French Wars of Religion

Trey of Cateau-Cambresis-1559

(April 3, 1559), agreement marking the end of the 65-year (1494-1559) struggle between France (Valois) and Spain (Habsburg) for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years. -Led to the Wedding of Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth Valois -also led to the death of Henry II

Spanish Armada

-1588 set sail for England -"Protestant wind"; Spain decline (started worldwide travel); England & France incline (finished conquest/travel) -Spanish hope to defeat the Netherlands by invading England.

"Paris is worth a mass"

-1589: following War of the Three Henry's -Henry of Navarre becomes King as Huguenot, converts to RCC (Catholic) to rule France -he is supposed to have said this

Henry III

-3rd teenage king -last Valois monarch

Union of Utrecht

-7 NORTHERN provinces and Holland declared independence of Spain Opposed the 10 southern provinces which formed the Union of Arras

St. Bartholomew's Day Massaacre

-August 24th, 1572 -ordered by Catherine de' Medici -CATHOLIC mobs killed PROTESTANTS -kills Admiral Coligny -Henry of Navarre avoids death by promising to become Roman Catholic -eventually led to a Bourbon Monarchy

Henry of Guise

-Catholic -lover of Margaret Valois -led St. Bar. Massacre -used by Catherine to balance Prot. and Cath.

Ferdinand I

-Charles V's brother -takes over Hungary, Austria, Bohemia

Hugenots

-French Calvinists -Henry of Navarre was this and then changed to other -Admiral de Coligny was this

HRE Charles V

-HR Empire, Spain, most of Italy, Netherlands -Habsburg Valois Wars, over italian territories -Sack of Rome bc Pope switched sides - Chuck Five vs. German Princes

Edict of Nantes-1598

-Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) promised Prot. citizenship -right to be Huguenots -right to fortify towns -established (limited) religious tolerance under the Bourbon Monarch Henry IV

Peace of Augsburg-1555

-Holy Roman Empire allowed German princes to choose religion in their territory Cuius Regio, eius religio

17 Provinces of Netherlands

-Low Countries -North-east of France, North-west part of the HRE -refer to the unions (Utrecht & Arras)

Mary Queen of Scotts

-Ppl wanted to kill QEI to get her on throne; she was one of them -Queen of France and Scotland, but was Catholic Queen of Prot. Scotland. -Abdicated throne to James VI, who ruled England and Scotland -Executed for Babbington Plot( attempt on Elizabeth's I life)

Admiral De Coligny

-Protestant Huguenot leader -Catherine assassinated him at St. Bar. Massacre

Destruction of the 400 churches

-Protestants desecrated 400 Cath. churches -in retaliation to Philip II not promising to NOT send the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands

Charles IX

-Second son of Henry II of France -Catherine ordered Saint Bar. Massacre bc thought Admiral de Coligny was influencing him -French King at the time of the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Politiques

-emphasize politics over religion -believed no church doctrine worth permanent war -examples: Henry of Navarre & Elizabeth I of England

Concordat of Bologna 1516

-involved Conciliarist movement -French had authority in Catholic church but had to recognize Pope's authority -between Francis I and Pope Leo X -because of it, French Monarchy would remain Catholic

Prince William of Orange "the silent"

-leader of Union of Utrecht -7 NORTHERN provinces

Francis II

-married Mary Queen Of Scotts -ruled Scot and France -eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de Medici of France

Margaret of Valois

-married Protestant Henry of Navarre -lover was Henry of Guise -her wedding was associated with the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Henry of Navrre

-politique -issued Edict of Nantes, allowed Huguenots -1st Bourbon king of France

Council of Troubles

-reign of terror towards rebellion -condemned thousands -aka Council of "Blood" -led by the Duke of Alva

Catherine de' Medici

-ruled as regent and for her sons -wife of Henry II -wanted religous and civil peace -married Henry IV to Margaret to bring peace -ordered St. Bartholomew Day Massacre -made sure either of Guise or Huguenots didn't get too powerful --> balance of power

Duke of Alva

-sent by Philip II to stop rebellion in 1566 -Council of Troubles/"Blood"

Francis I

-signed Concordant of Bologna due to kidnapping of HRE -began Protestant persecution in France

Henry II

-strong Catholic, defended it -Valois -died at daughters wedding (1559) -refer to Wars of 3 Henry's

Abdicate

Definition: (of a monarch) renounce one's throne.

Execution of Mary QOS-1587

February 8, 1587 Led Philip to send the Armada against Spain She was next in line to the throne of England behind QEI

Huguenot

French Calvinist (follower of the reformed religion)

Queen Elizabeth I

In 1570 Pope Pius V issued a bull "Regnant in Excelsis" (a papal document) against __________________________________, that excommunicated her and freed all her subjects from allegiance to her and her laws. This was a drastic step, and one that was not approved of by Philip II of Spain, or some English Catholics, who knew that this would make things difficult for Catholics in England. Excommunication was a great disgrace to Catholics. An excommunicated person was not to be dealt with, as it was believed that they were unchristian and would go to hell.

Henry of Navarre

King of Navarre leader of the Huguenots Later became King of France First Bourbon King Would issue the Edict of Nantes

Philip II

King of Spain 1556-1598 -married Bloody Mary then Liz(valois), then tried Liz(england) - took over Netherlands -Catholicism as only religion -sent Spanish Armada to England -sent Duke Alva --> council of troubles or blood -Super Catholic-not at all a Politique

Henry Duke de Guise (Guise Family)

Leader of the Ultra Catholic party in France opposed the French Huguenots used by Catherine de Medici to balance power of the Huguenots

Spanish Fury 1576

On 4 November 1576, mutinying Spanish mercenaries began the sack of Antwerp, leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Netherlands. The savagery of the sack led the provinces of the Low Countries to unite against the Spanish crown. The devastation also caused Antwerp's decline as the leading city in the region and paved the way for Amsterdam's rise.

Francis I, Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III

Put the Valois Kings from this unit in order

Pacification of Ghent 1576

Signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces of Holland and Zeeland.

Hungary, Austria, Bohemia

Territories given to Ferdinand I after his brother, Charles V abdicated his titles.

Spain, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Milan, Franche-Comte, 17 provinces of the Netherlands

Territories given to Philip II after his father, Charles the V abdicated his titles.

Battle of Lepanto 1571

The Spanish defeated the Ottoman Empire at this battle off of the coast of Greece in 1571.

Treaty of Nonsuch 1585

This was signed in August 1585. The treaty finally led to England providing the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands with a small military force that would aid the rebels in their fight against Spain.

illegitimate

according to the Catholic Church, Queen Elizabeth I was an ____________________________________ child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

Edict

an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority.