Fractures

A Torus fracture causes one side of the bone to buckle but does not actually break through the entire bone.

A ____ fracture causes one side of the bone to buckle but does not actually break through the entire bone.

A stress fracture is caused by repetitive and submaximal loading of the bone (which eventually becomes fatigued and leads to a true fracture). (AKA: Hairline fractures often from repetitive stressors (overuse)

A ____ fracture is caused by repetitive and submaximal loading of the bone (which eventually becomes fatigued and leads to a true fracture).

A fissure fracture is defined as a hairline or crack extending from a surface into, but not through, a long bone.

A ____ fracture is defined as a hairline or crack extending from a surface into, but not through, a long bone.

A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone bends and cracks (instead of breaking completely into separate pieces-- looks similar to what happens when you try to break a small, "green" branch on a tree)

A ____ fracture occurs when a bone bends and cracks.

A compression fracture occurs when cancellous bone collapses upon itself. Typically in the vertebra of older adults (osteoporosis).

A ____ fracture occurs when cancellous bone collapses upon itself. Typically in the vertebra of older adults (osteoporosis)

An impacted fracture occurs when a cortical bony (dense bone) fragment is forced/impacted into cancellous bone (spongy bone). Occurs at ends of long bones (hip).

A _____ fracture occurs when a cortical bony (dense bone) fragment is forced into cancellous bone (spongy bone). Occurs at ends of long bones (hip).

An oblique fracture contains two fractured cortices in the same plane without spiraling. •Oblique to the long axis of the bone •Usually have smooth edges

An ____ fracture contains two fractured cortices in the same plane without spiraling.

Contusion

Another name for a bruise?

Unstable - prone to shortening/sliding- usually need fixation

Are oblique fractures stable or unstable?

Unstable - usually need fixation (screws, rods, etc.)

Are spiral fractures stable or unstable?

Fracture

Break in the continuity of a bone

Dislocation

Ends of two bones are forcibly separated and bone slips out of the joint

Sprain

Injury to ligament (attaches bone to bone)

Strain

Injury to muscle or tendon (attaches muscle to bone)

Transverse Fracture (Straight line that runs in the opposite direction of your bone. There is a transverse fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.)

Name that Fracture! •Most common fracture type •Bone is broken perpendicular to its length. •Caused by a bending force applied directly to the bone

Stress fracture X-Rays may initially be negative and then show up positive up to 1 month later.

Stress fracture X-Rays may initially be negative and then show up positive up to ____ later. This can lead to complete fractures.

Subluxation

Temporary partial dislocation of a joint

Extrinsic Causes of Fractures

The following are all examples of ____ causes of fractures: •Things outside the body •Direct trauma -Axial Force (FOOSH -fall onto an outstretched hand) -Lateral Forces -High-velocity Force (Unpredictable fracture patterns) •Bending Forces •Torsional Forces

Intrinsic Causes of Fractures

The following are all examples of ____ causes of fractures: •Things that occur inside the body •Avulsion Fractures - ligament pulls the bone (e.g., collateral ligament, anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament) •Pathologic Fractures •Stress Fractures

1) Reduction requires traction to dis-impact the fragment 2) Fixation required to maintain the reduction

What 2 procedures/techniques that need to be completed to treat a impacted fracture?

Associated 1) soft tissue trauma 2) open fractures

What 2 things are spiral fractures associated with?

1) Trauma-- A fall, motor vehicle accident, or tackle during a football game 2) Osteoporosis-- weakens bones and makes them more likely to break 3) Overuse-- repetitive motion can tire muscles and place more force on bone

What are the 3 most common causes of fractures?

1) Greenstick 2) Torus 3) Stress fracture 4) Fissure Fracture

What are the 4 incomplete fractures?

1) Increase in training or activity 2) Prior stress fracture 3) Poor nutrition/eating disorders, low bone density, hormones 4) Low vitamin D levels 5) Amenorrhea/menstrual irregularity

What are the 5 risk factors for stress fractures?

1) Transverse 2) Oblique 3) Spiral 4) Impacted 5) Compression 6) Comminuted 7) Periprosthetic

What are the 7 complete fractures?

Spiral fracture

What fracture spirals along the long axis of the bone and contains sharp edges and longitudinal split?

axial compression

What is the MOI for an impacted fracture?

Axial loading

What is the MOI for compression fractures?

bending forces with axial compression

What is the MOI for oblique fractures?

rotational/twisting force

What is the MOI for spiral fractures

In torus fractures, there is a bulging of the cortex. In greenstick fractures, there is bowing with cortical disruption of only one side of the bone.

What is the difference between a torus fracture & a greenstick fracture?

1) Low energy availability (NOT eating enough) 2) Menstrual Disturbance (Irregular periods/amenorrhea) 3) Low Bone Mineral Density (Osteopenia/Osteoporosis)

What is the female athlete triad?