French Revolution

Paris (swearing priest)

-83% of priest were swearing oaths of allegiance(SE).

Clause 4-Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.

-Liberalism=Function of the gov. is to keep someone from hurting someone else. -If you are not doing anything to hurt someone else then that is none of the gov. business. The gov. can only step in when someone is doing harm to someone else. (principal to liberalism)

Phases of the FR

1789-1791=liberal phase 1792-1794=Radical phase (1791 (Locke) trying to replicate the British system to 1793 (R) attempt to create a radical democracy (dictatorship)). 1795-1799=Directory phase 1799-1815=Napoleonic phase

Proclamation of the French Republic

22 Sept 1792 See all sorts of symbolic republicanism 1. on money-liberty capo and faces and eagle.

How does Louis XIV stop the NA from meeting?

3 days later the delegates meet at their chamber and there is a lock on it. 1. They have been locked out. They go somewhere else. they go to a tennis court and swear an oath. 1. They are not going to adjourn until they have given France a constitution. (France was an absolute monarchy and there was no constitution).

What was the population divided into during the old regime?

3 esates Clergy(also made up 3%) Nobility(made up 3%) everyone else (97% of population) The clergy and nobility got special tax exemptions. This causes a fiscal crisis for the monarchs.

Estates General collapse

3rd Estate does not want to be part of the EG. They form the "national army" (w/o King's permission). They represent France. They want the nobility and clergy to join them.

France Budget during the Old Regime

50% of their budget was going to pay back debt. 6% maintain Versailles (household and King's extravagant lifestyle). 19% maintain a string military. They built bigger militaries that were necessary (absolute state). 25% going to something that benefits the people (public works) Problem: Monarch cannot raise revenue.

What did the Girodins want?

A constitutional monarchy (traditional thinking). Maybe can train Kings son.

What did the Jacobins want?

A republic (get rid of their King). Constitutional monarchy to representative body.

July 14, 1789

An urban mob storms the Bastille and they cut off the heads of the commander and puts it on a pole (parade).

Key events in 1792

April-FR wars begin Sept-Sept. massacres; French Republic Proclaimed; National convention convenes. Dec.-trail of Louis XIV. (war is always going on, gov. seizes power it won't normally seize, and people in panic).

Declaration of Pillnitz 1791

Aristcracy is worried on how Louie is being trusted (on continent). Austria and Prussia pass this Said: If louie (kingship) was threatened they would declare war w/ France. Austria said that will go in if all of the powers go to war. Prussia is in no matter what.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Attempt to reform the Church in the early year of the revolution. FR becomes more radical-becomes more about 3rd Estate. Goal: The privileged estates must be brought into the new French nation. Decrees of August 4th abolished rights of nobility. Diminishes clergy power. 1. The NA confiscated Church property in 1789 and abolished religious order in 1790. The NA transformed the French Catholic Church into a civil religion (state religion). 1. Not religion that has privileges. 2. Functions as a part of the state.

Jacobins Clubs during the ROT

Becoming more dominant See dominance in national motto. 1. Mentality to create republic and crush enemies in France (not just invaders, but people who may be helping them). Aristocrats and nobles. 11. People who might want the restoration of the old regime.

Old Regime

Before the French Revolution

Civil Constitution of the Clergy and standard pay scales

Bishops are going to raise certain $. Pope is going to make certain $.

Radicalization of FR

Civil constitution of the Clergy was a traditional step b/w the liberal revolution of 1789 and the radical revolution of 1793. See foreshadowing of radicalism that is to come. During the Reign of Terror we are not going to see regulations on Church but an attack on the Church. Regulations can lead to attack (on something). FR: Liberal-gets into regulating things- spring out of control-starts attacking-results in criticism.

How liberal were the reforms of the Constitution of the Clergy?

Classical European liberalism FR at first was seeking liberal reforms. Seeking less of the role of gov. to create a free and less regulated state. Church was accountable to state. This forms a bridge b/w liberal revolution of 1789 and more radical revolution of 1793 and 1794. Regulations put on Church is not liberal.

The armies compared (Brunswick manifesto)

Coalition armies-Smaller forces; trained and experienced; professional. French armies-larger forces; conscripts/ volunteers; patriotic. Prussian armies are smaller but well disciplined. Smaller more disciplined armies going against the larger more patriotic army (nationalistic).

Clause 10-No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.

Congress cannot make any law disrupting a religion or abiding the right to the freedom of speech. You have the right to express your opinions about things (even religion) as long as it is not subverting the public order. 1. BOR-You have the right to all of these things and you can assemble peacefully as long as you don't harm anyone else. There is nothing that says that your opinions may violate the public order. You see that the gov. may increase beyond what people think. This rely foreshadow the reign of terror in the next few years.

