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The Working Poor: In 2009, 43.6 million people:
(14.3 percent) of the population, lived at or below the official poverty threshold.
Factors that can contribute to homelessness and hunger are:
-Poverty -Unemployment -Emergency demands on income -high Housing costs -Mental Illness -Substance abuse -limited life skills (lack of education)
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP):
-Provides low-income older persons coupons to purchase locally grown fresh, unprepared fruits, vegetables, and herbs at farmers' markets and roadside stands. -The eligibility criterion is set on income not more than 185 percent of poverty level and at age 60 years or older (with some exceptions).
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP):
-Serves nutritious meals and snacks to eligible children and adults who are enrolled at participating childcare centers, daycare homes, and adult daycare centers. -USDA's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) administers CACFP through state grants. -Participant eligibility for free or reduced-price meals must be determined by the institution.
In the United States, the major food assistance Programs designed to make sure that all people have access to an adequate diet are:
-Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) -Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); -Child Nutrition Program (CNP) -The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP).
4th Element of Food Insecurity:
Adult hunger in the home in addition to child hunger as generally adults compromise their own intake first.
Food Distribution Disaster Assistance:
Distributes commodity foods to households during an emergency when normal commercial food supply channels have been disrupted or damaged.
Categories of Food Insecurity 3. Food Insecure with Moderate Hunger:
Food intake for adults in the household has been reduced, and the adults repeatedly experienced the physical sensation of hunger.
Categories of Food Insecurity 1. Food Secure:
Households with no or minimal evidence of food insecurity
Special Milk Program:
Provides milk to children in schools, childcare institutions and eligible camps that do not participate in other federal child nutrition meal service programs.
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and children (WIC):
Provides supplemental foods and nutrition counseling to pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and children up to age 5. -WIC is not an entitlement program; that is, Congress does not set aside funds to allow every eligible individual to participate in the program.
National Youth Sports Program:
Provides youth from low-income communities the opportunity to receive benefits from structured sports and education programs. -Managed by local universities, colleges, park and recreation departments, summer camps, community action agencies, and other nonprofit organizations.
2nd Element of Food Insecurity:
The experience of food insecurity is defined by a sequence of events and experiences that can be considered in terms of frequency, duration, and periodicity.
Categories of Food Insecurity 2. Food Insecure Without Hunger:
The household is concerned and made adjustments to household food management, including reduced quality of diets.
Nutrition monitoring data also are used to evaluate progress towards the 2010 Healthy People Objectives:
To determine and prioritize the food and nutrition research needs of the community and public
The EBT system replaces:
paper coupons with a benefits card, similar to a bankcard.
The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) helps:
poor people including the elderly via soup kitchens and food pantries and reduces federal food inventories and storage costs at the same time.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Growth Charts are one example of:
the use of nutrition-monitoring data for the development of population reference standards.
The Older Americans Act (OAA) was amended in 2003 to:
transfer the NSIP from the USDA to the Administration on Aging (AOA) within the DHHS.
Food insecurity exists:
whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain.
Assessing Food Insecurity: Since 1995, the U.S. Census Bureau has conducted an annual survey of food security using the food security module in the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS questionnaire contains:
-18 items, households without children are asked to respond to 10 questions. -Households are classified into one of four categories of food security
Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP):
-All seniors 60 and older and spouse of any age, regardless of income, may participate -In some tribes age is <60 -No particular income limits to participate, but outreach efforts are focused on low-income older persons and low-income minority older persons. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging provides funding for the (ENP).
Goals of SNAP-Ed include:
-Assisting SNAP households to implement healthy eating and active lifestyles that are consistent with the Dietary Guidelines -Increasing practices related to economical shopping and preparation of nutritious foods -Increasing food security of SNAP households and making certain that people eligible for SNAP but not participating are aware of its benefits and how to apply for them as part of nutrition education activities -Increasing SNAP households' safe handling, preparation, and storage of food
In most WIC state agencies, WIC participants receive the following:
-Checks or vouchers to purchase specific foods each month that are designed to supplement their diets. -Different food packages are provided for different categories of participants. -Special therapeutic infant formulas and medical foods are provided when prescribed by a physician for a specified medical condition.
Programmatic Uses: National nutrition-monitoring provides information for developing and promoting nutrition education activities and programs such as:
-Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Fruits & Veggies—More Matters -Public health programs such as the National Cholesterol Education Program -Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and others
Programs for Older Adults:
-ENP provides the Congregate Meal Program at locations such as churches and senior community centers. -Sometimes called "Meals on Wheels;" meals are delivered to homebound seniors who are unable to travel to a congregate meal site. -The program must provide at least one-third of the recommended dietary allowances.
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP):
-FMNP participants receive vouchers in addition to their regular WIC food provisions. -The voucher issued to the participants may not be less than $10 and not more than $30 per year.
Eligibility for (NSLP and SBP):
-Free lunches available for students with income below 130% of poverty level -Reduced-price meals available for students with income between 130 and 180/185% of poverty level -SNAP recipients automatically are eligible
Successful Community Strategies: New York State WIC and FMNP:
-Goal was to enhance the effectiveness of the WIC FMNP for both families and farmers. -It involved NYS Dept of Agriculture and Markets (DAM), the NYS Dept of Health (DOH) and the Division of Nutritional Sciences/Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) at Cornell University.
The purpose of the ENP is to:
-Improve the dietary intakes of older persons -Create informal support networks -Provide positive social contacts with other seniors at the group meal sites -Make community-based services available to older adults who may be at risk of losing their independence -Educate them on how to shop, plan, and prepare nutritious meals that are economical -Enhance their health and well-being
Summer Food Service Program for Children;
-Provides free meals to all eligible participants (below 185 percent of the poverty guidelines) and children up to the age of 18 years during the summer. -Can provide 2 meals daily
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP):
-Provides fresh, unprepared, locally grown fruits and vegetables to WIC participants. -Expands the awareness, sales, and use of farmers' markets. -Nutrition education provided to encourage expanded use of fruits and vegetables and their storage
the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) created:
-Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), (replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children), -Emergency Assistance (EA), and -Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) programs under Title IV of the Social Security Act.
Successful Community Strategies: New York State WIC and FMNP:
-They initiated and coordinated FMNP promotions, increased collaboration among state agencies, increased local-level community capacity-building and distributed new nutrition education materials. -Results showed increased utilization by WIC participants and increased income to farmers
USDA and The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP):
-USDA funding depends on the low income and unemployed population in the state. -Commodities are distributed by USDA to food banks, which distribute them through food pantries and soup kitchens. -The state is responsible for setting the eligibility criteria.
Support from USDA for these programs (NSLP and SBP) is
-cash reimbursement for each meal served -May receive "entitlement program foods" in the form of commodities -Can receive "bonus" commodities as available
The National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program (NSLP and SBP) aim to:
-improve children's diet, nutrient intake, and well-being. -Both meals must have no more than 30% of calories come from fat, and less than 10 % from saturated fat. -Breakfasts must provide ¼ the RDA for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and calories. -SLP must provide 1/3 of the children's nutritional requirements for the day.
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP):
-is Offered to families eligible for WIC and SNAP. -County extension professionals provide on-the-job training and supervise paraprofessionals and volunteers who teach EFNEP. -Studies show low-income families' nutrient intake has improved through this program
In 2010, 85.5 percent of U.S. households were food secure throughout the entire year, implying: while the remaining 14.5 percent of households were:
-that they had access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. -food insecure at least some time during that year.
Passage of the Maternal and Infancy Act resulted in:
1. Federal grant-in-aid to states for child and adult health programs. 2. The development of full-time units of maternal and child health services in state health departments. 3. State health departments employing nutritionists.
In 1930s, the USDA began developing family food plans at four separate cost levels:
Economical, Low-Cost, Moderate-Cost, and Liberal
After-School Snack Program:
Gives children a nutritional enhancement and encourages them to participate in supervised activities filled with learning opportunities. The USDA reimburses the schools for the snacks.
3rd Element of Food Insecurity:
Graded levels of severity, ranging from qualitative compromises in food selection and consumption to quantitative compromises in intake and the physical sensation of hunger. At its most severe stage, food insecurity is experienced as absolute food deprivation
Categories of Food Insecurity Food Insecure with Severe Hunger:
Households with children that have reduced the children's food intake to an extent that it implies the children have experienced the physical sensation of hunger. Adults in households with and without children have repeatedly experienced more extensive reductions in food intake at this stage.
1st Element of Food Insecurity:
Individual-level experience with issues of food consumption/allocation with the physiological sensation of hunger. Food supply management and acquisition issues define the household situation.
