatigue, reduced ability to maintain body temp

Discuss recommendations for water intake and the potential benefits vs. negatives of bottled water.

1-1.5ml/kcal expended or 9 cups a day for women and 13 cups a day for men Bottle water is way more expensive and not as closely regulated as tap water

List and briefly describe four functions of water/fluids in our bodies

1. Dissolve and transport substances: water is solvent for solutes such as sugars, vitamins, etc 2. Maintain body temperature: sweating, water has high heat capacity 3. Cushions and lubricates body tissue: synovial fluid, digestive secretions etc 4. Hydrolysis and condensation reactions: ex. breaking of ATP

Define and provide an overview of the major fluid compartments and their predominant electrolytes: ICF and ECF

1/3 ECF: intravascular fluids (between RBC) and interstitial fluids (between cells). Contains chlorine and sodium 2/3 ICF: fluid in cells. Contains potassium and phosphorus

define cation and anion

Cation: positive. ex: sodium and potassium Anion: negative. ex: chloride and phosphorus

Potassium: Identify its function, food sources, recommended intakes and problems with excess/deficiencies:

Function: lowers BP, important in muscle contraction and nerve impulses. Sources: F/V AI: 4,700 milligrams Excess: hyperkalemia- irregular heart beat and damage to heart. Deficiency: hypokalemia- rare and from vomiting or diarrhea. Cases muscle weakness, cramps, sometimes irregular heartbeat and paralysis

Phosphorus: Identify its function, food sources, recommended intakes and problems with excess/deficiencies:

Function: required for fluid balance Sources: sodas, high protein RDA: 700 milligrams deficiency: rare excess: muscle spasms

Outline the primary features of the DASH diet

High fiber, high F/V, high potassium Low processed foods, low fat. High in nuts seeds, legumes

What role does potassium intake play in hypertension?

High intake helps lower blood pressure.

Describe the avenues for fluid intake and excretion in our bodies. How do we gain and loss water? What factors can influence fluid losses?

Intake: metabolism, food, beverages Excretion: stool, breathing, urine, sweat. Extreme heat can cause more fliud loss

Define hyponatremia and identify factors that can cause this condition. What other problems or conditions can cause excessive sodium (and fluid/electrolyte) losses?

Low blood sodium. Causes: prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, large mounts of water.

Define hypertension and the blood pressure criteria from normal to hypertensive.

Normal BP: <120/<80 Stage 1 htn: >140/>90

Discuss issues surrounding the recommended potassium:sodium intake

Ratio of 4 potassium to 1 sodium decreased heart attack risk by four fold

Explain lifestyle factors/interventions that can lower blood pressure.

Reduce sodium intake, follow dash diet, achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, stay physically active, drink small amounts of alcohol

Identify four nutrients that function as electrolytes in our bodies.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus

Describe how electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance.

Through osmosis: water follows salt. water moves from lower to higher concentration of solutes

Describe the role of sodium in fluid balance, its dietary sources, and recommendations for intake.

Too low of sodium is dangerious can can cause dizziness, fatigue nasea. Too much sodium causes hypertension and is a risk factor for CVD. recommended: 2.3g/day Sources: processed foods

What is the role for sodium intake in hypertension and the controversies about "salt" intake.

Very few people with htn show a salt sensitivity