Forensic Exam 3- Quizzes

In the case of a split jury, where half favor "guilty" and the other half favor "not guilty" on the initial vote, it is more likely that the final verdict will be _______. This tendency is also referred to as the _______ bias "not guilty"; bystander "guilty"; leniency "not guilty"; leniency "guilty"; bystander

"not guilty"; leniency

According to the text, research studies find that the rate of sexual reoffense is ______ that that of other crimes lower significantly higher slightly higher not different

**

Contrary to popular opinion, a survey administered to jurors after a verdict was reached, revealed that ___% agreed that the deliberation process was rigorous and demonstrated both equality and mutual respect only 50% over 90% about 75% less than 25%

**

It is often difficult to take a precise look at how much sexual harassment takes place on the job. One reason, according to the text, is that when asked about such past events, victims create reports that might be biased because of: the interviewer's poor interviewing skills distorted memories social desirability bias confusion about the interview's pupose

**

Overall, research has shown that women are more likely than men to be victims of sexual harassment. According to the text, women experience harassment _____ times more than men 5 to 6 3 to 4 7 to 8 1 to 2

**

The death qualification process inquires about a jury member's willingness to consider execution in a trial. According to the text, the actual death-qualification process is often: consensus-building biasing inclusive confusing

**

The development of sexual discrimination laws is the result of: a ploy to dissuade enough support for the Civil rights Act of 1964 the push for gender equality the hippie movement a sincere effort to maintain equality

**

The establishment of prisons in Pennsylvania and New York was designed to be rehabilitative in nature. Rehabilitation was supposed to be achieved by ______ and ____ encouraging family visits; interactions with other inmates reading the bible; working in groups prisoner talking to each other; leading group prayers maintaining strict routines; spending most of the time alone and silent

**

When it comes to the financial cost of the death penalty, the following is NOT true: -money can be saved if a capital case defendant is eventually sentence to life in prison -states could save huge amounts of money by abolishing the death penalty -maintaining the death penalty is far more expensive than abandoning it -capital cases are more expensive at every stage of the legal process

-money can be saved if a capital case defendant is eventually sentence to life in prison

In terms of frequency, it is noted in the text that fewer than ____ of murderers are executed 1% 10% 3% 5%

1%

It was not until the _____ that prisons began to reflect the influence of medicine and social sciences 1850s 1800s 2000s 1900s

1900s

When women are victimized by other women, such harassment appears to occur only about ____ of the time 0.5% 10% 2% 5%

2%

According to the text, as of 2013, _____ states and the federal government adopted sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws) all 50 10 20 40

20

Regarding judgements about fairness, we tend as a group, to feel some level of distress when not getting as much as we think we deserve. Conversely, individuals seldom have any sense of concern when getting more than is deserved. Interestingly though, males and females differ in their applications of principles if fairness. According to the text, when asked to work as long as they think fair for a set amount of money, women worked _____ than their male counterparts. Women also tend to _____ when dividing the money between themselves and a co-worker 20-25% less; give themselves less 20-25% less; give themselves more 20-25% longer; give everybody an equal amount 20-25% longer; give themselves more

20-25% longer; give everybody an equal amount

The prison population is also highly racially disproportionate to the general population. Black males have a ____ chance of serving at least 1 year in prison or jail during their lifetime whereas the same chance for white males is 10%; 11% 29%; 5% 90%; 49% 59%; 1%

29%; 5%

According to the text, personal characteristics of a judge altered the probability of a specific decision in sexual harassment cases by approximately: 80% 30% 50% 10%

30%

The majority of democracies in the Western hemisphere do not recognize the death penalty. The United States, however, still does. In fact, ____ states have the death penalty 45 32 23 11

32

It has been estimated that approximately ____ of prisoners have at least one other family member who is also incarcerated 10% 30% 20% 40%

40%

Since the 1980s the United States has incarcerated people at a rate approximately ____ times higher than that of other industrialized societies 3 10 2 5

5

Research by Lynch and Haney (2000) using identical cases but varying the race of the victim and offender, found the following. When the defendant was black and the victim was was ____ of mock jurors recommended a death sentence. When the defendant was white and the victim was black ____ of mock jurors recommended a death sentence 34%; 5% 54%; 40% 44%; 60% 64%; 80%

54%; 40%

At the high point (in the 1950s), the number of people housed in mental asylums reached almost ____ individuals 250,000 1,000,000 550,000 50,000

550,000

Research on the possibility of errors in the death penalty cases have examined every capital case in the United States over a 22 year period. It was found that _____of death sentences were reversed because of serious errors during trial 68% 48% 28% 88%

68%

Evidence has shown that judges are susceptible to the same interference with impartiality as are jurors. According to the text, researchers discovered that judges accepted the recommendation of the parole officer about _____ of the time 70% 50% 95% 85%

70%**

The prison population is also highly disproportionate to the general population in terms of gender distribution. Nearly _____ of prisoners in state and federal prisons are men. 99% 78% 93% 75%

93%

Interestingly, research shows that, when mock jurors understand the instructions, there is no difference in the rate of the death penalty recommendations based on race or ethnicity. However, when jurors do not fully comprehend the instructions, there is a clear bias against: Latino defendants Muslim defendants Black defendants White defendants

Black defendants

Juries are unusual groups of people performing unusual tasks. Which of the following statements in NOT true about juries? Jurors are expected to suspend judgement until all relevant evidence was presented Juries consist of people who most likely don't know each other and have little in common During the trial, jurors only observe but cannot ask any questions from witnesses Jurors have to leave their house and live in a hotel for the duration of the trial

Jurors have to leave their house and live in a hotel for the duration of the trial

Community notification requiring states to make personal and private information about know sex offenders available to the public is a result of the enactment of: sexually violent predator (SVP) civil commitment laws Megan's law the violence risk and appraisal guide (VRAG) duty to protect laws

Megan's Law

The following three states have been responsible for over half of the total executions in the United States since 1976 Oklahoma, Virginia and Idaho Texas, Oklahoma, and Virginia Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Virginia Texas, Idaho, and Wyoming

Texas, Oklahoma, and Virginia

To hospitalize someone against his or her will, most states now require that certain conditions be met. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditons? a severe mental disorder affects the person's functioning substantial possibility of causing significant harm to self or others A documented history of recent dangerous behaviors presence of severe mental disorder

a documented history of recent dangerous behaviors**

The United States currently incarcerates _____ for a ____ any other industrialized democracy in the world a smaller percentage of individuals; much shorter period of time a larger percentage of individuals; longer period of time a larger percentage of individuals; shorter period of time a smaller percentage of individuals; period approximately similar to that of

a larger percentage of individuals; longer period of time

An ideographic, qualitative approach to the prediction of violent behavior is based on: large groups of people naturalistic observation a specific case study cross-sectional studies

a specific case study

_______ is a method of prediction that requires that relevant risk factors be statistically evaluated to calculate the probability of future violence idiographic prediction actuarial prediction clinical prediction mathematical equation

actuarial prediction

Excluding federal crimes, the only crime punishable by death is: incest manslaughter aggravated rape aggravated murder

aggravated murder

Different factors come into play during the sentencing phase of a homicide case such as whether the sentence should be death or life in prison with no hope of parole. Circumstances that support the death sentence are called: mitigating factors degree of conviction aggravating factors proof of mental disease

aggravating factors

As a result of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), discrimination based on which of the following characteristics is illegal: age national origin disability all of these are legally protected against discrimination

all of these are legally protected against discrimination

A meta-analysis of approximately 70,000 people demonstrated that those who are targets of harassment develop a variety of problems. Their problems might include: physical symptoms emotional distress post traumatic stress disorder all of these could result from sexual harassment

all of these could result from sexual harassment

In the parts of the world that still recognize the death penalty, the methods of execution often include hanging, shooting and being drawn and quartered lethal injection the gas chamber beheading

beheading

Courts have emphasized that employers have a responsibility to assure harassment is not part of their overall environment. This mean that employers need to: both prevent and correct harassment prevent harassment correct harassment avoid situations of conflict

both prevent and correct harassment

Interestingly, there appears to be a tendency for an increase in murders for a short while following an executing. As with the preponderance of violence seen in the media, desensitization to killing. This phenomenon is referred to as the ___ effect. replication simulation brutalization copycat

brutalization

The burden of proof for civil commitment is: a beyond a reasonable doubt a preponderance of the evidence dependent on the defendant's prior criminal and hospital record clear and convincing evidence

clear and convincing evidence

When evaluating risk assessment evidence, it has been found that jurors and judges may find _____ more appealing. clinical predictions actuarial predictions nomothetic approaches statistical analysis

clinical predictions

Three-strikes laws mean that: career criminals receive a triple sentence for their offenses there are only three appeals options available to repeat offenders criminals receive an extended or life sentence when convicted of a third felony repeat offenders get a three-judge panel deciding their cases

criminals receive an extended or life sentence when convicted of a third felony

Studies show that prisons may have a _____ effect. When comparable groups of offenders are tracked, those sentenced to prison are ____ to recidivate than those sentenced to probation null; no more or less likely taming; less likely criminogenic; more likely uncertain; no more or less likely

criminogenic; more likely

According to the text, older judges generally rule in favor or the _____, whereas younger judges tend to rule in favor of the ______ small business; corporations defendant; plaintiff corporations; small businesses plaintiff; defendant

defendant; plaintiff

The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education resulted in ____, which led to a(n) ______, according to a comprehensive review of research. -mainstreaming of disabled students; widely postive response from both blacks and whites -desegregation of black and white students; increase in prejudice -mainstreaming of disabled students; decrease in prejudice -desegregation of black and white students; decrease in prejudice

desegregation of black and white students; increase in prejudice

The length of civil confinement is not specified determined by the legal system alone specified determined by psychiatrists alone

determined by legal system alone**

How many people actually think and behave is of the utmost importance to psychologists. This is particularly true when considering how fairness is assessed. For example, Francisco worked twice as many hours as Ben did and so Francisco got paid twice what Ben got paid. This type of relationship between contributions to an effort an the obtained rewards refers to: procedural justice interpersonal justice distributive justice equal-state justice

distributive justice

Predictive markers that change over time are referred to as: risk management markers historical markers dynamic markers case markers

dynamic markers

Mitigating factors in capital cases are characteristics that make: sure the death penalty will be fast and painless execution less appropriate a case for humane execution the need for execution clear

execution less appropriate

James was charged with committing a robbery with a group of his peers. He had never committed any crimes and was caught up in a situation that he could not see any way out of. The attributions that would represent the above scenario include _____ and _____ external causes; uncontrollability internal causes; controllability internal causes; stability external causes; controllability

external causes; uncontrollability

When a judge dictates that certain evidence is to be ignored, jurors often feel that their freedom to choose to consider all evidence is treated. This belief may motivate them to consider inadmissible evidence to a ___ degree as admissible similar greater lesser third

greater

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commisision (EEOC) was established to enforce Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964). This commission states that employers have an obligation to maintain a particular work environment whereby employees are free from: harassment, intimidation, or insult insult, harassment, or stalking insult, intimidation, or offensive language intimidation, threat, or bullying

harassment, intimidation, or insult

James has a history of violent behavior. Many times, he demonstrated he has not mastered the ability to maintain control over his own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. This inability is also known as: impulsivity self-esteem locus of control self-reliance

impulsivity

Information released through pretrial publicity is often ____ at trial admissible included avoided inadmissible

inadmissible

After the American Revolution, a movement to change how criminals were punished began in an attempt to move away from laws that had been established in England. Instead of beating and killing, the new country decided to rely on: incarceration hanging public shaming rehabilitation

incarceration

Studies found that several conditions are crucial for reducing and stereotyping and prejudice. All of the following conditions reduce stereotypes EXCEPT: cooperation between members of different groups in reaching superordinate goals increased competition between members of different groups one-on-one interactions between members of different groups local social norms must encourage inter-group contact and equal treatment.]

increased competition between members of different groups

Research has identified two basic forms of coping for victims of sexual harassment. One form of coping entails a victim blaming herself or trying to ignore the behavior altogether. This type of coping is referred to as: internally focused coping projection transference externally focused coping

internally focused coping

Placing someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will is known as: involuntary criminal commitment deinstitutionalization voluntary civil commitment involuntary civil commitment

involuntary civil commitment

The criminal justice system used two primary methods two hold people. One such placement is _____, where people are held short-term. halfway house federal prison state prison jail

jail

Research evidence suggests that, when judges and juries disagree on a verdict: juries are more lenient they agree to disagree these disagreements never happen judges are more lenient

juries are more lenient

Interestingly, if a defendant is injured in the course of committing a crime: jurors are more likely to hand down a lenient sentence judges and jurors are more likely to a agree about a sentence judges and jurors are more likely to disagree about a sentence jurors are more likely to hand down a hard sentence

jurors are more likely to hand down a lenient sentence

Early in history of America, crimes ran the gamut in terms of transgressions. In addition to assault, rape, and murder, to name a few, certain moral transgressions could be punishable by law. The criminalized transgressions included all of the following EXCEPT: blasphemy witchcraft adultery laziness

laziness

According to the text, approximately _____ of jury trials in the United States result in a hung jury. 15% 10-12% less than 7% less than 3%

less than 7%

It is ______ that jurors would be able to ignore past convictions if instructed so, especially if these convictions were for _____ likely; crimes very different from the one the defendant is being tried for likely; minor crimes unlikely; crimes similar to the one the defendant is being tried for unlikely; white-collar crimes

likely; minor crimes**

According to the text, juries that required unanimity to reach a decision, deliberate ____ and are also more likely to ____ longer;hang in closed quarters; allow videotaping of the deliberation process faster; hang faster; consider evidence more carefully

longer; hang

In Atkins v Virginia (2002), the end of execution of convicted criminals deemed ______ was established to suffer from personality disorder insane disadvantaged mentally retarded

mentally retarded

One reason that recent immigrants held in prisons did not have much sympathy from the general population was the common belief that they were _____ and _____ inferior intellectually; socially morally; financially socially; financially morally; intellectually

morally; intellectually

Regarding sentencing, Ellsworth and Mauro (1998, p. 720) stated that: "a person denied housing or employment has ___ protection from racial discrimination than a person whose life is at stake" no more more less no less

more

The predictive ability of more scientific approaches to risk-assessment has been found to be ____ compared with unstructured clinical judgement. almost identical when infallible more accurate less accurate

more accurate

Certain characteristics of the defendant are often considered by jurors. For example, Phillip is a known thug and gang member. He was on trial for the death of a priest that he ran over while evading police. In this case, it is likely that Phillip will receive a verdict that would be ____ if he had killed a fellow gang member less harsh than he would receive the same sentence for both crimes more harsh than not as harsh as

more harsh than

Blacks who kill whites are ___ likely to be charged with capital murder compared with blacks who kill blacks much less not very much more about equally as

much more

According to the text, legal, permissible sexual behavior in the workplace is ______ illegal sexual harassment. the cases that end up in court involve especially _____ much more common than; severe or prolonged harassment equally as common as; inappropriate language much more common than; inappropriate language equally as common as; severe or prolonged harassment

much more common than; severe or prolonged harassment

The purpose of the death penalty is seen as deterrence. However, many studies in the United States, as well as in other countries, have found _____ evidence to support the idea that capital punishment decreased the murder rate some convincing a great deal of no clear

no clear

____ occurs when group pressure results in holdout jurors changing their votes open conflict normative influence reactance influence informational influence

normative influence

Many psychological experts suggest that they are ____ at predicting future violence not very good excellent good very good

not very good

Cathy is incarcerated because she has a history of physical and mental abuse of her stepchildren. She has been held in custody for an extended period because she has the possibility of becoming violent, which is also known as: preventative detention legitimate sentencing extended detention overzealous sentencing

preventative detention

Scholars argue that it may be more productive to focus on _______ rather than on predicting _______ prevention and management of violence; violent behavior statistical analysis; historical markers dynamic markers; risk management markers violent behavior, prevention and management of violence

