FSHN 428 Exam 1

Provide examples of external influences on food and nutrition behaviors

Biological determinants: hunger, appetite, and taste Economic determinants: cost, income, availability Physical determinants: access, education, skills, and time Psychological determinants: mood, stress, guilt Social determinants: Culture, family, peers Attitudes beliefs and knowledge about food

Utilization

Biological: ability of the human body to take food and translate it into energy/use nutrients food safety issues may prevent food utilization Health of individuals controls how the food preparation can affect food utilization Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization

Long term objectives

Body weight Biochemical indices Health outcomes Cost savings Quality of life

Differences between new and old nutrition facts labels What types of information are restaurants required to supply under the FDA's Menu Labeling regulations?

Label was relatively unchanged since the FDA first proposed it in 1992 FDA proposed new changes in March 2014 based on nutrition science and consumer research - Previous serving sizes reflected consumption levels from the 1970's - Overconsumption of added sugars reported in 2015 DGAs - DGAs also informed nutrient changes (vit A, C, and D, K).

Levels of interventions

Level I: building awareness Change attitudes and beliefs, increase knowledge of risk factors, seldom results in behavior change Level II: changing lifestyles successful with small changes over time, using combination of behavior modification and education Level III: Creating supportive environment for change Create environments that support behavior changes made by individuals

Logic models

Logic models are graphical representation illustrating the connection between your planned work and intended results Primary used in community health or program management Allows a common understanding for all involved in a community program Often a funding requirement and can drive reporting requirements

Describe the interrelated relationship between food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty

Long-term change would need to address the underlying causes of food insecurity Poverty Unemployment Food insecurity and poverty are not always experienced by the same families

Intermediate goals

Changes in behavior, actions, or decisions

Proximal goals

Changes in knowledge

Recruitment Strategies

Community advisory committee Make topic interesting and competitive (time-wise) Peer recruiting: recruiter with established rapport Recruitment via web-based networking Recruitment directly by program staff Incentives

Summative evaluations

Completed once your programs are well established Tells you to what extent the program is achieving its goals. Complete picture

Formative evaluations

Conducted during program development and implementation Useful if you want direction on how to best achieve your goals or improve your program.

Identify and interpret readability statistics and know how to improve your readability statistics

Majority of people read 4 to 5 grades below their last grade completed. Standard business correspondence is normally written at 10th to 12th grade levels Time and Newsweek: written at 8th to 12th grade levels Sports Illustrated: written at 6th - 8th grade levels For nutrition materials, we usually target 6th - 8th grade. Over 40 different methods to evaluate Expect different formulas to produce different results. Flesch Kincaid Reading level and Flesch Reading Ease are commonly used. Flesch Reading Ease: Higher is better Flesch Reading Level: lower is better Use words with fewer syllables Sentences with less words

What is health equity

Everyone has the opportunity to attain the highest level of health Requires the elimination of barriers that prevent individuals and communities from reaching their full health potential

Feasibility

Extent to which intervention or program can be carried out in specific setting

Feasibility

Extent to which intervention or program can be carried out in specific setting Is it realistic? Is it do-able? Will it work in this particular setting?

Fidelity

Extent to which the intervention or program is implemented as intended

Components of health-related behavior:

1) The desire to avoid illness, OR to get better if already ill. 2) The belief that a specific action or behavior will prevent (or cure) the illness. 3) Self-efficacy that you can successfully execute the action/behavior

6 cultural phenomenon

1. Communication - verbal and nonverbal Western cultures: most language is linear and context is less important than spoken word (Low-context) Language direct, explicit, unambiguous Say what you mean and mean what you say Truthfulness is expected, regardless of the consequences High-context: Indirect communication preferred Common to use small communication gestures and read into these less direct messages with more meaning Words alone are not enough to grasp meaning Individual is usually defined by the group Truth is flexible and secondary to honor A "yes" for a "no" 2. Personal Space Acceptable distance varies widely from culture to culture Personal space can be divided into four distinct zones. Public/Audience Zone starts at about 12 feet from the person and stretches back to the limits of sight. Social Zone reaches from 4 to 12 feet. Personal Zone range:18 inches to 4 feet. Intimate Zone range: touching to 10 inches. 3. Social organization Family structure Male-female roles vary roles of elders 4. Time Cultural groups can be past, present, or future oriented. Preventive health care requires some future time orientation because preventive actions are motivated by a future reward. In American culture, time dominates and punctuality is expected. In some other cultures, personal interaction dominates often at the expense of time. Americans tend to "cut to the chase" and avoid lengthy non-business related discussions. This can be viewed as cold and uncaring by other cultures. 5. Environmental control Refers to the ability of the person to control nature and to plan and direct factors in the environment that affect them. Many Americans believe they control nature to meet their needs and thus are more likely to seek health care when needed. Other cultural groups in which there is less belief in internal control and more in external control, there may be a fatalistic view in which seeking health care is viewed as useless. 6. Biological variation Biological differences, including genetic variations, exist between individuals in different racial groups. Susceptibility to disease can vary between racial groups. Some Native American tribes appear to have a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes The increased or decreased incidence may be genetically, environmentally, or gene-environmentally induced.

Cultural competence continuum

1. Cultural Destructiveness Attitudes, policies and practices which are destructive to cultures and individuals within them Purposeful destruction of a culture Assumes one race or culture superior 2. Cultural Incapacity Lack of capacity of systems and organizations to respond effectively to the needs, interests, and preferences of culturally and linguistically diverse groups Unintentionally culturally destructive Institutional or systemic bias Subtle messages that some cultural groups are neither valued or welcomed Lower expectations for some cultural, ethnic, or racial groups 3. Cultural Blindness: Midpoint on the continuum Systems/agencies provide services with philosophy of being unbiased Belief that color or culture make no difference Belief that dominant culture approaches are universally applicable Approaches that encourage assimilation 4. Cultural Pre-competence Implies movement Weaknesses recognized in working with minorities Attempts to improve practices and increase knowledge Danger of token representation on governing boards No clear plan for achieving organizational cultural competence 5. Cultural Competency Acceptance and respect for difference Implementation of specific policies and procedures that integrate cultural and linguistic competence into each core function of the organization Continuing self-assessment regarding culture Individual and organizational levels Careful attention to dynamics of difference Continuous expansion of cultural knowledge and resources 6. Cultural Proficiency Culture held in high esteem Contribute to the knowledge base Conducting culture-based research Developing new approaches based on culture Publishing and disseminating results of culturally sensitive/competent practices, training and research Support and mentor other organizations Partner with diverse constituency groups

Short-term objectives

Knowledge Attitudes Self-efficacy Beliefs Skills (can be short-, intermediate, or long-term depending on complexity)

Access

An adequate supply of food at the national or international level does not in itself guarantee household level food security Concerns about insufficient food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices in achieving food security objectives. Food can be accessed through trade, barter, collection of wild foods and community support networks; it can also be received as a gift (or even through theft) Access is influenced by market factors and the price of food as well as as an individual's purchasing power, which is related to employment and livelihood opportunities.

What are characteristics of adult-learners?

Are autonomous and self-directed. Have a foundation of life experiences and knowledge. Can learn from one another. Are goal-oriented Are relevancy-oriented. Prefer collaborative learning between the educator and learner Need to be shown respect.

Monitoring

Assessment of dietary or nutrition status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting change in the dietary or nutrition status of a population Tracking of food supply and food consumption began in 1909 Nutrition surveillance: continuous assessment Ex. NHANES

What is the difference between authorized and qualified health claims?

Authorized: Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Qualified: Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that eating one-half to one cup of tomatoes and/or tomato sauce a week may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim. Qualified: Not complete or absolute; limited

What are the top 3 methods to keep the food system within environmental limits?

No single measure is sufficient; a combination of efforts will be needed Global technological changes Global plant-based diet adoption Global reductions in food loss and waste

DRIs

Nutrient reference values DGAs focuses more on foods and dietary patterns Both DGAs and DRIs are informed by research

Life Course Approach

Our aim is to live a good QOL throughout our life. Our future health (as older adults) is a result of our previous health (in uterus, during adolescents, and during young adulthood). Our decisions now affect our health in the future and affects further generations and communities. The sooner we start implementing healthy behaviors the better, but it is never too late to start. Early interventions are important but not enough. They should continue throughout life. It integrates social and biological explanations for health status. It allows synthesis of other models of health and chronic disease such as the fetal origins and adult lifestyle models. It promotes early interventions.

What is program drift?

