FPP KP 7/4

Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution. A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values. B. It is based on the statistical mode of the scores C. In one, 14.13% of the scores fall within one standard deviation below the mean. D. The 50th percentile is equivalent to the mode.

A. It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.

Which term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard? A. Auditory sequencing B. Auditory memory C. Auditory attention D. Auditory rate

B. Auditory memory

Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound? A. External thyroarytenoids B. Internal thyroarytenoids C. Transverse arytenoids D. Cricothyroid

B. Internal thyroarytenoids

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency. B. formant frequency. C. fundamental frequency. D. displacement frequency.

C. fundamental frequency.

A null hypothesis A. says that there is no relationship between two variables being studied. B. implies that events happen randomly. C. suggests that between two events, one is the cause and the other is the effect. D. is supposed to be accepted by the researcher.

A. says that there is no relationship between two variables being studied.

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) regulates professional practice in speech-language pathology and audiology by specifying the scope of practice. According to the existing scope-of-practice documents, which of the following statements is false? A. ASHA does not allow infant feeding by speech-language pathologists (SLPs). B. Memory and such other cognitive aspects of communication disorders are within the SLP's scope of practice. C. Counseling is not just the province of psychologists; SLPs, too, can counsel their clients. D. Sensory awareness training related to swallowing disorders is within the SLP's scope of practice.

A. ASHA does not allow infant feeding by speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Which of the following is the cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles? A. Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve B. Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve C. Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve D. Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve

A. Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve

The concept of period is related to which of the following? A. Frequency of sound vibrations B. Amplitude of sound vibrations C. The force with which the sound vibrates D. The pressure exerted by sound waves

A. Frequency of sound vibrations

Select the statement that best characterizes the discrete trial procedure. A. It is the most researched procedure, and it is useful in establishing the skills, but it may not promote generalization to natural settings. B. It is not useful in any stage of treatment or for any client because it is too structured. C. It is useful in all stages of treatment, including the final stages in which discourse is taught. D. It is one of the least researched methods of treatment.

A. It is the most researched procedure, and it is useful in establishing the skills, but it may not promote generalization to natural settings.

A clinician measured the disfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She then asked another clinician to measure disfluencies using the same method she had used. The first clinician calculated a reliability index based on her measure and that of the second clinician. This index is a measure of A. interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability). B. intraobserver agreement. C. test-retest reliability. D. split-half reliability.

A. interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability).

A fourth-grade teacher refers José to you. José speaks Tagalog. He and his family have been living in the United States for 3 years, and José has been enrolled in U.S. schools for that whole time. However, he has been sick a great deal and has missed many days of school. The family is helpful, and José's parents do their best to do assignments with him at home. However, their conversational English is limited, and they do not read or write in English at all. When you talk to the teacher, she states that José has friends and gets along well in the classroom. However, he especially struggles in the area of reading. The school team meets and decides to utilize an RtI (response to intervention) approach to discern whether José has a language and experiential difference or a language learning disability. What is likely to happen in the RtI model? A. José's teacher will use scientifically based instruction in the regular education setting to provide him with additional reading support. If this is insufficient to improve his performance, the special education team will evaluate him for special education services. B. José will be given additional homework packets to complete with his parents. Instructions will be written in Tagalog so his parents can read them. C. José will automatically undergo an extensive special education evaluation that will determine his possible need for placement in a self-contained special education classroom. D. José will automatically undergo an extensive special education evaluation that will determine his possible need for pullout speech-language therapy and academic support from the resource specialist.

A. José's teacher will use scientifically based instruction in the regular education setting to provide him with additional reading support. If this is insufficient to improve his performance, the special education team will evaluate him for special education services.

It would be considered ethical for a speech-language pathologist to do which of the following? A. Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement. B. Make a diagnosis through the mail after receiving a letter from a friend in a distant state who is concerned about her son's articulation. C. Allow an unsupervised assistant who is in the certification process to provide clinical services. D. Carry out a physician-recommended program of therapy with a patient who has a head injury, even though the speech-language pathologist disagrees with the physician's recommendation.

A. Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement.

A clinician in private practice receives many referrals from local public school clinicians. The children being referred are those whose language test scores are too high to legally qualify them for therapy in the public schools. The parents of these children want services and are willing and able to pay for them out of pocket. The clinician in private practice often administers the Test of Word Intentionality, Temporality, Tenses, and Rules (TWITTER). One day, she becomes curious about the "typical score" of the children to whom she administers the TWITTER. The clinician takes the TWITTER scores of 21 children and lines them up in order from highest to lowest score: 33 46 48 51 55 60 69 73 73 73 73 82 85 89 91 93 95 95 95 96 98 The clinician concludes that the "typical" or average score on the TWITTER is 73. In terms of measures of central tendency, what is the average score calculated by the clinician? A. Mode B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Mean

A. Mode

In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following? A. Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling B. Expansion C. Cooing D. Phonation

A. Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling

An investigator carries out a study to answer the question of whether an increased rate of sibling speech causes an increase in the frequency of stuttering in children. After pretesting rates of stuttering in selected children and the speech rate of their siblings, the investigator tells the siblings in the control group to speak as they normally would at home. She tells the siblings in the experimental group to speak much more rapidly than they would at home. In this study, what is the dependent variable? A. Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups B. The rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group C. The rate of speech of the siblings in the control group D. The combined amount of stuttering by the children in both the experimental and the control groups

A. Rates of stuttering in the children in both groups

Which of the following statements is not true about single-subject designs? A. The A phase is the treatment phase. B. They are useful in establishing treatment efficacy. C. The multiple-baseline design avoids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. D. A disadvantage of single-subject designs is that they cannot efficiently predict the behavior of groups of individuals.

A. The A phase is the treatment phase.

Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies. A. They are mostly descriptive. B. They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects. C. They are well established in speech-language pathology. D. They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.

A. They are mostly descriptive.

A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who clutter. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlational relationship of −.89. This shows that there is ___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility. A. a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship B. a positive correlational relationship C. a moderate cause-and-effect relationship D. virtually no correlational relationship

A. a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship

Disorders of the oral phase of a swallow are mainly due to A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement. B. slippage of food into anterior and lateral sulcus. C. a reduced range of lateral mandibular movement. D. a difficulty in holding the bolus.

A. an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement.

Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called A. impedance. B. admittance. C. immittance. D. velocity.

A. impedance.

In second-language acquisition, a typical process in which a communicative behavior from the first language is carried over to the second language is called A. interference (transfer). B. fossilization. C. the silent period. D. interlanguage.

A. interference (transfer).

When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), the motion causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as A. refraction. B. reflection. C. compression. D. rarefaction.

A. refraction.

An 84-year-old woman with dementia who recently suffered a stroke was admitted to a nursing home, as she had difficulty swallowing. The results of a videofluoroscopic study indicated that she had severe pooling in the vallecula and pyriform sinuses. She also was at risk for aspiration. The speech-language pathologist decided to administer syringe feedings. Ethically, the clinician A. should have a rationale for using syringe feedings. B. should not worry, as there is a limited chance of feeding the patient too quickly. C. should not worry, because with syringe feedings it is difficult to introduce a large bolus with each swallow. D. should not consider the patient's cognitive status, since she will not be aware of the syringe feedings anyway.

A. should have a rationale for using syringe feedings.

Evidence that suggests potential laryngeal dysfunction in persons who stutter includes A. slightly delayed voice onset time. B. hemispheric language processing problems. C. cerebral blood flow deviations. D. abnormal electroencephalographic tracings.

A. slightly delayed voice onset time.

Certain variables (e.g., attitudes and opinions) may change simply because they are measured more than once. This is a problem of A. testing, reducing internal validity. B. reactive effect of pretesting, affecting external validity. C. instrumentation, affecting internal validity. D. the Rosenthal effect.

A. testing, reducing internal validity.

External validity of a study may be threatened by A. the Hawthorne effect. B. statistical regression. C. maturation. D. attrition.

A. the Hawthorne effect.

The range in a distribution can be defined as A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. B. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution. C. the middle 50% of scores in a distribution divided by 2. D. the variance plus the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

A. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

One major distinction between the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems is that A. the pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement. B. unlike the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system has direct connections with lower motor neurons. C. the pyramidal system is an indirect activation system, whereas the extrapyramidal system is a direct activation system. D. the pyramidal system is important for speech production, but the extrapyramidal system plays no role in that activity.

A. the pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement.

Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure , or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include , or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and , or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation. A. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity B. vital capacity, tidal capacity, total lung volume C. vital capacity, total lung capacity, tidal volume D. tidal volume, total lung capacity, vital volume

A. total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity

When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that distribution is: A. 15 B. 25 C. 10 D. 12.5

A. 15

Select the two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission. A. Amplitude and intensity B. Mass and elasticity C. Compression and rarefaction D. Pressure and force

B. Mass and elasticity

A correlation coefficient A. helps establish the effect of a variable. B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other. C. allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects' future behaviors. D. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables.

B. suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other.

A study designed to evaluate a treatment procedure for hoarseness of voice recruited all subjects who had witnessed a football game the previous day. The treatment, conducted over the following 2 weeks and offered to all subjects, resulted in improved voice quality. A critic said that the study lacked internal validity because of A. median statistics. B. statistical regression to the mean. C. maturational variables. D. genetic influences.

B. statistical regression to the mean.

You are administering a formal language test to a student who speaks AAE. Which one of the following tasks is not biased against him? A. "Tell me if this sentence is correct or incorrect: 'Them kids is havin' fun.'" B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV." C. "Fill in the missing word: 'Today I walk to school; yesterday I ______ to school.'" D. "Repeat this sentence exactly as I say it: 'They had been careful with their books.'"

B. "Tell me what you like to watch on TV."

A type of research in which independent variables have occurred in the past and the investigator tries to find potential causes of the dependent variables is called what? A. Efficacy research B. Ex post facto research C. Case study research D. Survey research

B. Ex post facto research

Vladimir is a 7-year-old Ukrainian boy enrolled in an all-English-speaking second-grade classroom. He came to an all-English-speaking kindergarten speaking only Ukrainian; kindergarten was his first exposure to English on a regular basis. The second grade teacher referred him for a speech-language evaluation, because she said that although he has made friends and interacts well socially with the other children, he is "behind" them in written language skills (e.g., spelling, reading). Based on Vladimir's background, you can say that A. He should be referred for psychological testing due to a possible intellectual disability B. Formal academic language fluency takes longer to develop than conversational informal language fluency, therefore the school should monitor Vladimir's academic progress but not test him yet for speech-language services C. The special education team (psychologist, resource specialist, speech-language pathologist) should evaluate Vladimir for the possible presence of a learning disability D. Vladimir's family should be told to speak only English at home, and he should have intensive English tutoring and be discouraged from speaking Ukrainian

B. Formal academic language fluency takes longer to develop than conversational informal language fluency, therefore the school should monitor Vladimir's academic progress but not test him yet for speech-language services

Select the false statement about AAE. A. It is influenced by languages of West Africa. B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English. C. If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Standard American English. D. If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.

B. It is a substandard form of Standard American English.

Among the following symptoms, which one is not an especially significant feature of traumatic brain injury in children? A. Sentence comprehension problems B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes C. Topic maintenance D. Word-retrieval problems

B. Marked deficiency in producing grammatical morphemes

Which one of the following statements is false regarding providing rehabilitative services to adult culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) patients with neurological impairments? A. Some families may be offended by the rehabilitation team's encouragement of the patient's independence. B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals. C. Clinicians need to remember that some elderly CLD patients have little money and possibly no health insurance. D. It is important to assess premorbid educational levels and vocational attainments of patients because these affect assessment and intervention.

B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals.

When we assess culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students, we need to remember that federal law specifically mandates which of the following treatment guidelines? A. Only children with severe disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate public education. B. Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient. C. All CLD students must be tested in English. D. The services of an interpreter must always be used, even if the student's dominant language is English.

B. Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient.

A hospital-based speech-language pathologist is serving increasing numbers of patients with Parkinson's disease. This clinician, Jason, works to help his patients increase their intelligibility. One way that Jason evaluates the success of the therapy he provides for these patients is to rate their overall intelligibility of speech before and after they participate in 10 weeks of articulation and voice therapy. He finds that the patients appreciate these before-and-after measures of their progress. However, after seeing a number of patients with Parkinson's disease, Jason realizes that a potential problem with his before-and-after intelligibility ratings is that he has become accustomed to the patients' speech as he has gotten to know them, and this could be affecting the "after" intelligibility rating. Jason goes to a local university and selects four speech-language pathology graduate students to watch before-and-after videos of his patients and independently rate each patient's intelligibility. He finds that, happily, the four students' ratings of the same patients vary little. For example, Student A rates Patient 1 as "90% intelligible after 10 weeks of therapy;" Student B rates Patient 1 as "92% intelligible," and Students C and D rate this same patient as "88% intelligible." In this situation, what can one conclude? A. There is low interjudge reliability. B. There is high interjudge reliability. C. There is low intrajudge reliability. D. There is high intrajudge reliability.

B. There is high interjudge reliability.

Select the statement that is incorrect about group designs. A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments. C. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. D. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet.

