French Revolution, World Revolution
During the period known as the Terror, what policies were passed by the Convention in Paris that most directly affected life in the French Caribbean? Choose from the options below.
<<A. Abolition of slavery in the French empire and granting of citizenship to all (male) former slaves.>> B. The guillotine arrived in Saint-Domingue and Martinique and was used to execute royalist land-owners. C. The Code Noir was revised, restricting the slave trade and limiting the rights of slaveholders.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was inspired by Enlightenment thinking and America's declaration of independence. The seventeen-article declaration established that men were _________________, not subjects, and that sovereignty resided in the _____________, not the king. Choose the option that fills in both blanks correctly.
<<A. Citizens .... nation>> B. Free agents ... individual C. Voting members of the parliament ... National Assembly
As would soon happen in Paris, however, revolutionary ideology and activism spread to the rest of the population, fundamentally transforming the Revolution. While the whites and __________________ debated, the black slaves in ___________________ listened and made their own plans. On August 22, 1791, they rose up in revolt, launching one of the biggest slave insurrections in world history. Within a few weeks 100,000 slaves had joined the revolt, burning hundreds of plantations to the ground and frequently massacring their owners. Choose the option that fills in both blanks correctly.
<<A. Free people of color .... Saint-Domingue>> B. Free people of color .... Guadeloupe C. Les métis .... Martinique
Following the disintegration caused by the "Great Terror," what new political regime emerged with a bicameral legislature and newly restricted suffrage? What ideas did this new political regime promote? Choose from the options below.
<<A. The Directory...wealth and stability>> B. The Convention... de-christianization and re-distribution of wealth C. The July Monarchy... centralization and infrastructure
What was Louis XVI charged with during his trial in December 1792, which ultimately led to formal execution by guillotine, "the national razor," in the Place de la Concorde on January 21, 1793. Choose from the options below.
<<A. Treason>> B. Sedition C. Espionnage D. Libel
Stovall: "While in theory Enlightenment universalism applied to all people, the new American republic clearly demonstrated that ideas of liberty and human rights did not in fact apply to all. This would become a major issue during France's revolution and ultimately loomed large in the modern history of French universalism." Which groups were excluded from Enlightenment universalism in the new American republic?
<<A. enslaved people, indigenous people, women>> B. immigrants of French origin, enslaved people, women C. low-income European immigrants, enslaved people, non-English speaking groups
Eighteenth-century France had the characteristics of a dying feudal order and a nascent capitalist one, an active public sphere with a repressive monarchy and clergy. Which of the options below characterizes the "dying feudal order" described by Stovall?
A. Agricultural innovation <<B. The three estates>> C. Enlightenment thought D. The Republic of Letters
Which of the following reforms took place during Napoleon's rule? Choose from the options below.
A. Establishment of a system of noble privilege. B. Foundation of the Bank of France to ensure efficient management of the economy. C. Creation of lycées, schools, which dominate French secondary education to this day. D. Creation of the Napoleonic Civil Code as the legal basis for bourgeois patriarchal society E. b, c, and d <<F. All of the above>>
How was the American war of independence tied to the French Revolution of 1789? Choose from the options below.
A. French soldiers who had fought in America returned with admiration for the new republic, and were thus more receptive to the idea for France. B. It contributed to the fiscal crisis of the French monarchy, thus directly precipitating the events of 1789. C. It demonstrated that Enlightenment thinkers' vision of a progressive republic was feasible. D. a & b <<E. All of the above>>
What historical event led Napoleon to send a fleet to invade France's former colony Saint-Domingue in order to restore slavery? Choose from the options below.
A. The British occupied Guadeloupe and freed Guadeloupean slaves from Napoleonic code. <<B. In 1801 Toussaint L'Ouverture proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue, taking the name of Haiti for the new nation.>> C. A slave revolt in the US state of Virginia led Napoleon to drive a pre-emptive attack on Saint-Domingue.
