FSOT All 1/19/21

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

marginal utility

MU1/P1=MU2/P2

Newspaper syndicate

also called Press Syndicate or Feature Syndicate. Agency that sells artwork and writing to other newspapers

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. Slavery forbidden above the 36/30 parallel, Maine admitted as free state to keep the balance in the Senate.

externality

an economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume

countervailing duties

antidumping duties

requirements for eligibility in the Senate

must be 30 years old, must have been a U.S. citizen for the past nine years, must be a resident of the state they are representing at the time of their election

Introductory Speech

"Preceeding something. Don't just list acheivements or characteristics, but engage audience and whet appetite. Do not include any criticism. Confer with the people you're introducing beforehand."

Presentation (speech type)

"Recently became most common speech form in US. Contains media besides a speaker (photos, ppt, handout, etc.). May contain tables/charts. Meant to be delivered multiple times to different audiences."

William Green

"Second long-term president of the American Federation of Labor, serving from 1924 until his death in 1952. Strong supporter for labor-management cooperation and was on the frontline for wage and benefit protections and industrial unionism legislation. Moved the federation away from the foundations of ""pure and simple unionism"" to a more politically active ""social reform unionism."""

Problem-Solving Speech

"Speaker outlines problem, attempts to diagnose cause, and suggests solution. Can by type of persuasive speech. Must follow logical pattern (introduction, definition of problem, possible solutions, picks their fave, support, rebuttals)"

trough

"Stage in a business cycle where activity is bottoming, or where prices are bottoming before a rise."

South Dakota v. Wayfair

2018 Supreme Court Case. States can require internet retailers to collect sales taxes in states where they have no physical presence.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

Collective noun

collection of people, places, or things that act as one. Example of collective nouns are as follows: team, class, jury, family, audience, and flock

Alta Vista

"Most used early search engines, lost out to Google"

Apple v. Pepper

"2019 Supreme Court Case. Court allowed an enormous antitrust class action against Apple to move forward, saying consumers should be allowed to try to prove that the technology giant had used monopoly power to raise the prices of iPhone apps."

Extemporaneous Speech

"Combines elements of prep and improv. Drawing on a prepared speech, but not reading from script or memory. Conversational, informal. Appropriate for casual gatherings. Establishes rapport. Speaker must be very familiar with source material. Different from impromptu in that you may know you are going to give it and be able to prepare."

Bureau of Printing and Engraving

"Designs and produces a US currency, Treasury securities, military commissions, and ID cards Does not produce coins. Thats the US Mint's job. "

Denotative Meaning

"Literal meaning, product of unconscious agreement of community. (Whale = big ocean mammal) Be sure the speech uses words whose denotative meaning makes sense."

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Cooper v. Aaron

1958; reaffirmed (9-0) Brown v Board. Outlawing the "Separate but equal" doctrine reasserted that the U.S. Constitution's "Supremacy Clause" (Article VI, Section 2) declared a federal judge ruling could not be ignored/overruled by a Governor of a state.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

19th Century Immigration Limits

-1870 Naturalization Act: Provided a path to citizenship for people of African decent but excluded other people of color. -Chinese Exclusion Act: Limited immigration from East Asia Immigration Act of 1882: Taxed -Johnson (Emergency) Quota Act: Limited immigration

US entry into WWI

-Lusitania -Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany -Zimmerman note -Democracy

3 most populous countries in Africa

1)Nigeria, 2)Ethiopia, 3)Egypt

Managers perform 3 major types of roles within orgs:

1. Interpersonal Roles 2. Informational Roles 3. Decision Roles

3 Most Populated Countries in Africa

1. Nigeria, @ Ethiopia, 3 Egypt

Non-Programmed decisions

Are novel and lack clear guidelines for rescuing a solution

What is commodity money?

Backed by gems or precious metals

Clinton Vs. NY

Banned presidential use of line item veto

franking privilege

Benefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free

Gulf of Thailand

Body of water between Thailand and Cambodia

kilometer to mile

1.6 KM to 1 Mile

change or increase in money supply

1/interest X total increase

What percent of the U.S. economy makes up total tax revenues?

18%

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 — First minimum wage (40 cents) and 40-hour work week

Mayflower Doctrine

1939 doctrine saying broadcasters should not editorialize; later reversed

first political speech on television

1947 - Harry Truman

Bakke v. University of California

1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.

2015 Race and Redistricting Cases

2015 Supreme Court Cases. State Legislature had relied too heavily on race in its 2012 state redistricting by maintaining high concentrations of black voters in some districts.

feet to meters

3 feet or 1 yard to 1 meter more or less

Requirements to be a Senator

30 years old, US citizen 9 years, resident of elected state

House of Representatives

435 members proportioned to each state by population and elected every 2 years. The House initiates revenue bills and hold impeachment hearings.

how many representatives in the House?

435 which are determined proportionally by population

Hawaii

50th state, admitted in 1959

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

5th Amendment self-incrimination clause requires government agents to warn suspects of their right to remain silent and/or contact an attorney before questioning them when they are in custody. Statements made without Miranda Warning are inadmissible in court (like the exclusionary rule for evidence)

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Lead to corrosive acts.

Miller v. California

A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.

Citizens United v. FEC

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering.

Kanban

A Japanese word meaning "card" or "visible record" that refers to cards used to control the flow of production through a factory

Legislative Process

A bill is introduced by a member of Congress and is assigned to the appropriate (sub)committee where hearings may be called to investigate. If approved, the bill goes to the floor at the discretion of the Senate Majority Party leadership for debate. Both houses must pass the same bill before it can go before the President, who can either sign or veto. If they veto, 2/3 of each house are needed to override.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Hatch Act

A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.

Bond

A financial security that represents a promise to repay a fixed amount of funds

What is an elastic good?

A good where consumers are very responsive to changes in prices.

delta

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake

Gideon v. Wainwright

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia

The Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Pullman Strike

A national railroad strike in the US (followed depression of 1893) on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland.

International Organization for Standardization

A non-governmental global organization whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

short run

A period during which at least one of a firm's resources is fixed

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.

Democratic Party

A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sample

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

Krishna River

A river that runs through southern Indian

externalities

A side effect of an action that affects a third party other than the buyer or seller.

What is a technological monopoly

A single company controls the technology necessary to supply the product.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

What is a bear market?

A steady drop in the stock market over a period of time

progressive tax

A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases

proportional tax

A tax in which the average tax rate is the same at all income levels.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Common noun

A word that identifies any of a class of people, places or things. Articles usually precede them such as "an" or "the."

Lake Victoria

Africa's largest lake

McCulloch vs. Maryland

After Maryland tried to tax the Bank of the US, the Supreme Court decided that any form of state sovereignty over a federal institution was unconstitutional.

Who is the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

Equal Employment Opportunity

All people are guaranteed an equal chance for employment regardless of race, religion, gender

SEATO

Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

What is supply-side economics?

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

free market

An economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.

aggregate demand

C+I+G+(X-M)

An example of an agency that exists to make sure that publishers, songwriters and artists are compensated for their artistry is: A. FCC B. A&R C. ASCAP D. US Copyright Office

C. ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) is the only licensing agency that compensates artists

Phatic communication is A. communication designed to convince the other party B. dialogue that comes largely from one party C. communication symbolized by friendly social interest in the people one is with D. always non verbal communication

C. communication symbolized by friendly social interest in the people one is with

The GLOBE Franework

Charismatic Type, Participative Type, Humane-oriented type, autonomous type, self-protective type

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Tibetan Plateau

Elevated plateau in Central and East Asia. It is 3 miles above sea level and contains the Himalaya Mountains

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

adaptive expectations

Expectations about inflation or other economic events.

Yellowstone Act (1872)

Founding the National Park System. Signed by Grant

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism

Head of the US State Department Bureau of Counterterrorism. Coordinates DoS efforts to improve counterterrorism between governments

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Consumer Protection Act

Law makes it a Class B Misdemeanor to commit any unfair or deceptive act in any trade or commerce

Types of Power for Leaders

Legitimate, Reward, Coercive, Referent, and Expert.

Factory Act

Limited children's and adolescents work week in textile factories in England (1833)

Conceptual Decision Making

Mental model, then base the model on his predictions

Impromptu Speech

Most people can only succeed in areas of expertise. Different from extemporaneous speech in that you don't know you're going to give it and cannot prepare.

Himalaya Mountains

Mountain range along border of India/Nepal/Bhutan

Ural Mountains

Mountains that mark the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

Organization of American States

OAS, regional trade organization working for economic and political cooperation

Baker Vs. Carr

One man, one vote

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

What is oligopoly?

Only a few firms control production and distribution of products, such as cars. barriers to entry are high.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Independence of Syria

Path towards to independence from France after WWII. Adopted a new constitutuion in 1950.

Pampas

Plains in northern Argentina & Uruguay

PDCA Cycle

Plan, Do (test), Check, Act (implement on a full scale)

The Four Essential Management Functions

Planning Organizing Leading Controlling

Bill becomes a law when

President signs it, or if not signed within 10 days and Congress is in session

25th Amendment (1967)

Presidential Succession; intra-term Vice Presidential Vacancy is a presidential nominee who needs to be approved by a majority of both houses; Presidential Inability

Job Specification

Printed outline of required knowledge and skills

Human Resources Planning

Process of predicting and planning for employee needs.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.

Article VII

Ratification

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Indirect Object

Receives the direct object. It is usually found between the verb and the direct object. A strategy for identifying the indirect object is to find the verb and ask the questions to whom/for whom or to what/ for what. Ex. Jane made her daughter a cake For whom did Jane make the cake? her daughter Cake is the Direct object because it is what Jane made and daughter is the indirect object because she receives the cake

Brain makes decisions using one of two systems:

Reflective or Reactive

May 29th 1790

Rhode Island the last state to ratify the constitution by two votes.

7th Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

2nd amendment

Right to bear arms

7th amendment

Right to jury in civil trials.

Yellow Sea

Separates Korean Peninsula and China, Yellow river runs into it

When did the framers of the constitution sign the constitution ?

September 17th, 1787

Affirmative Action

Strategy for increasing minority presence in groups through special preference

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do. Prohibited price discrimination

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do. Signed by Wilson

Article III

Supreme Court

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Continental USA

The 48 states that are connected together on land.

Bureau of International Information Programs

The Bureau of International Information Programs develops strategic communications for the US foreign affairs community. It produces electronic and print publications, speaker programs, and resource services that explain US policies, society, and values for the media, government officials, opinion leaders, and the general public in more than 140 countries.

The Daily Herald

The Daily Herald is Suburban Chicago's largest daily newspaper.

The Fairness Doctrine

The Fairness Doctrine was a policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was - in the Commission's view - honest, equitable, and balanced. The FCC eliminated the Doctrine in 1987, and in August 2011 the FCC formally removed the language that implemented the Doctrine.

All bills that raise money originate in

The House of Representatives

The Observer

The Observer is a British Newspaper published in Sundays. It was first published in 1791 and its the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.

The Priming theory

The Priming theory states that the human brain can be primed to notice things that it ordinarily would completely overlook. The same thing happens when the press begins spending time on an issue that might ordinarily simmer on a back burner, once the issue becomes news, it tends to become relevant. When the public begins to view a candidate in light of a particular issue that has been brought up by the media even though it was not a consideration prior to its introduction, it is an example of priming effect. It is believed that thought this theory the media has the power to control how audiences interpret new information. An example of Priming: the media easily influences children and their behavior can be based on the contents shown in the television. For e.g. a child tends to enact the qualities of their favorite character in movies and tend to display their characteristics.

Executive Office of the President

The agencies that help the president manage daily activities so that they may govern efficiency. Most heads are appointed, not confirmed by the Senate. They are headed by the Chief of Staff and include the Press Secretary, National Security Council and Communications Office.

Legitimate Power

The authority to issue commands to subordinates. Usually limited to a defined range of employees and tasks.

Meliorism

The belief the world can be made better by human effort.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

The case that ruled that slaves were property and could not sue

Sierra Madre

The chief mountain range in Mexico

16th Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

South America

The continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama

Europe

The continent north of Africa and west of Asia

Leadership

The development of a vision and the guidance to lead people to that vision.

international trade

The exchange of goods and services among nations, allowing a given nation to take advantage of broader markets and specialize. Requires disposable income to purchase native and imported products.

Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Lake Ontario

The fifth biggest lake in the US, in the state of NY, it is also in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is fed by the Niagara River and the St. Lawrence River.

Supreme Court

The highest federal court in the United States and the only one established in the Constitution. Grants writs of certiorari to appeals cases (150/7000 annually). Rulings are final and cannot be appealed.

New South

The ideology following Reconstruction that the South could be restored to its previous glory through a diversified economy, it was used to rally Southerners and convince outside investors to underwrite regional industrialization by extolling the resources, labor supply, and racial harmony of the South.

Volga River

The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river.

Amazon River

The longest river in South America, flowing from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean

Death Valley

The lowest point in USA

Arctic Circle

The most northerly of the five major circles of latitude. It runs through Alaska and northern Canada.

Antarctic Circle

The most southerly of the five major lines of latitude; 66.5 degrees South latitude; separates the Polar and Temperate climate zones in the Southern Hemisphere

Job rotation

The movement of employees from position to position within an organization, used to increase skill base.

counting numbers

The numbers used to count; the members of the set {1,2,3,4,5,...}. Also called natural numbers.

Indian Ocean

The ocean that lies east of Africa and south of India.

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

10th amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Departmentalization

The process of placing jobs in categories according to their customer base, geographical location, or function.

Customer departmentalization

The process of sorting jobs according to the customers they serve (corporate vs private)

North America

The third largest continent; located in the Western Hemisphere and connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama.

Income distribution

The way the national income is divided into "shares" ranging from the poor to the rich. rankings are divided into sections called quintiles

Hudson Bay

The world's largest bay; located in north-eastern Canada.

President during Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson

Time Out

Time Out is a magazine created in 1968 and a London based publication.

populist party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Quartiles

Values that divide a data set into four equal parts

Llanos

Vast grassy, treeless plain in Colombia & Venezuela; used for livestock grazing and farming

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. (Standard Oil)

Articles of Confederation (economic history)

Weak federal government could neither prevent interstate trade disputes nor create a tariff.

Systemic Decision Making

Weighing alternatives with all relevant information before a decision

What is a geographic monopoly?

When only one business offers the product in a certain area.

Mutual Aid Model

William Schwartz - self-help and support groups. Clients within the group need and help each other as they deal with problems common to all members

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Opposed by Jeffersonian Republicans like Jefferson and Patrick Henry in the Anti-Federalist papers.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply. Signed by Wilson

International Monetary Fund

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

UN General Assembly

a body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbinding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council

antecedent

a noun to which a pronoun refers; it needs to be written or spoken before the pronoun is used. Many of the personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns need this.

digit

a number between 0 and 9

line-item veto

an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature; Supreme Court held the Line Item veto Act of 1996 to be unconstitutional

interrogative pronouns

ask questions (what, which who, whom, whose)

Steering Committee

assigns senators of the majority party to standing committees

mean

average

theroretical probability

based on what should happen

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

What are the 3 types of money?

commodity, representative, fiat

Intrinsic Motivation

compels a person to do something because it is challenging and interesting to them

two things that determine successful marketing

convincing consumers they need the product. focus marketing towards those who have a need or desire for the product

Aswan Dam

dam across the Nile River in Egypt. Created Lake Nassar and helps to create more farmland. Built between 1960 and 1970.

two categories of fractions

decimal and common

complemetary product

demand go together

Declaration of Universal Human Rights

drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt in 1948 never implemented by the UN

What is a competitive market?

due to large number of buyers and sellers, there is no way any one seller or buyer can control the market or price

neoclassical economics

economic theories and approaches that studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal benefit, supply creates its own demand; say's law; tend to put relatively more emphasis on long-term growth than on fighting recession, because they believe that recessions will fade in a few years and long-term growth will ultimately determine the standard of living. long term productivity growth determines the potential GDP level and that the economy typically will return to full employment after a change in aggregate demand.

unit elastic

elasticity = 1

Subjects

every sentence must include a subject and a verb. it is who or what the sentence is about. It is often directly stated and can be determined by asking "who?" or "what?' did the action.