B. They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments.

A teacher refers Juan to you for a speech-language evaluation. Juan, a second grader from the Dominican Republic who speaks Spanish and English with equal fluency, transferred to your school district 3 months ago from another district in your state. In his previous district, Juan was in a bilingual classroom where his primary language of Spanish was maintained, and he was also exposed to English. According to Juan's report card from the previous district, "Juan does well speaking both Spanish and English. I [the teacher] think he is beginning to show a preference for English. Juan is performing adequately in all academic areas." The second-grade teacher at your school, who teaches only in English, feels that after 3 months in her classroom, "Juan is catching on slowly. I wonder if he needs special education. It seems that he would benefit from speech therapy." What would be your best course of action? A. Ask the district to send you a bilingual, Spanish-speaking, speech-language pathologist who can evaluate Juan, because you are sure that he has a language disorder. B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress. C. Use a variety of English screening instruments to assess Juan's English ability because these instruments are ecologically valid for him. D. Ask Juan's parents to sign a permission form so he may be assessed immediately in English, using only English tests, since English is apparently beginning to be his preferred language.

B. Use a dynamic-assessment model to evaluate Juan's language-learning ability and combine that with classroom observations over the next 2 to 3 months to evaluate his progress.

A test developer has simultaneously written two versions of a test of articulation skills (Form A and Form B) and administered both versions to selected children. The developer did this to establish A. split-half reliability. B. alternate-form reliability. C. interobserver reliability. D. intraobserver reliability.

B. alternate-form reliability.

Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is A. controlled by internal emotions. B. changed by its consequences. C. unaffected by environmental stimuli. D. essentially reflexive.

B. changed by its consequences.

In standardizing a test of language skills in children, the investigator asked two experts to judge each item on the test to make sure that all items were relevant to children's language skills. This is a method of establishing the A. concurrent validity. B. content validity. C. construct validity. D. predictive validity.

B. content validity.

A father is at home with his baby daughter Meghan. He is trying to stimulate her language skills, and has read some literature about how to do this. When he sees Meghan looking at the family cat, he looks at the cat along with her and comments about it. This father has just: A. used child-directed speech B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard C. engaged in a joint action routine D. engaged in a turntaking activity

B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard

A factor that may positively influence pediatric feeding for infants is A. nonnutritive sucking. B. nutritive sucking. C. choanal atresia. D. stenosis.

B. nutritive sucking.

A speech scientist mentions to his class that when vibrating objects return to equilibrium, air molecules become thinner. The professor calls this process A. compression. B. rarefaction. C. elasticity. D. displacement.

B. rarefaction.

You are working in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a hospital. You often evaluate the infants there by using Oller's stages as a guide. One of Oller's stages of infant vocalization, in which the infant continues to use adult-like syllables in CV (consonant-vowel) sequences but uses a variety of consonants and vowels in single vocalizations, is known as the A. reduplicated babbling stage. B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage. C. cooing or gooing stage. D. expansion stage.

B. variegated or nonreduplicated babbling stage.

Rosalia is a third-grade Mexican American Spanish-speaking 8-year-old girl who is in the process of learning English. Her parents emigrated from Mexico 2 years ago; thus, Rosalia was exposed first to Spanish at home and to English in first grade, when she was 6 years old. The classroom teacher shares with you that she thinks Rosalia may have an articulation disorder, but the teacher is not sure. The teacher provides you with some examples of things that Rosalia has said in the past 2 or 3 weeks. As you look at these examples, which one of the following would not be a typical predictable production based on Spanish influence? A. Omission of /h/ in word-initial position (e.g., -elp/help) B. w/r substitutions (e.g., wing/ring) C. t/th substitutions in word-initial positions (e.g., tin/thin) D. Devoicing of final consonants (e.g., beece/bees)

B. w/r substitutions (e.g., wing/ring)

You just completed an assessment of an 8-year-old boy who stutters. When you are offering post-assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you, "What do you think caused stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given. A. "Although we have many theories, we don't know the cause of stuttering, because no theory has been substantiated." B. "Stuttering is a genetically inherited disorder in almost all cases because more males than females stutter; there is a certain concordance rate for identical twins." C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation." D. "Research suggests that stuttering is caused by parental pressure on the child to be more fluent; it is usually associated with high demands for fluency."

C. "We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation."

The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores? A. 12, 10, 5, 15, 8, 4, 11 B. 10, 3, 9, 12, 25, 29, 43 C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16 D. 58, 76, 96, 12, 5, 9

C. 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16

The components of the vertebral column consist of A. 8 cervical, 10 thoracic, and 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 2-3 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. B. 9 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 3 lumbar, 7 sacral, and 5-6 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. C. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. D. 10 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 6 lumbar, 6 sacral, and 4-5 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.

C. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae.

You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palates (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages? A. 1-2 weeks B. 4-6 weeks C. 8-9 weeks D. 10-12 weeks

C. 8-9 weeks

What is an octave? A. The amount of distance between musical notes B. The amount of time that has elapsed after a tone is heard C. An indication of the interval between two frequencies D. A measure of the magnitude (intensity, strength) of the sound signal

C. An indication of the interval between two frequencies

A researcher who was developing a new test of language acquisition in children correlated the scores of children studied with the scores on an established test of known validity. What kind of validity is this? A. Predictive validity B. Content validity C. Concurrent validity D. Construct validity

C. Concurrent validity

A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity? A. Content validity B. Concurrent validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity

C. Construct validity

Select the correct statement. A. Ideally, concurrent validity should be very high. B. Validity is consistency of measures across repeated measurements. C. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation. D. Construct validity is based on an expert examination of the test items.

C. Construct validity is based on consistency of scores with a theoretical expectation.

Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation? A. Cranial nerve X, vagus nerve B. Cranial nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve C. Cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve D. Cranial nerve VII, facial nerve

C. Cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve

What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? A. Cricoids B. Laminas C. Cuneiforms D. Corniculates

C. Cuneiforms

A teacher has referred a fifth-grade girl to you for a speech-language evaluation. She is from Laos; she and her family are refugees and have been in the United States for 8 months. Because the girl has lived in refugee camps most of her life, her schooling in Laos was limited. The teacher is concerned because the girl is "slow to catch on" in class. What would be the best combination of assessment techniques to use with this girl? A. Formal, standardized tests in English combined with observation of the girl's performance in the classroom B. The Test of Problem Solving Skills-Revised translated into Laotian by an interpreter, as well as gathering a language sample in English C. Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observation of the girl's interactions with family members and peers D. School records of the girl's academic achievement in the United States to date, combined with administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 in English

C. Dynamic assessment, language samples in Laotian, and observation of the girl's interactions with family members and peers

Remy is a Tagalog-speaking second grade boy who is referred to you by his teacher for a possible language impairment. She is concerned because Remy seems to interact well socially in the classroom and is fluent in informal, conversational English. However, Remy is somewhat behind his monolingual English-speaking peers in science and math. The teacher wonders if Remy needs speech-language therapy to boost his science and math skills so that his performance in these areas is commensurate with that of his peers. You tell her that: A. There is a strong possibility of a language impairment, and that you will assess Remy as soon as possible B. You will refer Remy to the resource specialist and psychologist, because there is a good chance he has a learning disability C. Remy is probably a typically-developing student who has developed adequate conversational informal language fluency and needs more time to develop formal academic language fluency D. Remy will not make progress in a typical classroom, and needs to be sent to a special school where he can be in a small classroom with children with documented special needs

C. Remy is probably a typically-developing student who has developed adequate conversational informal language fluency and needs more time to develop formal academic language fluency

What would you call an experimental design involving one or a few subjects? A. Case study design B. Ex post facto design C. Single-subject experimental design D. Single correlational design

C. Single-subject experimental design

While working in a school setting, you are planning to assess a child whose parents speak Spanish. The child's primary language is Spanish, although the child is in the process of learning English. You want to find out if any standardized test will be applicable for the child. In selecting a particular test, you should consider which of the following? A. You can have a family member translate English test items into Spanish. B. You can go ahead and administer an English test because the child is learning English anyway. C. Spanish-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardization of a potentially useful test. D. Whether you can translate English test items into Spanish.

C. Spanish-speaking children of the same background as the client have been adequately sampled in the standardization of a potentially useful test.

In developing a test with 100 items, a test developer correlates responses to the first 50 items with responses to the last 50 items. What is this intended to evaluate? A. Test-retest reliability B. Interjudge reliability C. Split-half reliability D. Parallel form reliability

C. Split-half reliability

You have been assigned to a school district where many of the children come from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. You have attended some workshops on culturally sensitive and valid assessment of the language skills of these students. What are you likely to remember from your workshops? A. It is best to evaluate CLD students in English with formal tests. B. The ideal practice is to use standardized tests that are translated into the students' first language by interpreters. C. The development of formal tests has grown out of a framework that is Western, literate, and middle class. D. If the results of an assessment show that the CLD student has difficulty in English but not the primary language, you should enroll him or her for intervention to improve English skills.

