FSE-120 Mid-Term (ALL)
Bio
"life"
How much of the Earth's oxygen do autotrophic bacteria produce?
20%
The physical method of controlling microbes that damages the cell's DNA is
UV light
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague is
Yersinia pestis
The prefix staphyl- means
cluster
A thick-walled cell produced by bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions is the
endospore
A/n ____________________ is toxin confined within the body of a bacterium and is released only when the bacterium is broken down.
endotoxin
Ebola is a ____________________ disease.
epidemic
An infection where microbes enter blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body is called a/n ___________________ infection.
focal
The best method to treat hazardous waste is
incineration
Bacteria that MUST have oxygen are
obligate aerobes
Bacteria that must NOT be in the presence of oxygen are
obligate anaerobes
The proper term for "blood poisoning" is
septicemia
An agent that kills endospores is
sporicide
An agent that kills mold would be
sporicide
_________________ is when poisonous products of bacteria are distributed throughout the body.
toxemia
Diseases that are communicable from animal or animal products are
zoonoses
An acid would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
0;6
Under what conditions must an autoclave work to sterilize?
15 psi at 121oC for 10 minutes
A base would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
8;14
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
The mosquito that causes malaria is
Anopheles mosquito
The correct way to write the name of the bacterium that causes gonorrhea is
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?
Pseudomonas
The pus from __________________ is blue.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A retort is
a combustion chamber
______________ immunity is a result of being sick once or getting a vaccination.
acquired
A chemical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids in the cell membrane is
alcohol
When one bacterium inhibits the growth of another, that is known as __________.
antagonism
An _________________ causes the body's immune system to respond.
antigen
Inhibiting microbial growth on living tissue is
antisepsis
Vector
arthropod vectors are organisms that spreads infection (such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites)
Reducing a microbe's virulence by diluting or weakening it is
attenuation
Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are
autotrophs
A virus that infects bacteria is
bacteriophage
The most poisonous substance on Earth is _____________________.
botulinum toxin
What is used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools?
chlorine
The three basic shapes of bacteria are
coccus, bacillus, spirilla
In a microbial association, when one bacterium benefits and the other is unaffected, that is known as ___________.
commensalism
What disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox?
cowpox
What chemical is used to produce Lysol?
cresols
The physical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins is
dry heat
Bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition are ____________ bacteria.
facultative
Some bacteria use an enzyme that digests fibrin threads to better utilize blood as a nutrient. That enzyme is
fibrinolysin
Appendages on a bacterium that allows it to attach to surfaces is
fimbriae
An inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted is a
fomite
Saprophyte
fungi that grows on decomposing matter
A sticky, gelatinous coating on bacteria that surrounds the cell wall is the
glycocalyx
A disinfectant that oxidizes certain molecules within the microbial cell is (choose two):
halogen & iodine
Organisms that cannot make their own food and require food from a carbon source are
heterotrophs
A bacterium in a ___________ would shrivel.
hypertonic
A bacterium in a ______________ solution would swell and might burst.
hypotonic
Another word for skin is
integument
Proteins that respond to viruses, bind to receptors on uninfected cells, and cause the uninfected cells to produce antiviral enzymes are
interferons
A disinfectant that is a tincture is
iodine
A compound of iodine and surfactant is
iodophore
How does higher temperature affect the effectiveness of chemical agents?
it usually increases effectiveness
An agent that kills mosquito larvae is
larvicide
When both species of bacteria benefit in an association, that is known as __________.
mutualism
The study of fungi is called
mycology
Bacteria that would be utilizing tissue of human remains as a nutrition source would be _____________ bacteria.
obligate saprophyte
How many chromosomes do bacteria have?
one
The three arrangements of bacteria are
pairs, chains, clusters
COVID-19 is a ____________________ disease.
pandemic
A chemical method of controlling microbes that has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor is
phenol
Salmonella food poisoning comes from
poultry
Bacteria that might prefer the temperature of remains in a refrigeration unit are
psychrophiles
The natural habitat of a pathogen is
reservoir
Organisms that utilize decomposing matter as nutrients are
saprophytes
Viroid
similar to a virus but contain only RNA, do not have protein coat
Integument
skin
An unorganized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall is the
slime layer
Plasmids are
small circles of DNA separate from the main chromosome in bacteria
The only disease that was eradicated and is no longer in the human population is
smallpox
Pathogen
something that causes disease
The process bacteria use to produce the endospore is
sporulation
Completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products is
sterilization
What is the germ theory of disease?
the theory that microorganisms cause disease
The lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes is
thermal death point
An organism that spreads disease is called a/n
vector
An agent that kills viruses is
viricide
The ability of a microbe to survive and produce disease is
virulence
Bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
Antibiotic
A natural substance found to inhibit the growth of bacterial cells (Antibiotics only kill bacteria, not viruses)
The microbe of great concern that can cross the placenta is
Cytomegalovirus
The four kingdoms are
Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
When bacteria have flagella on each end of the cell, that is known as
amphitrichous
An exogenous infection is caused by microbes that
are not normally present in the body
Destroying pathogenic agents by disinfecting inanimate objects is
disinfection
The enzyme that Staphylococcus aureus uses to penetrate the body's connective tissue is
hyaluronidase
Bacteria that prefer human body temperatures are
mesophiles
Prion
small, infectious proteins that do not contain DNA or RNA or cause an immune response in humans; resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids.
Proteins that are Y-shaped and either neutralize or destroy antigens are
antibodies
Mycoses
any fungal infection; Superficial (the least) skin & hair; Cutaneous is deeper like ringworm and jock itch; Subcutaneous deep in skin & tissue
Bacteria reproduce by a process called
binary fission
When bacteria have flagella over the entire cell, that is known as
peritrichous
What alters the surface tension of the cell membrane, causing the cell contents to leak out and kill the cell?
surfactants
Genetic material in a protein coat would describe a __________________.
virus
3 basic Morphologyical arrangements:
"Pairs - prefix diplo-
the study of
"ology"
Name and describe the three defenses of the host against infection:
1. Physiological 2. Mechanical 3. Chemical
a mutual opposition or contrary action, and in the case of microbial relationships, the term refers to the inhibition of one microorganism's growth by the presence of another.
Antagonism
combo of genus and species name (genus always capitalized; species lower case) (italicized in print underlined by hand)
Binomial system
animal vectors in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the animal prior to becoming infective for a susceptible person.
Biological vector
A type of bacteria that is spherical or ovoid in form.
Coccus (pl. cocci)
Which bacterium has an optimum pH at pH 1?
Helicobacter pylori
a manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface
Scrubbing
What is the vector for malaria? (Be specific)
the Anopheles mosquito
What 5 factors influence effectiveness of chemical agents?
* Nature of disinfectant * Concentration of disinfectant * Nature of the material to be disinfected * Number of microbes present * Type of microbe present * Length of exposure to disinfectant * Temperature of disinfectant during exposure * Disinfectant's pH during exposure * Larger populations of microbes take longer to kill * More difficult when there are different species present * State of development of the cells matters * Higher temperatures usually increase effectiveness * Environmental factors * pH * Viscosity * Concentration of organic matter
On the pH scale, an acid is numbers 0___ to ___.
0 to 7
What are the three sources of the spread of disease?
1. Animals or persons ill of the infection 2. Chronic animal or human carriers 3. The environment
What are the two modes of disease transmission?
1. Direct transmission: physical contact 2. Indirect transmission: food, milk, fomites, water, soil, biological vectors & mechanical vectors"
The two aspects of the embalming process are:
1. Disinfection (reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means) 2. Preservation (temporary disinfection, preservation, and restoration of human remains)
Name the levels of classification in order:
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species * Note genus and species are scientific name"
Name and describe the 2 methods to observe bacteria with microscopy:
1. Fluid suspension: the living specimen may be observed by suspending it in some fluid such as water 2. Smearing: smears of the specimen may be dried, fixed, and stained on a glass slide
Name the three enzymes some microbes use to better use blood as a nutrient and describe what they do:
1. Hyaluronidase - causes blood to clot 2. Fibrinolysin - digests fibrin threads 3. Coagulase - aids in blood clotting"
Name and describe (make sure you also describe) the three types of infection:
1. Local infection: A local infection is caused by microorganisms lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining in that tissue. 2. Focal infection: A focal infection is one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body. 3. General (systemic) infection: If the infection becomes systemic, it is known as a general infection. Measles is an example of a systemic infection.
What are the four kingdoms?
1. Protista (single-celled organism (Algae, amoeba, paramecium, etc.) 2. Fungi (yeasts, molds, mildews, mushrooms) 3. Plantae (photosynthetic) 4. Animalia (animals (Mammals, insects, worms, etc.)
Name and thoroughly describe the physical methods of controlling microbes:
1. Scrubbing (A manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface) 2. Incineration (used most frequently to treat hazardous waste) 3. Cremation (A form of incineration; remains undergo complete combustion) 4. Dry heat (Denatures (coagulates) proteins and is preferred over chemical methods) 5. Moist heat (boiling, free-flowing steam, and steam under pressure) boiling (kills vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and fungi but doesn't guarntee endospoores are killed) free-flowing steam (items placed in free-flowing steam for 30 minutes on successive days) steam under pressure (most effective form of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled) 6. Cold (refrigeration & freezing; does not destroy all vegetative cells or endospores; Inhibits growth) 7. Light (Ultraviolet (UV) light; damages cell's DNA)
What are the five portals of entry and exit?
1. Skin and mucous membranes 2. Respiratory tract 3. Digestive tract 4. Genitourinary tract 5. Placenta
The three levels in controlling microbial growth are:
1. Sterilization (process of completely removing or destroying all life-forms, including bacterial endospores) 2. Disinfection (reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means) 3. Antisepsis (microbial growth inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection)
Name and describe the three categories of heterotrophic bacteria.
1. Strict (obligate) saprophytes: organisms that only survive on dead or decaying organic matter 2. Strict (obligate) parasites: completely dependent on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive 3. Facultative bacteria: can adapt to differing sources of nutrition"
Name and describe the 3 types of mycoses:
1. Superficial mycoses - penetrate the least and are found only in the outermost layers of the skin and hair 2. Cutaneous mycoses - fungal infections of the skin, hair, and fingernails such as ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot... they occur deeper in the integument than the superficial mycoses 3. Subcutaneous mycoses - occur deep in the integument and may include the deeper-lying structures such as the fascia, muscle tissue, and bone
methods of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope
1. Suspending 2. Smearing 3. Staining
Name the three categories of fungi:
1. Yeasts 2. Molds 3. Dimorphic Fungi
What are the 3 basic arrangements of bacteria?
1. may be connected in PAIRS 2. can be formed in a CHAIN 3. can be arranged together forming a pattern similar to a CLUSTER OF GRAPES Pairs - prefix diplo- Chains - prefix strepto- Clusters - prefix staphylo-
Name and describe the 4 types of flagella location on a bacterium:
1. monotrichous bacterium (one flagellum) 2. amphitrichous bacterium (one flagellum at either end of its cell) 3. lophotrichous bacterium (two or more flagella on either end of its cell) 4. peritrichous bacterium (flagella distributed over its entire cell)"
What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
1. those shaped like a sphere (cocci) 2. those shaped like a rod (bacillus) 3. those with a spiral shape (spirilla)
When was it officially eradicated?
1980
The human body is up to ____ % water.
60
On the pH scale, a base is numbers ____ to ____.
7 to 14
S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)
Abbreviations
A microbe's virulence is generally a measure of its
Ability to produce disease
a localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disintegration or displacement of tissue
Abscess
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being extremely acidic
Acid
Aerotolerant organisms can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen; they are indifferent to oxygen, and do not gain any benefit from its presence.
Aerotolerant
The deceased's body temperature may have cooled before death, which is known as agonal algor.
Agonal algor
The deceased may have had a fever before death, resulting in what is known as agonal fever.
Agonal fever
a group of organic compounds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure
Aldehydes
one flagellum on each end of cell (amphi=both)
Amphitrichous
This vector is the primary spreader of Malaria
Anopheles mosquito
antibodies are glycoprotein substances (proteins) produced by the body in response to specific antigens.
Antibody
an antigen is a foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies; causes the body's immune system to respond
Antigen
the process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection
Antisepsis
Binary fission is a form of
Asexual reproduction
A microbe's virulence is reduced, weakened, and diluted through a process known as
Attenuation
the reduction of a microorganism's virulence by diluting or weakening the microbe to reduce or abolish its pathogenicity
Attenuation
self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds; autotrophic organisms are capable of obtaining nutritional value from the carbon in carbon dioxide.
Autotrophic
Any rod-shaped microorganism.
Bacillus (pl. bacilli)
the presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
A prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the kingdom Monera, existing as free-living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission, and having a large range of biochemical properties.