What name was given to describe the following set of radical revolutionary policies? 1) The Levée en masse, a modern system of conscription that created revolutionary armies of unprecedented size; 2) the Maximum, which fixed the price of wheat and other food staples and made speculation in the price of grain a capital crime; 3) the Law on Suspects, giving the government broad new powers to arrest suspects and defining as traitors those who emigrated or failed to prove their patriotism sufficiently, and leading to mass-scale guillotining of suspected traitors.
A. The Cocarde Tricolore B. The Convention <<C. The Terror>> D. The Vendée Revolt
What major turning point in the French Revolution did the following sequence of events lead up to? 1. Officials announced Necker's dismissal as comptroller-general. Parisians began debating the news, then crowding into theaters and museums to demand action; 2. At the Palais Royal, Camille Desmoulins exhorted listeners to arm themselves and resist despotism. Soon a crowd of several thousand had formed and began searching for firearms to challenge the king's soldiers; 3. By the next day armed mobs of Parisians were attacking granaries and customs houses, even a monastery, to obtain stores of grain.
A. The insurgency culminated the following day with the decapitation of Louis XVI via guillotine on what is now known as the Place de la Concorde. B. The insurgency culminated the following day with the famous women's march ("les poissardes") on Versailles, leading to the death of numerous royal guards. <<C. The insurgency culminated the following day with the armed seizure of the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison that embodied royal despotism and tyranny.>>
What did Louis XVI do that led to the famous Tennis Court Oath, and the drafting of France's first constitution?
A. The king insisted on drafting the first Constitution himself and excluded the third estate deputies from the drafting and revision of the document. B. The king supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire's anti-revolutionary stance <<C. The king locked the third estate deputies out of their meeting halls after they created the National Assembly.>>
Which military victory of French revolutionary armies against the Prussian and Austrian armies led, a day later, to the National Convention voting to abolish the monarchy, thus establishing the first republic in French history? Choose from the options below.
A. Waterloo <<B. Valmy>> C. Marengo D. Verdun
"On August 10, 1792, thousands of sans-culottes invaded the royal residence at the Tuileries Palace, massacring some six hundred Swiss guards who defended it. Fearing for their own lives, the deputies voted to abrogate the constitution and hold new elections (based on universal manhood suffrage) for a National Convention. This journée, or revolutionary day of action, was followed by another upsurge of violence a few weeks later." Who were the sans-culottes?
A. papist counter-revolutionaries based in the Vendée region B. deputies representing the third estate in the National Assembly <<C. representatives of the city's artisans and lower classes who supported the radical left>>
The Montagnards supported the republican idea but tended to represent the interests of the bourgeois elites and oppose the radical activism of the sans-culottes. In contrast, the Girondins frequently supported and worked with Parisian militants. Led by Maximilian Robespierre and the fiery young orator Saint-Just, the Girondins called for a radical vision of the republic. Decide whether the above statement is true or false.
FASLE
Which of the following best describes Enlightenment universalism?
Inspired by the scientific revolution, Enlightenment thinkers took the general principles governing the physical world and applied similar insights to the study of humanity and society. Just as nature was shaped by universal laws and standards, so too was the human experience.
What was Abbé Sieyès's argument in his pamphlet, What Is the Third Estate, and what was the result of the mobilization of public opinion brought about by this pamphlet and others?
Sieyès argued that the third estate represented the nation as a whole and should rule the Estates General. This mobilization of public opinion forced the king to give the third estate as many representatives as the first and second combined.
As the march to Versailles in October demonstrated, women often led the revolutionary crowds. <<The Revolution created a space to allow for the expression of female political agency.>> In 1791 Olympe de Gouges would take the Declaration of the Rights of Man as a model for her Declaration of the Rights of Women. Decide whether the underlined statement is true or false.
TRUE
What series of decisions made by the National Assembly led to the greatest controversy and ultimately a massive counterrevolution?
The National Assembly separated religion from citizenship, confirming the civil equality of Protestants and Jews. Then the assembly voted to expropriate the Church's landed property and sell it to private concerns. Finally, the assembly further restructured the Church, passing the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in July 1790, which made all priests civil servants and required them to swear allegiance to the nation.