C. The development of formal tests has grown out of a framework that is Western, literate, and middle class.

A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child's speech sample in December 2015. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later, in January 2016, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and remeasure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish A. construct validity. B. predictive validity. C. intraobserver reliability. D. interobserver reliability.

C. intraobserver reliability.

You are assessing an African American elementary-age child, Takissha. The fourth-grade teacher has referred her to you because "Takissha often talks when other children are talking, and when she tells a story, she is not very structured." At this point, before you see Takissha, you suspect that A. she is developmentally delayed. B. she has clinically significant problems with pragmatic skills. C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community. D. she has a language-learning disability.

C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community.

A 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy was referred to a pediatric clinic for an evaluation for excessive drooling. The speech-language pathologist noted oromotor dysfunction and a lack of voluntary control of the orofacial musculature. The condition of excessive drooling is called A. nonnutritive sucking. B. stenosis of the anterior faucial pillars. C. sialorrea. D. isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction.

C. sialorrea.

The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle. B. auditory meatus and levator tympani. C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle. D. buccinator tympani and risorius.

C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle.

A clinician who is using a client-centered approach to counsel a client with a communicative disorder will A. be very directive, making specific recommendations for behavioral changes. B. help the client understand repressed conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. C. help the client overcome faulty thinking that is causing distress. D. respond with acceptance and empathic listening to both the content and the feeling of what the client is saying.

D. respond with acceptance and empathic listening to both the content and the feeling of what the client is saying.

Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? A. "More" (said by a child with an empty juice glass). B. "I want cookie." C. "Grandpa white car." D. "Why doggy bark?"

D. "Why doggy bark?"

Sensitivity to sound of the normal ear of a young adult is limited to A. 30 Hz to 30,000 Hz. B. 5 Hz to 5,000 Hz. C. 7 Hz to 70,000 Hz. D. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

D. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be inaccurate? A. An ultrasound examination can measure oral tongue movement and hyoid movement. B. A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations. C. An electromyographic assessment can be conducted by attaching electrodes to structures of interest (e.g., oral, laryngeal, or pharyngeal muscles). D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study.

D. A laryngeal examination can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination to inspect the base of the tongue, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds. Also, the actual swallow can be seen during the study.

A researcher is interested in completing a single-subject design experiment to study the additive and subtractive effects of individual components of treatment rather than the comparison of two treatments. He decides to use an interaction design to study the interactive effects of two or more variables. The researcher is also interested in examining the effects of both variables alone and in combination. He is interested in isolating the components that are effective to any extent from those that are not at all effective and controls for phase lengths during the treatment. He also counterbalances the order of treatment in the experiment. The most appropriate design for this experiment would be A. ABAB. B. BAB. C. A-B-A-BC. D. A-B-BC-B-BC.

D. A-B-BC-B-BC.

Speech sounds are classified in various ways. Select the statement that is correct according to the classification mentioned in each answer. A. Voicing makes a distinction between vowels and consonants. B. The cognate pairs distinction is based on the place of articulation. C. Among others, speech sounds bilabials and labiodentals are based on the manner of articulation. D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.

D. Among others, speech sounds affricates, stops, and liquids are based on the manner of articulation.

As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the following approaches? A. The portfolio approach B. The authentic approach C. A criterion-referenced approach D. An integrated approach

D. An integrated approach

To select an appropriate language production test for a 5-year-old male child, you examine several test manuals. You come across a manual that claims that the test meets the theoretical expectation that sampled language skills are higher at progressively higher age levels. You then correctly conclude that the manual claims that the test has which of the following? A. Content validity B. Acceptable reliability C. Consistency of scores at progressively higher age levels D. Construct validity

D. Construct validity

What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown? A. Stuttering is nonexistent in some ethnocultural groups. B. Stuttering incidence is constant across cultures. C. Native Americans have no word for stuttering. D. Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied.

D. Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied.

