foundations of sport management exam 1

Power

-Ability to influence others -Control over resources

professional sport: occupies powerful role in society

-Any sport activity or skill for which the athletes receive compensation for performance. -Compensation can be salaries, medal bonuses, sponsorships, expense reimbursements or any other direct payments. -Biggest area for both national and international economic impact.

five components

-Baseball's anti-trust exemption: baseball is local in nature and does not produce a tangible good, therefore exempt from Sherman Antitrust Act -Collective bargaining: all pro teams covered by National Labor Relations Act -Free agency: ability for players, after fulfilling a certain number of years, to sell their skills/service to other teams -Salary caps: ceiling set for how much money teams can spend on athlete labor -Player draft: aims to be an equitable system for distributing new talent among all league members

Product innovations

-Creation of new product designs -Development of new products

Organizational design

-Features and traits of an organization that allow it to undertake various activities and achieve objectives -Vary by org. function, size, and scope

Unique Aspects of Professional Sport

-Interdependence -Structure and Governance -Labor-Management Relations -Role of Electronic and New Media

Three principles that form the professional sport industry

-Labor: Athletes/employees/work; Typically represented by a union and a head that negotiates with management -Management: Collective group of coaches, owners, and managers who negotiate with players -Governance: Serves to develop rules, policies responsible for signing player contracts, handling disputes and discipline; Usually led by a commissioner

Contingency Theory

-Leaders: must form some sort of power over their followers to ensure buy-in and commitment to change; Their goal is to influence people to follow them on a certain path -Followers: represent the other part of the dynamic; Alignment of the follower's values with the leader's expectations is critical to success; Followers are a vital component to the change process -Context: includes the situation and environment; Can dictate what type of leadership interaction is needed based upon complexity

Management vs. Administration

-Management = represents the functions of an organization to achieve its goals (i.e. planning, organizing, etc.) -Administration = establishing guidelines, procedures, and policies that help the organization run smoothly

revenue sources for professional sport teams

-Media contracts -Gate receipts (ticket sales) -Licensing and merchandising revenue -Sponsorship

NCAA factors for classification

-Number of sports sponsored -Types of sponsored sports (individual or team) -Size of the athletics budget -Attendance and seating capacity -Offers of athletic-related aid or not

Leadership styles

-Passive -Active -Hands-off -Contingent reward -Role model -Dictator -Authoritarian -Collaborative

Authority

-Power to enforce rules -Expect subordination from those that have no power

Title IX Three-Prong Test

-Proportionality -Expansion -Accommodating interest

Sport Sociologists

-Rely on theories and concepts -Examine social patterns, structures, and institutions -Do not focus on behavior of specific individuals

Organization

-Social entities that are goal-directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and are linked to the external environment. -Coordinated actions often lead to the creation of social entities (i.e. organizations) in which people work collectively to achieve goals. -work collectively: reaching goals easier when working together

Benefits of Sport

-Socializing agent - Unifier

Sport vs. Sports

-Sport = all encompassing term that includes all sport activities -Sports = a collection of separate activities (i.e. golf, football, etc.)

Dark Side of Sport

-Sport as a divider -Sexism in sport -Homophobia and Heterosexism in sport -Racism in sport

Social significance of sport

-Sport influences almost all aspects of our lives -Sport industry has an enormous economic impact -Sport holds a prominent place in our society -Consumption of, valuation of, and participation in sport have potential for both positive and negative outcomes

value of the interscholastic programs

-Support the academic mission of schools -are inherently educational -foster success in later life

Interdependence

-Teams need to compete and collaborate simultaneously -Depend on each other to produce their product -League think: teams function together as some sacrifice potential for higher revenue levels for the sake of league stability -All teams make allowances for the league whole -Revenues shared

sport

-all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels -any activity, experience, or business enterprise for which the primary focus is fitness, recreation, athletics, and leisure related

NCAA rules and regulations

-amateurism -recruiting -eligibility -playing and practice seasons -athletic-related financial aid -championships

interscholastic athletics

-another word for high school sports -key segment within the sport industry -media attention devoted to segment -economic impact -influence of administrators

Decentralized

-decision-making is delegated throughout the org -The more expertise we have throughout the org = more decentralized process

General environment elements

-economy -technology -politics -social and cultural forces -demographic changes

operating models

-establish structure to fit stakeholders needs -considerations for structuring athletic departments

