freud erikson theories

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adults):20-40

After finding their identity, young adults have the capacity to love others and care for them. They search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. Erikson portrayed intimacy as finding the self & then losing it in another. If they are not able to establish companionship and intimacy, isolation results because he or she fears rejection and disappointment. Nurses should understand that during hospitalization a young adults' need for intimacy remains present; thus they benefit from the support of their partner or significant other during this time

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle age):40-60

An adult focuses on supporting future generations. The ability to expand one's personal and social involvement is critical in this stage. They achieve success by contributing to future generations through parenthood, teaching, mentoring, and community involvement. Inability to play a role in the development of the next generation results in stagnation. Nurses help physically ill adults choose creative way to foster social development Middle-aged people often find a sense of fulfillment by volunteering in schools, hospitals, or church

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years):

Children like to pretend and try out new roles. Fantasy & imagination allow them to further explore their environment. At this time, they are developing their SUPEREGO, or CONSCIENCE. Conflicts often occur between a child's desire to explore & the limits placed on his/her behavior. These conflicts sometimes lead to feelings of frustration and guilt Guilt also occurs if a caregiver's responses are too harsh Preschoolers learn to maintain a sense of initiative without imposing on the freedoms of others. Successful resolution of this stage results in direction and purpose. Teaching a child impulse control & cooperative behaviors helps a family avoid the risks of altered growth & development. Preschoolers often engage in animism, a developmental characteristic that makes them treat dolls or stuffed animals as if they have thoughts & feelings. Play therapy is instrumental in helping a child successfully deal with the inherent threats related to hospitalization or chronic illness.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Puberty):

Dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation mark this age. There is a marked preoccupation(always thinking) with appearance & body image. This stage, in which identity development begins with the goal of achievement some perspective or direction, answers the question "Who am I?" Acquiring a sense of identity is essential for making adult decisions such as vocation and marriage partner. Successful mastery of this stage resulted in devotion and fidelity to others and to their own ideas. (secure a sense of self) Nurses provide education & anticipatory guidance for parents about the changes & challenges to adolescents. Nurses also help hospitalized adolescents deal with their illness by giving them enough information to allow them to make decisions about their treatment plan

Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year): (Erickson)

Establishing a basic sense of trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality. An infant's successful resolution of this stage requires a consistent caregiver who is available to meet the infant's needs. From this basic trust in parents, an infant is able to trust in himself, in others, and the world. The formation of trust results in faith and optimism. A nurse's use of anticipated guidance helps parents cope with the hospitalization of infants and behaviors at home

Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age):

Older adults review their lives with a sense of satisfaction, even with their inevitable mistakes Others see themselves as failures, with their lives marked by despair and regret Older adults often engage in a retrospective appraisal of their lives. They interpret their lives as a meaningful whole or experience regret because of goals not achieved. Bc the aging process creates physical and social losses, some adults suffer loss of status and function. These external struggles are met with internal struggles such as the search for the meaning of life. Meeting these challenges creates the potential for growth and the basic strength of wisdom. Nurses are in positions of influence with their communities to help people feel valued, appreciated, and needed.

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years):

School age children are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools. They learn to work and play with their peers. They thrive on their accomplishments & praise. Without proper support for learning new skills or if skills are too difficult, they develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority. Children at this stage need to be able to experience real achievement to develop a sense of competency. Gain a sense of self-confidence. Erikson believed that an adult's attitudes toward work are traced to work successful achievement of this task. During hospitalization, it is important for a school aged child to understand the routines and participate as actively as possible in his/her treatment.

Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 years):

o Freud believed that children repress and channel sexual urges from the earlier Oedipal stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable. o Learn to form close relationships with same sex peers. o Within the educational and social worlds of the child, there is much to learn and accomplish.

Stage 5: Genital (Puberty Through Adulthood):

o In this final stage sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle. o Unresolved prior conflicts surface during adolescence. o Once the individual resolves conflict, the individual is then capable of having a mature adult sexual relationship.

Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months):

o Initially sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights. o Late in this stage the infant begins to realize that the mother/parent is something separate from the self. o Disruption in the physical or emotional availability of the parent Ex: (inadequate bonding or chronic illness) could affect an infant's development.

Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development:

o States that individuals go through the 5 stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body: the mouth, the anus, and genitals. o Freud believed that adult personality is the result of how an individual resolved conflicts between these sources of pleasure and the mandates of reality. Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months): o Initially sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights. o Late in this stage the infant begins to realize that the mother/parent is something separate from the self. o Disruption in the physical or emotional availability of the parent Ex: (inadequate bonding or chronic illness) could affect an infant's development. Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 Months to 3 Years): o The focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. o Children become increasingly aware of the pleasurable sensations of this body region with an interest in the products of their effort. o Through the toilet-training process the child delays gratification to meet parental and societal expectations. Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 years): o The genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage. o The boy becomes interested in the penis; the girl becomes aware of the absence of the penis, known as penis envy. o This is a time of exploration and imagination as the child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as the child's first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra complex. By the end of this stage the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a way to win recognition and acceptance. Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 years): o Freud believed that children repress and channel sexual urges from the earlier Oedipal stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable. o Learn to form close relationships with same sex peers. o Within the educational and social worlds of the child, there is much to learn and accomplish. Stage 5: Genital (Puberty Through Adulthood): o In this final stage sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle. o Unresolved prior conflicts surface during adolescence. o Once the individual resolves conflict, the individual is then capable of having a mature adult sexual relationship.

Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 Months to 3 Years):

o The focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. o Children become increasingly aware of the pleasurable sensations of this body region with an interest in the products of their effort. o Through the toilet-training process the child delays gratification to meet parental and societal expectations.

Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 years):

o The genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage. o The boy becomes interested in the penis; the girl becomes aware of the absence of the penis, known as penis envy. o This is a time of exploration and imagination as the child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as the child's first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra complex. By the end of this stage the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a way to win recognition and acceptance.

Autonomy vs. Sense of Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years):

▪By this stage a growing child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities, including walking, feeding, and toileting. This newfound independence is the result of maturation and imitation ▪A toddler develops his or her autonomy by making choices. Limiting choices and/or enacting harsh punishment leads to feelings of shame and doubt. ▪A toddler who successfully masters this stage achieves self-control and willpower. The nurse models empathetic guidance that offers support for and understanding of the challenges of this stage. Available choices for the child must be simple in nature and safe.

● ERIKSON:

○ Erikson's stages emphasize a person's relationship to family & culture rather than sexual urges ○ According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next one. ○ Each task is framed with opposing conflicts, and tasks once mastered are challenged & tested again during new situations or at times of conflict