Which of the following statements is false? A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

A public school teacher refers DePonce, an African American second grader, for speech-language assessment. According to the teacher, "DePonce does not always say his words correctly. I think he might have a grammar problem, too." The clinician screens DePonce and finds that he uses AAE. She decides to carry out a formal evaluation to ascertain whether he has a speech-language difference or a disorder. DePonce's parents are not happy with the teacher's referral, and they share that they think his speech and language development are within normal limits. Nevertheless, they agree to testing. The clinician finds that DePonce has one phonological pattern that is not typical of children who speak AAE, but the rest of his patterns are typical of AAE speakers. The clinician can accurately conclude that A. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching him Standard American English grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns. B. DePonce does not need speech-language services because his grammatical and articulatory-phonological patterns (with one exception) are the same as those of his peers. C. DePonce needs to be placed into speech-language therapy with the goal of teaching him Standard American English grammatical patterns. D. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach him correct production of the one articulatory pattern he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers.

D. DePonce should receive speech-language therapy to teach him correct production of the one articulatory pattern he produces that is not typical of speakers of AAE, but the clinician should not address patterns that are commensurate with those of his AAE-speaking peers.

The parents of 4-year-old Mariah consult a clinician. They have moved several times since Mariah was born; her father is a construction worker, and her mother works full-time inside the home caring for Mariah and her three siblings. The family has "struggled financially," according to Mariah's mother, Mrs. E. The clinician obtains the following information from Mrs. E. about Mariah's history: Mariah was born with a cleft of the soft palate and "a funny-looking face." Mrs. E. shares that "it was a nightmare to feed Mariah when she was a baby, the milk always came out through her nose." Mrs. E. begins to get angry as she describes the hospital staff in the town where Mariah was born. She states, "They said Mariah had some sort of syndrome and that she might always have special needs. I think that's bunk. Those people were so insensitive. They were just too busy to work with her properly. Mariah will be fine. I know she has had her problems, but I'm going to put her into a Montessori preschool because she is so smart." When the clinician sees Mariah for the first time, she notes that Mariah has a wide nose, small ears, almond-shaped eyes, and an elongated face. In addition, the clinician finds during assessment that Mariah has a significant expressive language delay. Mariah's mother is exemplifying the defense mechanism of: A. Projection B. Reaction formation C. Displacement D. Denial

D. Denial

You are assessing an Ibo-speaking child from Nigeria who learned Ibo first (from birth) and then was exposed to English in preschool when he was 3 years of age. His parents continue to speak Ibo at home, and he is often cared for by his Ibo-speaking grandparents while his parents are at work. Unfortunately, his Ibo skills were not well developed when he was exposed to English. Which of the following would you not expect to be true for this child? A. His development in Ibo may be arrested or may regress while he is focusing on English language skill development. B. He may score low on tests in Ibo and English for a while and consequently appear to have a language impairment. C. He might undergo a silent period while he focuses on learning English. D. He will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker.

D. He will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker.

According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? A. Imaginative, interactional, attribution, overextension B. Interactional, conversational, collaborative, attribution C. Collaborative, imaginative, attribution, conversational D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal

D. Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, persona

A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the A. Cricoid B. Thyroid C. Arytenoid D. Hyoid

D. Hyoid

Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis? A. It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables. B. It means a zero hypothesis. C. It is the one that researchers try to reject. D. It states that two variables are causally related.

D. It states that two variables are causally related.

A teacher has referred a fifth-grade boy to you for a speech-language assessment. She is concerned because she feels that he is academically "behind his peers." He and his family are Vietnamese refugees, and they have been in the United States for 5 months. Because the boy has been in refugee camps most of his life, his schooling in Vietnam was limited. His parents tell you that they estimate that he has had approximately 2 years of schooling in Vietnam. The teacher is concerned that the boy may have an underlying language-learning disability, and she wonders if he is eligible for speech-language services. What is the best combination of assessment techniques to use with him? A. Formal, standardized tests in English combined with observations of the boy's interactions, in Vietnamese, with peers and family members B. School records of the boy's achievement and performance so far in the English-speaking classroom plus the Language Processing Test translated into Vietnamese by an interpreter C. A district-developed test for Vietnamese students in your geographic area and administration of questionnaires to the boy's teachers and family D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of the boy's interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children

D. Language samples in Vietnamese, dynamic assessment, and observations of the boy's interaction with family members and other Vietnamese children

A mother brings her 3-year-old daughter, Shannon, to you. The mother is a pediatrician and is worried that Shannon's "sounds are not developing the way they should." She wonders if Shannon needs speech therapy. What can you tell this mother? A. Shannon should be producing consonant clusters with 80% to 90% accuracy. B. Shannon should definitely be producing /r/, /l/, /th/, and /s/ accurately. C. Shannon should have mastered /f/ but will still be developing /p/, /m/, and /n/. D. Shannon should be in the process of mastering glides /w/ and /j/, but liquids /r/ and /l/ will probably develop later.