Bacteria
kill bacteria but not necessarily their spores
Bactericide
Science that studies bacteria. Benign-Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant.
Bacteriology
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
asexual reproduction in bacteria, in which the cell splits into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual; also known as simple transverse fission
Binary fission
Which is not one of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
Bone-like
Why is Cytomegalovirus (CMV) a concern for an embalmer who is also pregnant?
CMV can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
organized and firmly attached externally to cell wall Allows cell to survive through adverse conditions;
Capsule
Mixed
Caused by two or more organisms
Primary
Causes the initial illness
A large group of nonmotile, gram-negative, intracellular parasites.
Chlamydia
orderly arrangement of organisms into taxa
Classification
What microbe causes botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
What microbe causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
Another symbiotic relationship that exists when one organism gains some benefit, such as protection or nourishment, and the host is not harmed.
Commensalism
introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance
Contamination
How was smallpox eradicated?
Controlling the human reservoir
phenolic compounds derived from a chemical known as toluene
Cresols
What is the microbe of greatest concern regarding placental transmission?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (a great concern to pregnant embalmers)
the time in minutes it takes to kill 90 percent of the present microorganisms
Decimal reduction time
the reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object
Disinfection
What level of classification is the broadest, most general, and most comprehensive relative to the other classifications?
Domain
a microorganism that is virulent enough to resist pharmaceuticals designed to reduce disease
Drug-fast
diseases that occur continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality
Endemic disease
infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract
Endogenous infection
Why are endospores of particular concern to the embalmer?
Endospores are extremely important to embalmers because they are resistant to disinfectants; meaning it is possible for disease to be spread from the deceased to the living by transmission of endospores
a bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium that is released only when the bacterium is actively dividing or being broken down
Endotoxin
diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region
Epidemic disease
caused by organisms not present in the body
Exogenous infection
a toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium
Exotoxin
A human being's ability to ward off disease based on his or her ability to acquire immunity from natural characteristics they were born with is called adaptive immunity.
FALSE
A monotrichous bacteria has multiple flagella.
FALSE
Pus is only white in color.
FALSE
The Magic Bullet Theory, in context of this course, references that fateful day in Dealey Plaza that took the life of President John Kennedy.
FALSE
bacteria that can adapt to differing sources of nutrition. As food sources in the environment change, facultative bacteria simply feed on the new food sources or produce their own nutritional sources.
Facultative
structures that cover bacterial cells; shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella; allow bacteria to attach to surfaces. A few fimbriae can occur at the ends of the cells, or hundreds may be distributed over the entire cell
Fimbriae
Which is NOT a method of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope
Flushing
An infection in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body
Focal infection
Fomites are any inanimate objects to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted
Fomite
How can food transmit disease?
Food can transmit disease when it is prepared for cooking, cooked insufficiently, or handled improperly after cooking; since one of the most common routes of disease transmission is through ingestion of infected or contaminated food and water
A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll and usually bearing spores.
Fungi
Mycology is the study of
Fungi
kill both fungi and their spores
Fungicide
if the infection becomes systemic
General infection
kill a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores."
Germicide
differs between species"
Glycocalyx
widely used disinfectants that work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells."
Halogens
requiring complex organic food from a carbon source in order to grow and develop.
Heterotrophic
about 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol
Hexachlorophene
Hypertonic solution (seawater) A red blood cell will shrink and wrinkle up because water molecules are moving out of the cell; contains high concentrations of solute (like salt)
Hypertonic
Hypotonic solution (freshwater) A red blood cell will swell and burst because water molecules are moving into the cell; solution contains less solute than inside of bacterium
Hypotonic
process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme
Identification:
Slime layer
If the glycocalyx is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, it is known as a slime layer.
condition in which the body, or part of the body, is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
Infection
What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
Innate immunity (natural immunity) is NOT specific; certain groups of people are simply immune to certain diseases because they are born with a natural (innate) immunity Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) IS specific; a specific type of white blood cell responds to a specific antigen; differs from innate immunity in that the individual must either form antibodies to a pathogen personally or be given the antibodies from an alternate source"
kill iinsects
Insecticide
compound of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that can slowly release the free iodine
Iodophore
Isotonic solution (human blood serum) A red blood cell remains unchanged because the movement of water molecules into and out of the cell are the same; solution contains same amount of solute as inside bacterium
Isotonic
kill larvae
Larvicide
microorganisms lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining in that tissue
Local infection
a tuft of flagella on one end of cell (tuft on one side)
Lophotrichous
a vector in or on which growth and development of the infective agent do not occur.