In the United States, food security is defined as:
access to enough food for an active, healthy life and includes at a minimum: -The ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods -The assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (e.g., without resorting to emergency food supplies or other coping strategies)
The Indian Tribal Organizations (ITOs) or an agency of a state government:
administers FDPIR locally. USDA provides the administering agencies with funds for program administrative costs and purchases the commodities and ships them to the ITOs but some commodities may be donated to the program from agricultural surpluses.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is:
an entitlement program.
Nutrition monitoring provides: and is used to:
an ongoing description of nutrition conditions in the population. -Used to plan, analyze the effects of policies and programs on nutrition problems, predict future trends.
On August 22, 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) became law which:
changed the U.S. welfare system into work in exchange for time-limited cash assistance.
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) provides:
community-based nutrition education programs designed to help individuals, families, and communities acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes, and changed behavior needed to support health, economic, and social well-being.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the Department of Homeland Security:
coordinates overall disaster relief efforts. -USDA can authorize release of food stocks to disaster relief agencies in time of an emergency
The CSFP state agencies are responsible for:
determining the income eligibility for participants. (The commodities available each year vary depending on the market conditions)
Regulatory Uses: Nutrition monitoring data have been used by regulatory agencies to;
develop and examine U.S. food fortification, food safety, and food labeling policies to enlighten and educate consumers.
Homeless People are individuals who:
do not have a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. They may sleep on the streets, at the homes of friends or family, and in cars, abandoned buildings, or shelters.
Nutrition-monitoring data are also used to
estimate food insecurity
Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) provides:
food and administrative funds to states to supplement the diets of these groups.
In 1930s, the federal government developed:
food relief and food commodity distribution programs, including school feeding, nutrition education programs, and national food consumption surveys.
1921: The Maternal and Infancy Act:
formerly known as the Sheppard-Towner Act, was adopted by Congress and remained in effect until 1929.
Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) uses USDA commodity foods to:
improve the health of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to age 6, and elderly people at least 60 years of age. (Clients may not participate in WIC and CSFP at the same time)
Fod insecurity in The Elderly—
in 2009, the poverty rate for the elderly increased to 3.4 million (8 percent). After age 65, the probability of a person experiencing a year below the poverty line at some point is 40 percent.
Nutrition Services Incentive Program (NSIP) provides:
incentives to states and tribes for the effective delivery of nutritious meals to older adults. -People 60 or older and their spouses, regardless of age, are eligible for NSIP benefits. -ITOs may choose an age below 60 for defining an "older" person for their tribes.
The Impacts of Welfare Reform on families may be positive due to greater self-esteem associated with joining the workforce. But this advantage may not result in increased financial security for Studies show:
incidence of depression, poorer child health status, household food insecurity, and loss of federal financial support and food stamps.
2007 to 2009 data showed the rate of food insecurity:
increased by statistically significant percentages in 30 states, with the largest increases observed in Florida and West Virginia. It declined in Louisiana with the largest increases in Alabama and Florida.
The NCHS/CDC Growth Charts include:
information for children from infancy up through 20 years of age as well as a new chart for body mass index (BMI) by age.
In 2010, 48.8 million people in the United States:
lived in households experiencing food insecurity, up significantly from 35 million in 2005, 38.2 million in 2004, and 36.3 million in 2003.
The predominant nutritional problems then were:
low caloric and inadequate intakes of certain vitamins and minerals.
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) helps:
low-income American Indian and non-Indian households living on a reservation to maintain nutritionally balanced diet.
Food insecurity of Ethnic Groups—
low-income and minority persons are more likely to suffer from food insecurity than the majority group.
SNAP provides:
monthly coupons to eligible low-income families, which can be used to purchase food
One of the strengths of SNAP is its ability to:
respond to local, state, and national economic changes and emergencies.
Scientific Uses: Nutrition monitoring data are used by scientists to:
revise the standards of human nutrient requirements. To study the relationship between diet, nutrition, and health.
1940s reports showed 25 percent of military draftees:
showed evidence of past or present malnutrition.
The working poor are those who:
spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (working or looking for work), but incomes are below the official poverty threshold.
The purpose of food distribution programs is to:
strengthen the food and nutrition safety net through commodity distribution and other nutrition assistance to low-income individuals and families.
In 1974, the USDA replaced:
the Economical Plan with the Thrifty Plan.
The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the USDA is:
the agency in charge of food during a period of disaster.
in 1917 USDA issued:
the first dietary recommendations based on five food groups.
In 1890 Atwater discovered:
the link between food composition, dietary intake, and health.
Today, these United States Department of Agriculture Food Plans are
the official food plans maintained by the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP).