Foundation of Sport Management Chapter 1 Exam 1:

Management structures:

"building blocks" - Clubs - Leagues - Professional tournaments

The Club System: England

- Birthplace of modern sport and sport management

Leagues: 1871:

- Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players (pro league)

The Games site was the Panathinaiko Stadium and featured 9 events:

- Cycling - Fencing - Gymnastics - Lawn tennis - Shooting - Swimming - Track and field - Weight lifting - Wrestling

The Club System: 18th century

- English aristocracy developed exclusive sport clubs with limited membership

Early Success of National League

- Excitement of pennant race - Honoring of contracts (reserve system) - Favorable media attention - Appealed to fans' loyalty and pride in their cities - Early form of revenue sharing - Rules that distributed talent

Leagues Today: • However, not all professional sports are organized in the league structure

- For example, golf and tennis operate following the organizational structure sometimes know as the professional tournament sports.

Leagues Today: • Hulbert's league structure makes sense in today's environment.

- For example, naming rights, licensing agreements, and league wide television deals are norm.

Thoroughbred Racing: 1830s:

- Rail system allowed national competition

The Jockey Club was responsible for:

- Settling disputes - Establishing rules - Determining eligibility - Designate officials - Regulate breeding - Punishing unscrupulous participants • Served as model for wider sport management practices in England with rugby, cricket, and boxin

Primary theme:

- Structures grow in response to broad social changes and/or to address specific social issues

• Single-entity structures: MLS

- This is an example in which each team is owned and operated by the league as a whole

Tournaments Today:

- Today's promoters promote tournaments as a medium through which a person, community, or corporation can buy exposure.

Effa Manley:

- co-owner of the Negro Baseball League's Newark Eagles and 1st woman elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

The Club System: 19th century

- continued club evolution with standardizing of rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedule

Christine Grant:

- former women's athletic director at the University of Iowa and former President of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW).

Secondary themes:

- honest play - inclusion: "who gets to play?"

Billie Jean King:

- tennis great. Defeated Bobby Riggs in the "Battle of the Sexes" and founder of Women's Tennis Association (WTA) and the Women's Sports Foundation.

Juliette Moore:

- the first African American women to serve as President for the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA)

Corcoran made many contributions to the world of golf:

- used athletes and golf tournaments to sell advertising space to the public. - served as tournament director for the men's PGA circuit. - organized the women's tour - organized the first celebrity professional and amateur (pro-am) tournament preceding a men's golf tournament to raise money for charity.

American Structures:

• European club system did not suit the United States, obstacles to the U.S. Club system were: - The country's lack of aristocratic tradition - Political power of religious fundamentalism (which limited/prohibited gambling). • Better spectator sport than thoroughbred racing • Managed by track owners and race promoters - Willing to create spectator interest for sport • Issues emerged such as race fixing and management lacking credibility = loss of fan trust and popularity

Corcoran's Tournaments:

• Fred Corcoran, the architect of the professional golf tournament, understood the unique qualities of golf.

The Modern Olympic Games:

• International club event with little resemblance to ancient Olympic Games • First Modern Olympics held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. • Founder Pierre de Coubertin was inspired by English revivals and Victorian notions of character building and peace movements through sport. • The first modern games was a 9 day event, which drew 311 athletes from 13 nations. The participants were exclusively amateurs.

Sport Management Organizations of today:

• North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) - Established to create curricular standards to promote quality academic programs • Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) created to promote and recognize excellence in sport management education. • Today, the total number of sport management programs is around 350 internationally.

Professional Golf:

• Professional leagues failed to capture public interest or attract golf professionals - Attempts to generate gate revenues at tournaments failed • Stability of tournaments was achieved when prize money was put up by companies and corporate sponsors

William Hulbert's National League:

• Provided leadership and stability to new league; became "Czar of baseball". • Believed stability achieved only if teams were run like businesses. • Hulbert understood that without strict rules forcing honest competition, collusion would occur. • Hulbert also believed that owners must take some financial risk - Abandoning seasons early to prevent losses in short term eroded long-term faith of public

Thoroughbred Racing:

• Races drew broad and diverse audience - No admission charged • Initially local club system - Racing existed for entertainment only, not financial gain; prestige more important • Need for more complex club system because: - Desire of owners to breed and train fast horses - The increasing complexity of gambling

Today's tournament management:

• Use corporate, or profit making associations, and non-profit private associations. • Are just as likely to be created by marketing agencies or broadcast media. (e.g., ESPN X Games)

Women in Sport Management:

• Women were not allowed to participate in those early Games, because participation was limited to free Greek male citizens. • However, this does not mean no competitions for women existed (e.g., Heraea Games).

Leagues: In 1870,

• the pioneers of Baseball were the first to successfully employ the league structure. The result of leagues, a profit oriented entity. - First pro team: Cincinnati Red Stockings