Foundational Skills 2
select an economic sample
When determining the size of a sample, researchers typically
rank-order
When one's data are on an ordinal scale of measurement, a _________ correlation should be used.
Contrived observation
When parents interact with their children in a laboratory setting what observation is being used
the probability that any indication in the population will be in the sample
When researchers use a probability sample, they know
purposive sample
When researchers use past research findings or their judgment to decide which participants to include in a sample, we call it a(n) ________________
quota sample
When researchers want to ensure that a certain kinds of participants in a convenience sample are obtained in particular proportions, they use a(n) ____________
cluster sample
Which of the following sampling methods is recommended when a researcher finds it difficult to obtain a list of the individuals in a large population?
ratio
Which scale of measurement provides the greatest amount of information about a construct?
Quota Sample
convenience sample when researcher specifies the percentages of certain types of participants
Systematic Sample
every kth person is selected until sample size obtained
Simple Random Sample
everyone has the same chance of being selected
ratio
The measurement of weight is on a(n) _______ scale.
Cluster Sampling
selection of clustered groups (whole groups of participants chosen)
the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed.
A partial correlation is
measurement error and true score
A participant's observed score consists of
is valid.
A perfectly reliable measure
Stratum
A subset of the population that shares a particular characteristic
it is based on a large rather than a small number of scores.
A correlation coefficient of a given magnitude is more likely to be statistically significant when
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A correlation of +.90 is _________ times as strong as a correlation of +.30.
Statistical significance
A finding that is unlikely due to an error in variance
line graph
A frequency polygon is a
narrative record
A full description of everything a participant says and does is called a
discriminant validity.
A measure that does not correlate with measures with which it should not be related has
face
A measure that measures what it appears to measure has good ________ validity
Variance
A numerical index of variability in a set of data
observational
A researcher counting the number of times a rat presses a bar is using a(n) ______ measure.
epidemiological
A researcher is studying differences in the prevalence of anxiety in two minority groups. This is an example of ________ research.
demographic
A researcher is studying patterns of marriage and divorce among Baby Boomers. This is an example of _______ research.
descriptive
A researcher measured the public's attitudes toward nuclear power after a nuclear accident. This is an example of ______ research
simple random sample
A researcher numbered all of the people in a population from 1 to n, then chose a sample by using a random numbers table. What kind of sample did he select?
As scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase
A researcher obtained a correlation of +.52 between Variable A and Variable B. What is the best interpretation of this correlation?
cross-sectional survey
A researcher obtained a sample of adults and interviewed them about their student loan concerns. This is an example of a ______ design
stratified random sample
A researcher separated the people in a population into three age categories: 15-20, 25-30, 30-35. She then selected a random sample from each of these three groups. What kind of sample did she select?
successive independent samples survey
A researcher surveyed two groups of Americans about their fears of terrorism—one group in 2005 and the other group in 2015. This is an example of a _______ design
experimental
A researcher was interested in the effects of loud music on physiological arousal. After playing music to participants through headphones at one of five decibel levels (from very quiet to very loud), she measured their level of arousal. This is an example of ______ research.
knowledgeable informants
A researcher who asks parents to report on the behavior of their children is using
self-report
A researcher who asks people to answer questions on questionnaires is using a(n) _________ measure.
duration
A researcher who measures how long participants will keep their arms immersed in ice water is using a measure of
representative sample
A sample from which a researcher can draw accurate inferences about the population is a
falsifiable
A scientific hypothesis must be stated in such a way that it is
Multi item scale
A set of items that all assess the same construct are often combined into a scale
theory
A set of propositions that attempts to specify the interrelationships among constructs is a(n)
hypothesis
A specific proposition that logically follows from a theory is a(n)
falsified; proved
Although theories can never be ______, they can be _______ by the results of a particular research study.
measures of variability
Descriptive stats that convey info about the spread of a data set
the amount of variance in a set of scores.
Effect size indicates
observation
Empiricism refers to the practice of relying on ________ to draw conclusions.
interval scale
Equal differences between the numbers reflect equal differences between participants on the characteristic being measured. (Ex: IQ)
outliers
Extreme scores in a sample are called ____________
ordinal
High school class graduation rank is measured on a(n) _________ scale.
X may cause Y, Y may cause X, a third variable may cause both X and Y
If a significant correlation is found between X and Y, that means
panel survey
In a(n) _______ survey design, a single group of participants is questioned more than once
Measures of Central Tendency
Include mean, median and mode
interval
Intelligence is measured on a(n) __________ scale.
Single Item Measure
Intended to be analyzed by themselves
ratio scale
Involves real numbers that can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.
Median
List the scores from least to greatest and the middle number will be the median. If there are an even list of numbers, take the two middle numbers and find the mean. The answer will be the median.
inferential statistics
Mathematical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions regarding the reliability and generalizability of their data; t-tests and F-tests are examples of inferential stats.
descriptive statistics
Numbers that summarize and describe the behavior of participants in a study; the mean and standard deviation are examples of descriptive stats.
frequency of each score
On a histogram, the y-axis represents the
class interval
On a histogram,the X-axis represents the
increase sample size
One way to increase power is to
ordinal scales
Rank ordering of a set of scores that reflect participants behaviors or characteristics
Checklist
Researcher records attributes of the participants (age, sex, race) and whether particular behaviors were observed
systematic sample
Researchers stop every third pedestrian on a busy street and ask about his or her attitude about CBU's new official song. This is an example of a(n)...
the proportion of variance in one variable that is accounted for by another.
The coefficient of determination is
Factors that affect error of estimation
Sample size, population size and variance of the data
inferential statistics
Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of one's findings are called
Mean
Summing all the scores, then dividing by the number of all scores.
Variability
The degree to which scores in a data set differ from one another
Mode
The number that appears the most.
systematic variance
The portion of the total variance that is related in an orderly fashion to study
standard deviation
The square root of the variance is the _____________.
the degree to which participants' scores vary from the mean of the scores
The variance expresses
Sometimes the individuals that are being studied know that the researcher is observing their behavior, that is called an undisguised observation. when they are concerned about reactivity, researchers may conceal the fact they are observing sand recording participants' behavior, this is a disguised observation.
What the difference between disguised and non disguised observation
Where a score falls in a distribution of scores
What does a z-score tell us?
Participant observation
What is one type of naturalistic observation
9
What is the range of these scores: 2, 4, 9, 4, 7, 6, 11, 3, 5, 9
convenience sample
What kind of samples do most psychological experiments use?
Naturalistic observation.
What observation involves the observation of on going behavior as it occurs naturally with no intrusion or intervention by the researcher?
Stratified Random Sample
a simple random sample taken from divided groups (random single participants from the groups)
Cross-sectional Survey Design
a single group of respondents a "cross-section of the population"is surveyed.
Longitudinal or panel survey design
a single group of respondents is questioned more than once
Representative Sample
accurate conclusions can be drawn of a larger population
Convenience Sample
includes participants that are readily available (most common)
Error of Estimation (Margin of Error)
indicates the degree to which the data is expected to deviate from the population as a whole
Unobtrusive Measure
involve measures that can be taken without participants knowing that they are being studied.
Cronbach's Alpha
measures internal consistency
Negatively skewed distribution
more high scores than low scores in the data
Positively skewed distribution
more low scores than high scores in the data
Partial concealment
researchers compromise by letting participants know they are being observed while withholding information regarding precisely what aspects of the participants behavior are being recorded.
Purposive Sample
researchers use past research findings/judgement to decide which participants to include
Z-score
tells us how far from the mean the participants score falls in terms of the standard deviation.
test-retest reliability
the consistency in results every time a measure is used
Sampling Error
the difference between the characteristics of the participants chosen and the characteristics of the population
psychometrics
the field devoted to the study of psychological measurement
Successive Independent Samples Survey
two or more samples of respondent answer the same questions at different points in time
Successive Independent Sample Survey Design
two or more samples of respondents answer the same questions at different points in time.
Neuroimaging
using technology to study the brain, such as CAT or FMRI scans
temporal measures
when and how long a behavior occurs