Program drift is when expected effect of an intervention is presumed to decrease over time as practitioners adapt the delivery of intervention

Date labels

Quality and food safety are not synonymous With the exception of infant formula, food products are safe to eat past the "Best if Used By" date Are safe to donate Are important quality indicators

interpreting risk ratio

RR = 1 - exposure not associated with disease RR > 1 - exposure positively associated with disease RR < 1 - exposure negatively associated with disease

Stability

Refers to the stability of the other three dimensions over time People's food security situation may change Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors (unemployment, rising food prices) may impact your food security status

Research

Research findings are informed and can inform nutrition monitoring and policy Examples: Examine the effectiveness of nutrition education on populations that have high rates to of chronic disease Determine if nutrition policies are effective at improving dietary intake and/or health incomes Identify nutrient content of foods and determine bioavailability of nutrients Determine nutrient requirements over the life cycle

What is the first step of the program planning process?

Review the results of the community needs assessment

Acceptability

Satisfaction with elements of the intervention or program

Acceptability

Satisfaction with elements of the intervention or program How do recipients react to the intervention or programs? Both targeted individuals and those involved in implementing programs

Social Marketing

Seeks to increase acceptability of a social idea, practice, or product among a target group Can be used to promote behavior, attitude and knowledge change about many social problems: Disseminating evidence-based info to improve people's lives Countermarketing to offset negative impacts of potentially harmful products To motivate people to move from intention to action Ex. Let's Move campaign

Components of Logic Model

Situations: What's the problem or need Assumptions: Principles that guide us Input: what we invest Activities: Specific events or deliverables Outputs: what we do and who we reach Outcomes: Changes or results Environmental/influential factors: Context in which program exists.

Social determinants of health

Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. Resources that enhance quality of life can have a significant influence on population health outcomes. Examples of these resources include safe and affordable housing, access to education, public safety, availability of healthy foods, local emergency/health services, and environments free of life-threatening toxins.

Retention Strategies

Social opportunities Flexibility Incentives Opportunities for growth

how can you determine if a source is credible?

is this a news article or an editorial? is the author an expert on the subject? does the author/publisher have a bias or an agenda? does the author give evidence for the content of the article? can you find the information in other information sources? do other information sources agree with the author or publisher? check who is responsible for the website .edu vs .gov vs .org vs .com vs .net

why should someone include members of the community in the community needs assessment process?

it encourages both trust in the process & community buy-in & support, not only of the assessment, but of whatever actions are taken as a result of it full community participation in planning & carrying out an assessment promotes leadership from within the community & gives voice to those who may feel they have none important to address the community's priorities first → establishes trust & shows respect members in the community know best what effects those conditions have on their lives

crossover trial

more common in intervention research than epidemiology a group of people is recruited and serves as both the intervention and control ex) participants are asked to follow a diet for a period of time and an outcome is collected. they switch to a different diet and the same outcome is collected (wash out period)

primary source

original materials that have no been filtered through interpretation or evaluation by a second party -first person -peer reviewed -dissertations, interviews, lab notebooks, patens, journal article, diares, theses

what is asset-mapping?

positive aspects about the community -capacities and abilities of community members, local organizations: schools, hospitals, churches, business that provide jobs, citizen groups, local private public or nonprofit organizations -part of the overall process of community needs assessment -allows efficient use of resources and facilitates rapport with community

Cost benefit analysis:

positive economic benefits of a program Program implementation costs compiled and compared with monetized benefits of disease prevention Produces benefit-to-cost ratios. Example: program cost compared to estimated monetary value of... medical staff labor hours, unpaid ER bills, disability payments, etc. saved due to reduction in CVD cases of those participating in program

What is a community needs assessment

process of evaluating the health and nutrition status of a community -Includes needs and assets -determining a community's health and nutrition needs -Identifying areas where those needs are not being met

cohort study pros and cons

pros: can study multiple diseases, outcomes. large study numbers provide statistical power cons: require large sample size, expensive, can take many years. participants can drop out or move

randomized control trial pros and cons

pros: high internal validity (have a lot of confidence in the findings) cons: less external validity (you may not find the same results in the real world) may be hard to recruit, expensive

nonrandomized control trial pros and cons

pros: may be easier to recruit cons: more prone to bias, could still have issues with external validity (would you find the same results in the real world), expensive

examples of asset-mapping?

resources- anything that can be used to improve quality of life -can include individuals, organizations, institutions, buildings, landscapes, equipment ex) library that provides books and internet access to everyone ex) mother in Chicago who volunteers in to organize games and sports for neighborhood children after school

selection bias

sample chosen may not be random, skewing results ex) convenience sample (whoever is convenient and accessible)

secondary source

sources that contain commentary on or a discussion about a primary source. can be used as -a collection of facts -background info -Interpretation, provide consumer insights EX) review articles, magazine articles, books, critiques popular information is always secondary

What is epidemiology?

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specific populations and placation of this study to the control of health problems

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):

the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. It can be helpful to plan the diets of individuals.

What are sustainable diets?

Sustainable diets- a pattern of eating that promotes health and well-being and provides food security for the present population while sustaining human and natural resources for future generations

What is the Food Safety Modernization Act and why is it different from past US approaches to food safety?

The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) is transforming the nation's food safety system by shifting the focus from responding to foodborne illness to preventing it. addresses issues BEFORE they occur

Health behavior model

The HBM is, in an over-simplified analogy, the theory that people use a PROS and CONS list when contemplating behavior change A change in health behaviors is more likely to occur if they believe... (CON) The disease, illness, or poor health outcome can negatively affect them They will get it if they keep doing what they're doing, and it will have serious consequences AND... (PRO) The action or behavior change will protect them from this poor health outcome

Social Ecological Model

The SEM is a theory-based framework for understanding how the social determinants of health and other societal factors influence and maintain health and health-related issues. It encourages to move beyond a focus on individual behavior and toward an understanding of the wide range of factors that influence health outcomes. "Ecological" means multiple levels, beyond the individual. Thus, the SEM demonstrates that behavior is the result of the knowledge, values, and attitudes of individuals as well as social influences, including the people with whom they associate, the organizations to which they belong, and the communities in which they live. Emphasis on the multiple sectors of influence on behavior Acknowledges the complex interplay between each layer and allows us to understand a range of factors that put people at risk for or are protective against chronic disease Interventions should address multiple "layers" or "levels Intrapersonal (aka the individual level) The individual characteristics that influence behavior, including knowledge, skills, and motivation, as well as biological and social economic factors (education, income, etc). Ex: income, gender identity, disability, attitudes and skills Interpersonal Primary social relationships surrounding individuals, such as parents and friends Ex: social support and networks, health providers, family structure, teachers Community and institution (aka settings) Institutional or organizational relationships and characteristics, such as neighborhoods, work sites and schools Ex: food availability, built environment, churches, workplaces, schools Macro Level (aka public policy or societal level) Involve local, state, and federal policies as well as mass media campaigns and advertisements, such as the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act and Let's Move Ex: public policy, zoning regulations, food pricing, media/advertisements Limitations Expensive and hard to do without partnerships Difficult to measure/evaluate

Social cognitive theory

The theory views people as active agents who both influence and are influenced by their environment. SCT explains how people acquire and maintain behavior. Ash shown in the diagram: personal factors (such as cognition), and the environment interact constantly such that a change in one area has implications for the others. For example, change in the environment (loss of significant other's support for a weight loss effort) produces a change in the individual (decreased motivation to lose weight) and consequently a change in behavior (quits exercise regimen). Key Components Environment: External physical factors that influence a behavior Reciprocal determination: Interaction between the person, the behavior, & the environment to perform a behavior Self-regulation (control): Regulating and monitoring individual behavior. Behavioral capability: Understanding and having the skill to perform a behavior. Expectations: Determining the outcomes of behavior change. Self-efficacy: The belief that an individual has control over & is able to execute a behavior. Observational learning: Observing outcomes of others performing the desired behavior. Reinforcements: Promoting incentives and rewards that encourage behavior change.

Practicality

To what extent can the intervention be delivered when resources, time, commitment, or some combination thereof are constrained in some way?

Novel

Unique and/or new approach in one or more key dimension

What are characteristics of an effective survey and effective survey questions?

Valid Content validity: literature; expert panel Face validity: pilot; cognitive interviewing How does it compare to existing norms (reference data) or established measures Objective: free of bias Subject bias: yea-saying: only give answers as 1's or 5's; socially desirable Experimenter bias: leading questions and response options: very satisfied, satisfied, not satisfied Reliable Internal consistency Test-retest Reliability among raters (used less often)

Strategies to reduce food waste

Watch portion sizes Order or prepare only what you think you should eat Overeating does not help your health or the environment Be wary of bulk purchases and BOGO sales Consider casseroles, stir-fries, soups or smoothies as ways to repurpose leftovers

Distal goals

Weight loss, systems change, biochemical indices

Learner-Centered Instruction

When teacher is a facilitator (or guide) as the learners construct their own understandings. Case study Cooperative learning Problem-based learning Simulations

calculate risk ratios aka relative risk

[(# of exposed who are ill) / (all exposed)] ____________ [(# of unexposed who are ill) / (all exposed)]

measurement bias

a change is seen (or not seen) due to an error in measurement -could be human error, instrument failure, inconsistent measuring

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):

a daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group—used to assess dietary adequacy and as the basis for the RDA.

cohort study

a group of healthy people is identified and classified according to their exposure status can follow people forward or backward over time to determined diagnosis of disease (outcome) to determine the relative risk of disease -like a movie -retrospective or prospective

Adequate Intake (AI)

a recommended intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people, that are assumed to be adequate—used when an RDA cannot be determined.

cross-sectional studies

a specific point in time (like a photograph) entire population or sample is examined to determine who is exposed/ unexposed and diseased/ non diseased) NHANES can have repeated cross sectional studies pros: less expensive, faster cons: only provides association or prevalence information, temporality issue

what is prevalence?

all people living with the health outcome of interest within a specified timeframe, regardless of when that person was diagnosed or developed the health outcome think of how much a disease is a burden right now incident cases are counted in the prevalent cases the number of existing cases of a disease or other condition in a given population total number of new cases this year/total number of people = prevalence

what is incidence?

all the people who change in status from one state of health to another (such as non-disease to disease) over a specific period of time -the number of new cases of a disease during a specified time period in a defined population -number of cases this year/total number of people = incidence

Environmental strategies

are changes to physical, social or economic factors that affect how people behave. Nudge strategies to change placement of flavored milk Milk promotion campaigns Nudges: Traditional economic theory assumes people make choices that are best from them (i.e rational decision making) "consumers frequently default to whatever choice is presented to them (i.e. the norm) and take mental shortcuts or heuristics Behavioral economics decreases the cognitive load of key decisions by making the ideal choice the easiest choice Address cognitive biases that limit reason-based approaches Do not restrict choice Incentives are not nudges

Policy changes

are instituted through formal, written standards accepte or adopted by a governing body or institution ex. banning flavored milk chocolate milk only sold on Fridays

System changes

are those that impact all areas of an organization or institution Locally procured milk Changes to milk cartons for recycling/composting

methods to test a questionnaire/survey

community or clinical screenings focus groups interview with key informants survey direct assessments

Cost effectiveness analysis:

comparison among programs; can determine which program produces the greatest benefit per cost Example: costs per life-year gained Part of the summative evaluation

possible explanations for research observation

determining whether the data are valid bias, chance or truth

confounding bias

hidden factors or characteristics that are distributed differently in the study and control groups and may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors

Collective impact

the commitment of a group of important actors from different sectors to a common agenda for solving a specific social problem at scale. Requires partnerships among different stakeholders

ecological/correlation studies

typically involve studying large geographical regions over time often involves plotting an exposure and outcome values to identify trends -results are only correlations, but can inform future work

Community needs assessment

used to determine setting, recruitment methods, and retention strategies

Four dimensions of food security

1. Food availability 2. Access 3. Utilization 4. Stability

What are the steps involved in a community needs assessment

1. set the parameters of the assessment 2. Develop a collection plan 3. collect data about the community, environment and background factors and individuals who represent the target population 4. analyze and interpret data 5. share the findings of the assessment 6. set priorities 7. chose a plan of action

case control study

2 groups are identified at the start of the study: diseased (cases) and non-diseased (controls) retrospectively determine the exposure to the risk factor from each group of interest to compare the odds of exposure among cases and controls (good for rare diseases) pros: relatively fast and inexpensive cons: rely upon recollections of the past (biased recollections) might be hard to find controls

randomized controlled trial

2 or more groups are randomly assigned. one of them is the control participants are followed from baseline to the intervention

nonrandomized control trial

2 or more groups that are not randomly assigned. one of them is the control participants are followed from baseline to post-intervention

Food Availability

Addresses the "supply side" of food security and is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade Food is not available to be purchased, even by those with financial means

Cost

Costs associated with the intervention or program and its implementation

RE-AIM

Criteria to assess public health impact is used to translate research into practice and to help plan programs to improve their likelihood of working in real-world settings Random control trial to community implementation Research can't have true public health impact without real world implementation Also used to better understand the strengths and weakness of different public health approaches

What is structural racism?

Definition: Macro-level systems, social forces, institutions, ideologies, and processes that interact with one another to generate and reinforce inequities among racial and ethnic groups Racism has been identified as a "force in determining how social determinants of health are distributed" Since racism impacts how social determinants of health are distributed, it influences one's ability to achieve their optimal health and wellness Includes optimal nutritional status

What is health literacy?

Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information, tools, and services to make appropriate health decisions In addition to oral communication, there are important strategies for written materials to promote health literacy

Well-Timed

Fulfills a need Is not too early to be successful Is not so late that the majority either don't need it or already have it

Provide an example of active learning

Give a talk Participate in discussion Actual experience Stimulation, role-playing

Goals vs objectives

Goals are more broad than objectives Often more lofty or difficult You'll need to implement multiple objectives to complete a goal Goals are broad statements of desired changes or outcomes Objectives are specific, measurable actions to be completed within a specified time frame

Theory of planned behavior

If people view a recommended behavior as positive (attitude), and if they think their significant others want them to do it (subjective norm), the result is a higher intention (motivation), and they are more likely to perform the behavior. Smoking, drinking, health services utilization, breastfeeding, substance use or abuse, etc. It states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation (intention) and ability (behavioral control). A modification of the theory - The theory of trying The TPB is comprised of six constructs that collectively represent a person's actual control over the behavior: Attitudes Behavior Intention Subjective norms Social norms Perceived power Perceived behavioral control

What are the 5 key aspects of implementation science

Implementation science pays attention to... The innovation being implemented, by whom, in what context, at what interval, and with what approach.

SMART objectives

In program planning, goals do not need to be SMART, but objectives do. SMART goals are common in counseling. SMART Specific Measurable Achievable Revelant Timely

Adoption

Initial decision to try an innovation or the uptake of the intervention or program

Teacher-centered Instruction

Instruction where the teacher's role is to present the information that is to be learned and to direct the learning process of students Teacher identifies lesson objectives and has primary role in instruction Demonstration, lecture, lecture-discussions

Policy

Intentions or guidelines that guide action Ex. Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Limitations of SCT

It assumes that changes in the environment will automatically lead to changes in the person. It is loosely organized, based solely on the dynamic interplay between person, behavior, and environment. It heavily focuses on processes of learning and in doing so disregards biological and hormonal predispositions that may influence behaviors. It does not focus on emotion or motivation, other than through reference to past experience.

Perceived behavioral control Limitations of TPB

It assumes the person has acquired the opportunities and resources to be successful in performing the desired behavior, regardless of the intention. It does not account for behavioral intention and motivation, such as fear, threat, mood, or past experience. It does not take into account environmental or economic factors that may influence a person's intention to perform a behavior. It assumes that behavior is the result of a linear decision-making process, and does not consider that it can change over time. It doesn't say anything about actual control over behavior. The time frame between "intent" and "behavioral action" is not addressed.

Limitations of health-related behavior:

It doesn't account for a person's attitudes, beliefs, or other individual determinants that dictate a person's acceptance of a health behavior. It doesn't take into account behaviors that are habitual (e.g., Smoking). It doesn't take into account behaviors that are performed for non-health related reasons such as social acceptability. It doesn't account for environmental/economic factors that may prohibit or promote the recommended action. It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information on the illness or disease. It assumes that cues to action are widely prevalent in encouraging people to act and that "health" actions are the main goal in the decision-making process.

Why should we use behavior change theory in our work?

It's difficult to change the way people think or act To enact meaningful change—whether it be in one person or an entire community—you need to influence people! Provides nutritionists with powerful tools to help people help themselves Harnesses psychology to explain and explore human behavior Strategies to motivate people to adopt healthier lifestyles Without behavior theory to inform an intervention,

Appropriateness

Perception of compatibility or relevance in specific setting

Food hubs

Performs or coordinates the aggregation, distribution, and marketing of primarily locally/regionally produced foods from multiple producers to multiple markets. Committed to buying from small to mid-sized local producers whenever possible. Works closely with producers, particularly small-scale operations, to ensure they can meet buyer requirements by either providing technical assistance or finding partners that can provide this technical assistance. Aims to be financially viable while also having positive economic, social, and environmental impacts within their communities, as demonstrated by carrying out certain production, community, or environmental services and activities.

What is the world food problem?

Population increases and associated demands for living space have increased the cost of farmable land Future global land clearing may also promote species extinction and promote climate change Farmland use is also driven by dietary patterns Financial prosperity in developing countries is associated with the adoption of Western diets Global population is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050 (32% increase)

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):

the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.