prevention and management of violence; violent behavior

Sentencing guidelines are put in place to assist judges in making consistent sentencing decisions. Examples of factors that affect sentencing according to the guidelines noted in the text include ______ and ______ SES; prior criminal record type of crime; SES circumstances of current offense; gender prior criminal record; type of crime

prior criminal record; type of crime

Ben felt that he should have received more money for his efforts and he followed an established procedure to appeal his case to his supervisor, detailing the amount of done and his contributions to the final product. Ben's ability to participate in the process of reward distribution decisions is an example of: distributive justice procedural justice equal-status contact interpersonal justice

procedural justice**

One way that criminals were punished in the American colonies was through ________, which included being placed into stocks probation public shaming imprisonment work release

public shaming

Civil confinements are NOT considered to be: detention punishment criminal preventative

punishment

Evidence of racial discrimination is most clear in cases involving: drug dealing murder assault rape

rape

Even though a number of states, the federal government, and the military still recognize the death penalty, executions are relatively ____ in the United States difficult to sentence rare uncontroversial common

rare

When jurors are instructed to disregard the inadmissible evidence, they sometimes feel there is no good reason for such an instruction. Instead, they give that evidence an even greater weight. This process is assumed by_______ relativity parallel processes reactance inferiority

reactance

When determining whether a particular behavior is offensive, a judgment needs to be made as to whether others in the same situation would have considered the environment as hostile. This standard is referred to as the: consensual relationship agreement interpersonal justice standard disparate treatment standard reasonable person standard

reasonable person standard

According to the text, jurors are actively constructing stories _____ the evidence at trial during hearing before hearing regardless of hearing after hearing

regardless of hearing**

Determinate sentencing means that judges are _____, if a defendant is found guilty of a particular crime required to defer the sentencing to the jury encouraged to hand down harsher sentences when it is appropriate encouraged to hand down a sentence within a prescribed range required to hand down a sentence within a prescribe range

required to hand down a sentence within a prescribe range**

Following Gregg v Georgia and its companion cases, all death sentences are: upheld considered unconstitutional deemed appropriate reviewed by state supreme courts

reviewed by state supreme courts

Sexually harassing behaviors may be attributed to a range of motives. According to the text, job type may be a component of how and why harassment occurs. For example, positions considered traditionally held by women may contribute to harassment because they elicit protectiveness and ____. Conversely, for women in jobs historically held by men, the harassment is linked to ____ a female coworker's job performance sexual attention; undermining "putting her in her place"; dominating a desire for intimacy; defining domination; interfering with

sexual attention; undermining

In the early 1800s, a move away from attributing a religious cause to criminal behavior, such as individuals being born evil, occurred. The more secular approach recognized that the cause might not only be placed on the individual, but some responsibility could be attributed to: environmental deterioration developmental issues social disorganization family history

social disorganization

members of a jury that appear to have a great deal of influence on the deliberation process are referred to as _____ jurors dedicated strong helpful potential

strong

Individuals who are incarcerated in supermax prisons are likely to belong to the following categories EXCEPT: those who have significant behavior problems extremely violent criminals those who ran Ponzi schemes especially serious offenders.

those who ran Ponzi schemes

The requirement that criminals receive an extended or life sentence when convicted of a third felony is commonly called the: three-time loser rule repeat offender guideline three-strikes laws career criminal sentencing rule

three-strikes laws

In the reforms set forth in Gregg v. Georgia, defendants on trial for capital murder ought to be tried by juries in: one phase some of the cases three phases two phases

two phases

The strategy whereby psychologists predict future violence that does not entail specific rules of how to collect information is called: experimental approach unstructured clinical judgment observational study scientific approach

unstructured clinical judgment

During the deliberation process, two distinct styles are evident. These two styles are ____ & _____ verdict-driven style; evidence-driven style verdict-drive style; leniency-based evidence-driven style; reconciliation evidence-driven style; reactance-based

verdict-driven style; evidence driven style

Studies have shown that the most likely targets of harassment are: young, unmarried women minorities divorcees attractive young men

young, unmarried women