Mechanical vector
bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures and grow best between 25°C and 40°C (77°-104°F)."
Mesophile
"extremely small"
Micro
require little free oxygen (about 2 percent to 10 percent)
Microaerophilic
What is responsible for causing disease according to the Germ Theory of Disease?
Microorganisms
Which of the following is NOT one of the four kingdoms?
Monera (Prokeryotae)
one flagellum on each end of cell (amphi=both)
Monotrichous
a symbiotic relationship where two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each other.
Mutualism
study of fungi
Mycology
Bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans, most having no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms presently known, being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria.
Mycoplasma
There is no clear definiition of the word "obligate" in our text or powerpoint material, however, dictionary.com defines obligate as "capable of existing only in a particular environment or by assuming a particular role"
Obligate
must have oxygen to metabolize sugars to make energy; microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need oxygen to metabolize sugars
Obligate aerobe
microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen; cannot survive in presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobe
What can kill endospores?
Only sterilization
microorganisms that exist as part of the normal microbial flora but can become pathogenic under certain conditions and result in disease
Opportunists
Exogenous
Organism not present in the body
diseases that affect the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world
Pandemic disease
the ability to produce pathological changes and disease
Pathogenicity
flagella over entire cell (peri=around)
Peritrichous
controls microbial growth by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes.
Phenol
What microbe causes malaria?
Plasmodium malariae
One-celled organisms of the kingdom Protista; most are unicellular although some are colonial.
Protozoa
single-celled eukaryotes In kingdom Protista that lack a cell wall. Most do not cause disease but ones that do cause disease such as amebic dysentery, malaria, toxoplasmosis, African sleeping disease, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, brain infections, infections of skin and lungs
Protozoa
study of protozoa
Protozoology
bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0°C and 25°C (32°-77°F)
Psychrophile
Quaternary ammonium compounds that are chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins
Quats
the natural habitat of a disease-causing organism
Reservoir
ability of human body to defend against pathogen
Resistance
The combustion chamber for cremation (a temp of approximately 1600°F (871°C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion)
Retort
A genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic microorganisms.
Rickettsia
study of rickettsia
Rickettsiology
An unorganized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall
Slime layer
What level of classification is the most specific and exclusive relative to the other classifications?
Species
diseases that occur occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region
Sporadic disease
kill bacterial and mold spores
Sporicide
process of forming endospore
Sporulation
Describe the six stages of malaria:
Stage 1: Mosquito #1 bites a human, injecting Plasmodium malariae under the skin. Stage 2: P. malariae migrates to human liver and reproduces. Stage 3: P. malariae develops in human red blood cells. Stage 4: Mosquito #2 then bites infected human and becomes infected. Stage 5: In mosquito #2 intestine, male and female reproductive cells of P. malariae unite. Stage 6: P. malariae #2 migrates to salivary glands of mosquito #2 * Now it can infect another human"
"shaped like a sphere or ball"; "clustered together," similar to grapes
Staphyl
gold-colored grapes
Staphylococcus aureus
the process of completely removing or destroying all life-forms, including bacterial endospores
Sterilization
chain
Strepto
alters or reduces surface tension of cell membranes, causing cell contents to leak out, killing the cell; often used in cleaning and disinfecting products.
Surfactant
When two or more different species of organisms live together in close association
Symbiosis
occurs when the harmonious action of two microorganisms produces an effect that neither could produce alone.
Synergism
If it was eradicated, why is it still a threat?
The CDC considers smallpox to be a potential bioterrorism threat (US & former Soviet Union kept 1 sample each)
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
The cell wall's primary purpose is to prevent bacteria from rupturing when the osmotic pressure inside the cell differs greatly from the osmotic pressure outside the cell.
What is the difference between eukaryote and prokaryote?
The major, and extremely significant, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is that eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The word eukaryote means 'true nucleus,' while the word prokaryote means 'before nucleus.'
Which bacterium does not have a cell wall?
The smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside the living host cell are mycoplasmas that are caused by a bacterium known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which does not have a cell wall
the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes
Thermal death point
bacteria that grow best at high temperatures, between 40°C and 70°C (104°-158°F)."
Thermophile
Why do children tend to contract more illnesses than adults?
They are born with immature immune systems.
solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic
Tincture
the distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms
Toxemia
a poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin
Toxin
Communicable
Transmitted between people
real or genuine disease-producing organisms
True pathogen
What microbe causes tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is spread by this invasive, highly virulent, intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What kind of light controls microbial growth?
Ultraviolet (UV) light; by damaging the cell's genetic material
a carrier, usually an insect or other arthropod, that transmits the causative organisms of disease from infected to noninfected individuals.
Vector
the presence of viruses in the blood
Viremia
inactivate or kill viruses
Viricide
study of viruses/bacteria
Virology
ability of microbe to survive and produce disease
Virulence
An intracellular, infectious parasite, capable of replicating only in living cells.
Virus
How can water transmit disease?
Water can transmit disease when it is contaminated, particularly in untreated water supplies that are polluted by sewage from human and nonhuman animals. This can lead to the spread of diseases such as dysentery and cholera. Contaminated water can be a problem even in the United States, where there have been "outbreaks of diseases due to contaminated water supplies.
Diseases that are communicable from animals or animal products
Zoonoses
What is the purpose of a capsule on a bacterium?
allows the cell to avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces
Quaternary ammonium compounds
also known as quats, are chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins; effective but can be deactivated by soap and organic matter
Describe the process of binary fission:
also known as simple transverse fission, is a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, in which the cell splits into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual.
Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins.
antibodies
A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it.
antigen
Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing its pathogenicity.
attenuation
"a golden-yellow color"
aureus
An animal vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the animal prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual.
biological vectors
What is fecal-oral transmission?
capable of being spread from person to person; shaking hands; hands contaminated & bacteria then enter through break in skin or through eyes, nose, or mouth
A double bacillus, two being linked end to end to each other.
diplobacilli
Any of various spherical bacteria appearing in pairs.
diplococci
Resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs.
drug-fast
A thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.
endospore
Vegetative cell
endospore germinates to this when conditions are good again; not the same as a plant seed germination; germinates into vegetative cell
Long, whip-like, filament-containing appendages that propel bacteria in liquid.
flagella
What is the structure of a virus? (Briefly answer)
genetic material (DNA or RNA) in protein coat; some have membrane around protein coat (enveloped virus); are sensitive to disinfectants
The organism from which a microorganism obtains its nourishment.
host
Where is that bacterium located in the human body?
in the stomach
In controlling microbes, heat _____ _______while cold_________________________.
kills microorganisms; inhibits the growth of microorganisms
A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface.
mechanical vector
The study of the size, shape, and arrangements of microorganisms.
morphology
Capsule
outer coating on prokaryotic cells; organized and firmly attached externally to the cell wall. The capsule on some species of bacteria allows the cell to avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces.
organism/microorganism capable of producing/causing disease.
pathogen
The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease.
pathogenicity
Name some zoonoses:
rabies, brucellosis, tularemia, and listeriosis (communicable from animals or animal products)
The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products.
resistance
Selectively permeable
selects what molecules can pass through
Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood; commonly known as blood poisoning.
septicemia
What is the only disease that has been eradicated?
smallpox
Gram-positive, nonmotile bacteria that tend to aggregate in irregular, grapelike clusters.
staphylococci
Bacteria containing gram-negative rods that form a chainlike colony.
streptobacilli
Gram-positive spherically shaped bacteria that occur in chains.
streptococci
Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
universal precautions
Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease.
virulence
microorganisms that exist as part of the normal microbial flora but can become pathogenic under certain conditions and result in disease.
virulence opportunists
State the Universal Precautions designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens:
• All human remains are to be treated as though they are infectious. • Always wear appropriate personal protective clothing, including gloves, face shield, mask, full-length gown, head cover, and shoe covers. • Topical disinfectants should be utilized to disinfect the deceased, the deceased's clothing, and the removal cot. Linen should always be laundered between removals. • Always handle the deceased's clothing with care to inhibit the aerosolization of microorganisms."
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of generally minute, simple life-forms that include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses and their effect on other living organisms. Micro=extremely small / bio=life/ literally=extremely small life
What kind of light controls microbial growth?
UV