Stage 2 of Briton's theory of FR

Constitution of 1791-Legislative Assembly-national convention Constitution of 1791-Create a constitutional monarchy (system of checks and balances). Legislative assembly-Enforce constitution (makes sire King carries out things) 1. Limit the power of the king 2. Not King. 3. Going to fall b/c stormed by people. Dissolves themselves b/c they don't see monarchists true to France. National Convention(1792)- Need a new constitution; execute Louie and becomes a republic

9 emigrants executed by the guillotine in 1793

Could execute lot of people at same time (efficient). If you were an emigrant and were caught you would be considered an enemy of the people-death.

Jacobin clubs 2

Debating society seems harmless but as time foes on they start getting involved in politics. FR is where you get the left and right wings. Left wing=Jacobins Right wing=Constitutional monarchists. Right wing is made up more of the traditional folks Left wing made up more of the radical folks. Moderates-plain.

Reign of Terror

Did not last 2 years 1+ years Started in the Jacobin Club Estates General and NA wanted a constitutional monarchy. Jacobins wanted a republic. 1. They did not want monarchy and wanted a gov. that started in US.

Marie Antoinette

Dies by execution Tragic Queen of France She says "Tribulation makes you realize who you are" Experience aged her She didn't do anything much to make herself an enemy of the people except for saying something she didn't say. Executed on October 1793 Everyone is celebrating the death of their Queen.

Liberal phase 1789-1791

Dominant class-Bourgeoise Goals-Constitutional monarchy; liberal reform; abolition of privileges Influencers-John Locke (liberalism); Montesquieu (constitutionalism). Governing bodies-NA; Legislative assembly

Radical phase 1792-1794

Dominant class-Jacobins; Sans Culottes Goals-Egalitarianism; nationalism; cheap bread. Influencers-R (general will) Governing bodies-National convention; committee of public safety.

Maximilien Robespierre

Dominant figure during the ROT The incorruptible Sought to create a "republic of virtue" 1. wanted to bring down all of the old elements of the old regime w/ vigor. He wanted to create a republican society along the lines of Enlightenment principles especially R's ideas. There is corruption in his values. He followed Machiavelli's virtue "the end justifies the means". Originally against capital punishment. If they want to create a republic of virtue then blood must be shed (enemies of people).

3rd estate reforms that they propose

Doubling the 3rd 1. 3rd could have twice as many delegates as the other estates. Vote by head 1. All delegates are going to vote individually. 2. If they were voting by head some of the nobility and clergy would vote with the 3rd Estate b/c they were once part of the 3 rd Estate.

Sept. Massacres

Duke of Brunswick bringing his army in. What if he gets to Paris? 1. There were lots of people in jail (political prisoners' enemies of the revolution) If the Duke of Brunswick frees these prisoners they will join him. They take out all of the prisoners and execute them.

Brunswick Manifesto

Duke of Brunswick was leading the army that was trying to restore Louie to power. 1. He issued the Brunswick Manifesto Stated 1. Louis will be restored to power 2. Those who resist will be treated as rebels. French people do not like how foreign guy is telling them how its going to be like.

Old Regime Estates General

Each estate cast one vote as a group 1) The clergy 2) The nobility 3) Everyone else all these votes were equal even though the 3rd Estate had more people. If the nobility and the clergy had the same exact vote their votes would cancel out the 3rd Estates.

What abuses did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy seek to curb?

Elections of the priest and bishops. 1. Brings them aline with people instead of giving positions to people that they know. Oaths of allegiance 1. Try ti make them loyal to France. Pay scales 1. Before-overpaid Attendance policy 1. Often were absent This constitution is suppose to be a remedy of the abuses.

The National Assembly

Estates General collapse They form this. 1. They no longer call themselves the 3rd Estate. 2. Some of the clergy and nobility join the assembly. 3. Some clergy and nobility did not join the NA b/c they didn't want to or they were waiting for the King's permission.

The ripple effect

Events happening at Versailles starts to make waves throughout France. France finds out what has been happening at Versailles (army) and they look to Bastille which has been a sign of tyranny in France (NA). 1. Some prisoners were kept there. 2. Marquis de Sade-crazy and shouts out they are killing prisoners in here. People didn't know that he was crazy The French thought that the Bastille was full of political prisoners.

Committee of Public Safety

Executive body in charge of directing the war effort, suppressing counter-revolutionary activity, executive branch.

Internal conflicts of France

Food shortage High taxes King tries to escape 1. Becomes apparent that Queen and King is not working w/ gov. Conscription

Bourgeoise

French professional class Merchants, lawyers, etc. People who had money and contributed to commerce. They didn't have titles of nobility. They didn't have titles of nobility They didn't have the protect and exemptions given to nobles and church. Do heavy lifting in economy but they don't get any special privileges. These people are barring most of the tax burden.

Dechristianization (another attack on the old regime)

Gov. under NA and committee of Public Safety wanted to get rid of the religion under the old regime. Not regulating it (Civil Constitution of the clergy) Want to fully dechristianize France In order to do this Robespierre introduced the Festival of the Supreme being. 1. Celebrated at the end of year 2. Diest way of looking at things 3. Virtues were suppose to replace the old Christian religion.

Guillotine

Had help w/ thing (to create republic) The "National Razor" Equality in death 15000 executed Painless (equality and enlightenment) In MA, death penalty was determined by social class Was capital punishment until 1970s.

Would did Louis XIV think to do with the 3rd Estate reforms?

He decided that they would double the third but they were going to not vote by head. 1. Making twice as many angry delegates. May 1789- Estates General meets.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy abolishes tithes

If people wanted to give money to the Church, it would be b/c they wanted to. Gov. is not longer going to collect tithes. Church is now at the mercy of the state.

Regulations of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Instead of trying to liberate the Church by separating it from the state, the NA chose to regulate the Church by placing it under state control. There are 2 groups: 1. Swearing priest 2. Refectory priest

Competing factions

Jacobins (republicans) Montagnards-execute Girodins-don't execute Question of who is going to go further.

Key Events 1793

Jan-Execution of Louis XVI April- Committee of Public Safety created Sept- ROT begins Octo- Execution of Marie Antoinette

Clause 2-The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

Jefferson (natural rights)

Preamble: The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:

Jefferson -rights of men (forget It and misery starts). R-Members of the social body Rights-language of Jefferson Duties-not seem in American documents The Rights of citizenship and the duties of citizenship. Supreme being- divic deism-seen in western societies. There are ideas that come from R's book "social contract"-takes a step further and says that men are born free and remain free . 1. Maybe we could set up a social contract that will guarantee freedom. Social distinctions can only determine by public utility. 1. You are not born into your position you must earn it. 2. They are there to benefit the public.

Key events in 1791

June-Le Chapelier Law; Flight to Varennes August-Declaration of Pillinitz Sept.-French kingdom proclaimed Oct.-Legislative assembly convenes

Le Chapelier Law 1791

Last stand of the liberals Forbade guilds, workers combination, labor unions, and strikes. Last vestige of classical liberalism. Goal: Reduce the influence of the urban masses Liberals believed if this revolution is about liberty and equality and property rights then if you let in masses they will have a different view of liberty and equality. You must temper their influence. Liberals fear-crowd gains control.

Clause 6-Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

Law is the expression of the general will. -R law is an expression of the general will. -There is a contradiction. -What if the general will want me to do something different?

Deposed Louis

Louie is deposed There is no king in a republic He is no longer king and he becomes Citizen Louis Capet 1. He is just like everyone else Everyone is starting to call each other citizen.

Louis executed

Louis XVI is executed on January 1793 by the guillotine. guillotine was a pretty quick death. Makes death less painful. In the old regime... 1. Nobles were beheaded (privileged). 2. Not a noble man was executed by hanging. Everyone is going to be executed by the guillotine (works all the time). Gives the French people equality in death. G was suppose to be benevolent and equalized.

Flight of Varennes

Louis and his family attempt to flee Pais. Didn't like the idea the FR was creating a gov. beyond his control. Destination: Montemedy (fortress on the French frontier). Was a citadel (royalist military officers are going to meet them there. 1. From that position of strength they could plot a counter revolution. 2. Louis sought to join royalists military officers at Montemedy to launch a counter-revolution. Louie was caught They recognized him from paper money. He did not have a trumpet return b/c he was escorted to Paris bu the national guard.

1787 Assembly of Notables

Louis called this hoping to get representatives from the nobility and the Church to agree to get taxed (tries to solve the financial crisis but fails). The notables want the Estates General to be called to try to get some of their power back (to become bigger).

Louis XIV does about NA? (Is he going to dissolve it?)

Louis does not do anything. Louis XIV finally recognizes the NA as a law making body and directed the remaining 2nd Estate to join the assembly. 1. He brought troops (don't bring an army out unless you wan't to use it). 2. NA thinks that the troops are going to be used in them b/s Louis has them camped out. 3. This increases the distrust b/w Louie and the NA.

1789 Louis calls the Estates General

Louis has to call them (French king's advisory body). Did not convene since 1614 (175 years) Brings the FR to a whole new level.

Trial of Louis XVI 1792-1793

Louis was charged w. treason (33 charges)

Louis XVII

Louis-charles Died in prison from illness at age 10 in 1795 Uncrowned King of France Accused of incest w. mother.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Major document. What people thought in 1789 where revolutions going to go. Passed by the NA on August 26, 1789. Taking France (absolute power) outlining a constitutional gov. and principles of gov based on the natural rights of man. Citizens of a nation.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy attendance policy

Make sure that everyone is here when Church. Bishops and priest had to get permission to travel out of their diocese.

Estates general of 1789 (what happened?)

Meet in 1789 Not binding parliamentary bond to king Group of powerful people in absolute monarchy causes problems even if they have formal power or not. Disaster Outdated b/c it didn't;t meet in 175 years. France has changed in 175 years.

Refectory priest

More conservative priest not really okay w/ swearing allegiance. They believe that they should not take an oath believe that they should not take an oath of office. Liberal-They wanted the Church separate from the state.

NA responds to the Great Fear

NA decides to pass the "Decrees of august 4th"-abolished feudal system. Feudalism-applied to gov. back then where nobles got special privileges. NA abashed some noble privileges like... 1. Feudal days 2. Noble's hunting rights. 3. tax exemptions. NA says that got rid of feudalism and that the peasants can stop rioting.

Legislative Assembly 1791-1792

NA dissolves itself in 1791 and a legislative assembly was elected by universal manhood suffrage. 1. Every man can vote Those in the NA would be not serve in the legislative assembly even though they had more experience.

Bread and equality

No more white bread Piece of legislation that the French gov. outlaws white bread. To make white bread you have to take off the husk (wasteful) Every baker had to bake brown bread b/c people were not eating. White bread is what the aristocrats ate (getting rid of that) The gov. is not there to protect the right of individual s(civil liberties and economic freedom) but they are looking out for the whole entire population, specially people who are not eating.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy brings in elections of bishops and priest

Past: You need to be a noble to be a bishop. The bishop was not accountable to the people. Now: The priest and bishops will now be elected democratically. 1. Once they are elected they have to swear an allegiance to the state. 2. They have to be loyal to the state.

Declaration of the Rights of men is really there for what?

Really there to articulate the values of the FR. There is liberalism and democracy mentality. FR has an identity crisis. 1. What are the values of FR. This is going to articulate liberalism of beginning of FR. Foreshadow the radicalization of the FR.

Decimal time

Redid the way they calculated time

Clause 3-The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

Reference "the nation"-France tiny city starts and wants to become a nation. This is part of the whole idea of the FR No hereditary nobility and no estates Sovereignty -nation-more of R.

Jean-Paul Marat (revolutionary saint)

Replace the old Christian saints on calendar Replacing saints that people use to value and replace them with madman.

What did the Mountains want?

Republic at all cost (used Machivellian tactic). Death may be necessary (radical).

Symbolism of French Republic

Republicanism symbolism (liberty cap, cockade, and tri-color flag) National motto of the republic (liberty, equality, fraternity, or death). If you don't like it, you can die.

Ripple effect to the countryside

Ripple effect goes to the country-side where there is a grain shortage. It is believed that the aristocrats have a plot to starve the peasants. The peasants revolt (The Great Fear) in the countryside. There was no plot. The Great Fear-False rumors to mess w/ the peasants causing fear.

Dictatorship "Of the people"

Robespierre is trying to set this up Being about the general will No liberalism and individualism 1. Economic freedom 2. Civil liberties The nation has to come together to submit to the general will.

Swearing priest in France less than 50%

S, NE, NW France there are areas where less than 50% are swearing priest.

Radicalization of the FR

See FR legislation radicalize (constitution of the clergy), further radicalization due to the FR wars, getting into the peak of the radical phase, see radicalization b/w 1793-1794(crazy part).

Clause 7-No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

Sounds like the Bill of Rights.

Enemies of the people

Specific faction of people They take out conservative faction because they favored features of the old regime. 1. Easy to spot 2. A lot of them got out. 11. Emigrated

Jacobin Clubs

Starts to move toward a radical phase. Radical political faction was split- Montagnards (more radical) and the Girondins (less radical). Republicanism- opposition to the monarchy. Term Jacobin was mostly to describe the Mountains. They all had an idea of republicanism where the power of the gov. comes from the people. 1. You cannot have a king 2. Romans chased out their king. Monarchy and republicanism cannot coexist. Idea of constitutional monarchy does not still well with Louie.

How does the FR go from liberal to radical?

Starts with the Chapelier Law.

Hat Fiasco

Sumptuary law-dictated what people from different social classes could and could not do (what they wore, ate) Hat off and on (nobility, King, clergy, and 3rd Estate). King does not consider 3rd Estate equal and he puts his hat back on. This create tension on the 1st day.

What was another thing that contributed to the fiscal crisis during the Old Regime?

The American Revolution. French military and financial assistance was vital to the US in winning the revolution. Nations joined wars in the 18th century in Europe because they wanted to affect the power balance in Europe. The French wanted to weaken Britain. France just lost their North American colonies in the 7 years war. France wanted to get Britain back. France regrets helping the Americans because British lost some of their colonies while France lost a lot of $. Causes France to be at the brink of bankruptcy.

Robespierre and Republic of Virtue

The Montagnards and Girodins were both part of the Jacobin party. The Girodins were defeated leaving Robespierre in charge. Amount those executed in the G club was Olympe de Gouges, author of the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female citizen. Robespierre thought that he was doing a good thing (creation of the Republic of Virtue). 1. This was along the lines of Rousseau's social contract. 11. He put out another idea of social contract.

What does the NA want to do?

The NA wants to adopt a constitution on that will better organize their gov. + set limits to the king's power. Goal: Create a constitutional monarchy based on the British model.

Domoting Louis

The people dome Louie 1. He is no longer king of France he is the king of the French. (not getting power from god but from the people). Means that people can take away his power.

Rousseau

The social contract Gov. Should be an instrument of general will 1. Proto-socialst Radical democracy Not built on individualism

French Revolutionary wars 1792-1802

There was a brief break before the Napoleonic wars after 1802. Throughout all of the chaos that follows. France will be at war w/ several different nations, at once.

Sans Culottes (W/o breeches)

These are the masses in the other law. They don't wear the aristocratic look (they wore pants). They are the urban working class 1. They wore long pants 2. Coulettes (aristocrates)-knee breeches They become most prominent during this period of time. The urban working class became a radicalizing force of the FR.

3rd Estate

They were producers-drive economy Political and gov workers. They were important for the economy, production, and contribution to the well being of the country. They had no privileges (nothing). They wanted to become something. They are not radical in the liberal state of the FR. 1. People are not being asked for heads to be cut off. 2. They want to change the political order constitutional monarchy.

Influencers of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Thomas Jefferson-author of the Declaration of Independence. 1. He was the US ambassador of France. 2. He would have been in contact with people that were writing this document (classical liberal). John Jocke Rousseau- Enlightenment philosopher Jefferson wanted individual rights; gov. to protect people's natural rights. r puts emphasis on individualism-radical democracy. 1. Focused on gov. an instrument on the general will. Dialogue b/w r and j R was a proto-socialist D-not really freedom Tension b/w liberalism and proto-socialism.

The legacy of dechristianization

Today's France Percentage of Europeans who believe in God 1. High in Poland, Greece, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Ireland. Percentage of Europeans who do not believe in god, any life force, or spirt: France

After eliminating the monarchists, the Montagnards did what?

Turned on their more moderate republican counterparts, the girondins. Jacobins fight amongst themselves Montagnards take out giro dins Jacobins is referring to the more radical group. W/ only the radical side left Robespierre can go about his republic of virtue

External conflicts of France

War Coalition by Austria and Prussia (could it happen to us?)

Edmund Burke

Watching FR from England in horror. British Back and forth debate w/ Mary Wolstone Replacement of old regime with new regime *mass executions) he does not see progress. Liberal conservative 1. We could have liberty but in increments. 2. British have built upon their existing system (took time to get freedom). 3. FR is going to end in disaster. 4. No one comes to Queen's rescue.

The National Convention

We see a legislative body The FR will go full on radical This is dominated by the Jacobin factions (Montagnards and Girodins) The plain are in middle Different factions are going to come together and pull each other apart.

"Procession of Refractory Clergy"

cartoon supports civil contrast. anti-Semitic-Priest had long nose to depict Jews which were seen outside of French nation. FR ideas modest-radicalized.

Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

issued a pamphlet, saying "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been thus far in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something." Not representative of general feeling; revival of reform does not = overthrowing traditional institutions

Swearing priest

okay with the cilvil constitution at the clergy. They had no problem swearing an oath of allegiance. # of swearing priest differs in areas.

Louis XIV

weak king Louis 15th and 16th- see a resurgence of aristocratic nobles (assenting their power again+becoming more powerfully+getting privileges back. He cannot tax by nobles by decree and instead needs to beg.