D. Shannon should be in the process of mastering glides /w/ and /j/, but liquids /r/ and /l/ will probably develop later.

A hospital-based clinician is conducting an experiment with patients with aphasia. She is assessing the efficacy of a new therapy kit, The Basic Object Memory Builder (The BOMB), in increasing the memory skills of her patients. The experimental and control groups have been carefully matched on all variables. Halfway through the experiment, the clinician finds that many of the experimental subjects go to a local senior citizens' center several times a week for Bingo and other games. There are refreshments afterward, and a group of high school student volunteers comes and acts as conversational partners with the subjects. None of the control subjects go to the senior citizens' center. At the end of the experiment, the clinician finds that the subjects in the experimental group who were treated using The BOMB have improved significantly in their memory skills compared to the control subjects, who have been treated with more traditional memory therapy techniques. What can the researcher safely conclude from her study? A. The BOMB was more successful in helping the experimental patients improve their word memory skills than were the traditional methods in helping patients in the control group improve their memory skills. B. The BOMB was not successful in helping the patients in the experimental group improve their memory skills; the improvement was due to weekly attendance at the senior citizens' center. C. Traditional memory therapy techniques are the most reliable and valid; the clinician should not attempt to use The BOMB again. D. The attendance of most experimental subjects at weekly Bingo nights at the senior citizens' center was a possible confounding variable, making it impossible to conclude that The BOMB alone caused the difference in the performance of the two groups.

D. The attendance of most experimental subjects at weekly Bingo nights at the senior citizens' center was a possible confounding variable, making it impossible to conclude that The BOMB alone caused the difference in the performance of the two groups.

You work in a school district where increasing numbers of parents are coming to you with issues experienced by their internationally adopted children. Which one of the following would you not expect to be an issue experienced by these children? A. The younger the children are at the time of adoption, the greater their progress in language development is after living in the United States for some time. B. Some of the children show delays in their first or primary languages as well as English. C. Children who show language delays when they first arrive in the United States are likely to continue to show delays in language development over time. D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first language and English fluently.

D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first language and English fluently.

A 19-year-old student was airlifted to a hospital following a car accident. He had difficulty breathing, as the steering wheel had compressed his chest. He had been immediately intubated by the paramedics at the scene of the accident to establish an airway. Three days after the accident, he was still intubated, as he continued to have difficulty breathing on his own. What would be the most appropriate and ethical course for feeding the patient? A. To introduce the Mendelssohn maneuver B. To introduce the supraglottic swallowing procedure C. To provide the patient with one glass of water for nourishment D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed

D. To disallow any swallowing therapy until the intubation is removed

Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds? A. Hyoglossus B. Cricothyroid C. Posterior cricoarytenoids D. Transverse arytenoids

D. Transverse arytenoids

Sally just delivered her first baby boy. The pediatrician has noticed that the child was born with his external ear canal completely closed. The doctor explains that the child has A. external otitis. B. otitis media. C. myringotomy. D. aural atresia.

D. aural atresia.

This muscle is located under the jaw and extends from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It is part of the suprahyoid group of muscles. When this muscle contracts, it elevates the hyoid bone. This muscle is known as the A. palatoglossus. B. palatopharyngeus. C. musculus uvulae. D. digastric.

D. digastric.

Patients with right hemisphere damage tend to demonstrate A. severe naming problems. B. profound auditory comprehension problems. C. severe oral expression problems. D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings.

D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings.

Sound is defined as vibrations or disturbances of molecules in a medium. This means that A. the sound waves actually travel from point A to point B. B. sound waves are always audible; otherwise, we could not study them. C. a rigid medium can be as good as a flexible medium in transmitting sound. D. sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium.

D. sound waves are disturbances in adjacent molecules within a medium.

Public Law 94-142, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, was later reauthorized and retitled as A. the Americans with Disabilities Act. B. the Education of Disabled Individuals Act. C. the Handicapped Individuals Education Act. D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.

D. the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.

Among other functions, the right hemisphere specializes in A. production of grammatical morphemes. B. more focally organized functions than the left hemisphere. C. production of grammatically complex sentences. D. visual and spatial information.

D. visual and spatial information.

Research has generally shown that children who stutter have parents A. who hold extremely high standards of fluency. B. who have high ambitions for their children. C. who have unique and aberrant personalities. D. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter.

D. who are similar to parents with children who do not stutter.