Foundations of Political Science Unit 1 (Chapter 1 - Chapter 3)

Which of the following is considered the cradle of Western civilization?

Ancient Greece

What type of philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?

Ancient Greek philosophers

Which political science methodology looks at the actual behavior of those in the political process and employs an empirical or data-driven approach?

Behavioralism

Which subfield of political science examines different types of institutions and issues within different countries?

Comparative Politics

Aristotle hypothesized that which political system requires a strong middle class to balance the extreme interests of the wealthy and the poor?

Democracy

In Plato's gradations of happiness, which system ranks second to last in terms of happiness in the state because it encourages the pursuit of all desires, both necessary and unnecessary?

Democracy

Which term refers to some of the ways that people are classified?

Demographics

What indicator is the most dramatic predictor of whether a person is likely to vote?

Educational attainment

In Machiavelli's ideal world, it is best for the prince to be both loved and what?

Feared

According to Hobbes, because conditions in the precontract state would be so abhorrent, people would voluntarily leave it in favor of the more secure environment provided by whom or what?

Government

Nations exert what type of power when they compel other nations to modify their behavior through military or economic force?

Hard Power

Machiavelli said it is better to be feared than loved, but to be careful that fear doesn't turn into which of the following?

Hate

What is an educated guess based on previously understood facts or logic?

Hypothesis

According to Aristotle, the immersion into which of the following represents the highest form of happiness because the community of the polis offers the highest plane of reasoning?

Immersion into politics

Which subfield of political science places special emphasis on the development of the international system, international organizations, and globalization?

International Relations

Who were the earliest Greek philosophers to believe in using rationality rather than mythology to understand the universe?

Ionians

Which eighteenth-century philosopher called for universal political participation in a direct democracy form of government where the people as a whole make decisions for themselves?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who caused a stir when he stated that "Man is born free, and yet we see him everywhere in chains" in his most famous work, The Social Contract?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In the seventeenth century, who founded a new trend of thinking under the banner of classical liberalism, which viewed human beings as innately principled, mentally gifted, and capable of self-rule?

John Locke

Which seventeenth-century philosopher advocated for a representative democracy where government possesses limited powers and the people select representatives to make decisions on their behalf?

John Locke

Which book by Thomas Hobbes serves as the theoretical rationale for monarchs?

Leviathan

Which Italian philosopher claimed that in order to truly comprehend the nuances of politics, it is more important to have an understanding of how leaders can best acquire and maintain political control over the populace?

Niccolò Machiavelli

Which political philosopher wrote The Prince?

Niccoló Machiavelli

Socrates employed which approach to philosophy, in that he was most interested in uncovering the purpose of our human existence and how the "good life" can be achieved if humans interact with one another in a just and ethical manner?

Normative approach

What is the opposite of truth for Plato?

Opinion

Who is considered the first Western political philosopher?

Plato

Who wrote most of what we know about Socrates?

Plato

What is the term for the way that various groups define our lives and contribute to the way we view the world?

Political Socialization

Machiavelli was one of the first theorists to divorce the study of politics from religious and ethical viewpoints. What is this type of theorist called?

Political realist

What did political scientist Harold Lasswell say is the study of who gets what, when, and how?

Politics

Which political science methodology is a hybrid between traditionalism and behavioralism?

Post-behavioralist approach

What can broadly be defined as the ability to get others to do what they would not do on their own?

Power

What did Machiavelli assert was the key unit of analysis in politics?

Power

For Locke, owning what is considered one of the most important natural rights bestowed upon man by God?

Private property

What is the purpose of government according to Hobbes?

Provide security

Because it required one to surrender core ethical principles, Socrates argued that one could not pursue the good life and do which of the following?

Pursue politics

What did true happiness mean for Socrates?

Pursuing the "good life"

What type of analysis uses data to interpret political phenomena to better understand the political world?

Quantitative analysis

In which academic tradition is the field of political science?

Social Sciences

What type of theorists typically provide an (1) observation on human nature, (2) an observation on problems that arise in the absence of government (i.e., precontract state), and (3) a recommendation on the form of government best able to solve these problems?

Social contract theorists

Nations use what type of power when they employ diplomatic and cultural persuasion to other nations?

Soft Power

Hobbes argued that our existence in the unstructured and unmanaged environment of the precontract state (i.e., life before government) would be which of the following?

Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

Which ancient Greek philosophers were primarily concerned with questions surrounding human behavior and were skeptical about whether we can ever truly come to understand our ultimate reality or acquaint ourselves with the mysteries of our universe?

Sophists

The three communities of citizens in The Republic are the auxiliaries, the guardians, which of the following?

The Craftspeople

The liberal writings of John Locke influenced which American document?

The Declaration of Independence

Plato wrote the first written work considered political science. What is it called?

The Republic

For Aristotle, what is the key to happiness?

The ability to reason

In The Republic whose primary function is to enforce the laws of the state and defend the state from foreign invasion (i.e., serve as the military)?

The auxiliaries

According to Aristotle, what are the three distinct forms of human communities that naturally evolve into more complex political arrangements?

The family unit, the village, and the polis

In The Republic whose job is to represent the ruling class and who must have intensive training to ensure the pursuance of the public good and justice?

The guardians

Socrates was a controversial teacher because he asked his students to question what?

The intellectual rationale behind society's guiding principles

What two animals did Machiavelli advise a successful prince to emulate when leading the state?

The lion and fox

The Ionians broke into two rival and competing movements that organized around the theory of becoming and the theory of what?

The theory of being

What emerges when individuals seek answers to questions?

Theories

Those aligned with which of the following theories argued that the universe was in a constant state of random and arbitrary change (or becoming) and could be understood in material terms?

Theory of Becoming

Which school of thought believed that underlying our ever-changing material world is a preexisting and permanent design?

Theory of being

In Hobbes's view, people living in the state of nature live in what type of environment?

They live in a persistent state of warfare and fear.

In the classic text, Leviathan, which philosopher sets out to prove the correctness of Machiavelli's contention that power rather than justice is the most important variable in studying politics?

Thomas Hobbes

Who argued that an all-powerful sovereign was required to prevent civil war and death in his social contract theory?

Thomas Hobbes

According to Plato, who are the only ones qualified to rule because they can be counted on to place the public interest of society over individual self-interest?

Those who have reached "the good"

For Locke, what is the primary reason for establishing a government or commonwealth?

To protect private property

What is the belief that government should not attempt to change society, but that government should instead merely reflect changes that have already taken place in society?

Traditional conservatism

Which political science methodology seeks answers to questions that try to determine if individuals within government institutions (such as Congress) are acting how they "ought to be acting"?

Traditionalism

Locke's social contract called for a limited government to perform how many basic functions?

Two functions

For Plato, which of the following is the lowest form of political order?

Tyranny