National Federation of State of High School Associations (NFHS)

-governing body of U.S. high school athletics and other activities -approx 19,00 schools and 11 million participants -reaches beyond the US -establishes rules for sports and competition -supports governance at the state level

Centralized

-leaders/managers at the top make decisions -The more critical the decision, including when costs grow greater = more centralized process

Organization management

-leadership and organization -critical-thinking

Communication management

-written and oral communication -tech adaptability

Management Functions

1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Staffing 4. Directing 5. Controlling and evaluating

Leadership

An influence relationship aimed at moving organizations or groups of people towards an imagined future that depends upon alignment of values and establishment of mutual purposes.

Organizing

Arranging resources to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner. Ex: Directors, Managers

Radical innovations

Break unwritten industry rules (often based around tech); Highly disruptive and can change an industry

Plan

Course of action or a direction in which to move the organization from one point to another

Planning

Developing and implementing goals, objectives, strategies, procedures, policies, and rules to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Ex: CEO, GM

Inclusion

Equal access to resource and opportunities

Controlling

Evaluating whether the employees are on task and making progress towards achieving the goals and adhering to the guidelines and standards for producing goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner. Ex: Presidents, Managers

Public organizations

Federal and state gov't agencies; regional and local departments are responsible for delivering sport and rec programs/maintaining facilities

Process innovations

Improve efficiency or effectiveness of organizational processes

Directing

Influencing members and individuals and groups to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner. Ex: Presidents, Directors

Commercial organizations

Main goal is to make a profit

Management vs. Leadership

Management=tasks Leadership=people

Organizational Culture

Pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration

Diversity

Presence of socially meaningful differences among members of a dyad or group.

Nonprofit organizations

Primarily volunteer-based; includes volunteer executives (boards); may hire paid staff to perform daily tasks

Staffing

Recruiting, selecting, orienting, training, developing, and replacing employees to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner. Ex: President, AD

Horizontal information sharing and collaboration

The mechanisms in place for information sharing and collaboration between departments; Provides a coordinated effort to ensure unity towards org objectives

Vertical information sharing

The need for the coordinated mechanisms to link the top and the bottom of the hierarchy; Use a clear chain of command (i.e. reporting channels)

Management

The process of work with and through individuals and groups and other resources to accomplish organizations goals.

Sport Sociology

The subdiscipline of sociology that studies sports as social phenomena

Relational coordination

When well integrated, info is freely shared amongst members of different departments, including continuous interaction, sharing, and addressing issues

Stakeholders

any group within and outside of the organization that has a stake in the organization's performance, including: -Owners -Stockholders -Consumers/Customers -Employees -Government -Community

Athletic Conferences

basic function is to establish rules and regulations that support and sustain a level playing field

Critical thinking

careful thinking that helps you move forward in a constant search to improve your opinions, decisions, or judgments; systematic evaluation of arguments (i.e. reasons and conclusions) according to explicit standards of rationality

Environment

everything that exists outside the boundary of an organization and has the potential to affect all or part of the organization

Labor-management relations

five unique components in North America

Explicit norms

formally communicated rules

Equity in Athletic Disclosure Act (EADA)

helps determine if spending is equitable among men/women

Process by which sport organizations achieve goals (organization)

inputs>transformation>outputs

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

largest and most influential college sport governing body in the United States

Strategy

plans to cope with environment

Sport enterprise financial structures

sales are not the only way sports are financed; also: TV rights, concessions, guarantees, etc.

Economies of scope

savings that originate from maximization of resources used throughout the organization (i.e. number/variety of products/services or by operating in a number of varied markets); can serve more clients

Economies of scale

savings that originate from the mass production of goods and services (i.e. increasing the scale of operations

Sport marketing

sport product is unlike other products that consumers buy

Efficiency

the achievement of goals using minimal resources to produce outputs (focus on activities)

Effectiveness

the extent to which an organization achieves its goals (focus on results)

Sport management

the study and practice of all people, activities, businesses, or organizations involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any sport-related business or product

NCAA Football

two classifications among division I: FBS & FCS FBS: Football Bowl Subdivision-separate entity FCS: Football Championship Subdivision-governed by the NCAA

Implicit norms

unstated/informal rules