Senate

exclusive powers to confirm or reject all presidential appointments, ratify treaties, and try to impeachment cases intimated by the house of representatives

Anti-federalist

feared that a stronger central government would weaken the states. They sought additional protection for civil liberties. Notable members and authors of their papers include: Thomas Jefferson, patrick henry ,samuel adams, george mason.

Huang He River

flows from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean; also called the Yellow River

Ural River

flows from the Ural Mountains through Russia, Kazakhstan, and into the Caspian Sea (east of the Volga)

Name the 3 types of unemployment

frictional, structural, cyclical

Six nonvoting members

from D.C., Puerto Rico,American Samoa, Guam, Norther Marina Islands and the US Virgin Islands

war chest

funds collected by a candidate to spend on a political campaign

John adams

future second president of the united states

internal rate of return/rate of profit

future value - present value/present value

compound interest

future value = present value(1 + i) to the number of years

substitution product

goods bought in lieu of another

Samuel Adams

governor of Massachusetts (1794-1797), lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1789-1794), and president of the Massachusetts Senate (1782-1785,1787-1788)

What is the Offending effrontery in relation to journalists?

has to do with obscenity

Mount Kilimanjaro

highest mountain peak on the African continent; located in Tanzania

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

Federal Reserve Board of Governors

is structurally independent of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government

What are the 4 factors of production?

land, labor, capital and enterpreneurship

Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution

lists specific (enumerated) powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.

supply side economics

macroeconomic theory arguing that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering taxes and decreasing regulation (opposite of demand side economics)

demand side economics

macroeconomic theory which says that economic growth and full employment are most effectively created by high demand for products and services. Increased governmental spending will help to grow the economy by spurring additional employment opportunities. (opposite of supply side economics)

Communications Decency Act

made it illegal to make indecent sexual material on internet accessible to anyone 18 or under. It was unconstitutional because of the 1st amendment.

alpaca

mammal of Peru with fine, long, woolly hair

Law of Decreasing Marginal Utility

marginal utility falls as consumption increases

What is per capita income?

mean per person income in a population

Capital

money for investment physical buildings, equipment, and human skills used in the production of goods and services

sticky wages

nominal wages that are slow to fall even in the face of high unemployment and slow to rise even in the face of labor shortages

Undersecretaries

nominated by the president and approved by the senate

Generals

nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate

puritans

non-separatists who, in 1630, joined the migration to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony

experimental probability

number of times an outcome occurs in an experiment

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance

Properties of Voice

quality, intelligibility, & variety

nominal variables

race, gender, family status are examples of nominal variables in a sample

nominal vs real interest rate

real interest rate factors in inflation

Rio Grande

river that forms the border between Texas and Mexico

What is utility?

satisfaction

normative statement

statement which describes how the world should be

Genhis Khan

the leader who created the largest Empire in the world after uniting the Mongol tribes

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Simple subject

the single noun without its modifiers

Passive voice

when the subject receives the action of the sentence, the verb is this voice. ex. the ice cream was eaten by Jamie. the subject ice cream receives the action of being eaten

difference between who and whom

who is a subjective case pronoun used only as a subject or subject complement. Whom is only objective case and therefore the object of the verb or preposition. hint: think of whether someone would say he (use who) or him( use whom)

Participles

words formed from verbs that are often used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb or verb phrase. " the RUNNING teenager collided with cyclist." Also can create compound verb forms "He is SPEAKING."

Lake Baikal

world's deepest freshwater lake; located in Russia

second person pronouns

you, yours

first political campaign ads on television

1952 - Eisenhower

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

nominal or categorical data

different segments but not easy to categorize

verb complement

refers to the direct object or indirect object in the sentence.

Past verb form regular vs irregular

regular(love/loved; hate/hated) or irregular because they don't end by adding the common past tense suffix "-ed" (go/went; fall/fell; set/set)

standard deviation

statistic that describes how close a variable is to the mean

ratifying the constitution

the articles of confederation required 9/13 states to ratify the document. Conventions were held in all thirteen states and sparked heated debates between those who supported and those who opposed the new system of government. The federalists vs. antifederalist continued to debate for two years and inspirited series of essays known as the federalist papers and anti-federalist papers authored anonymously by leaders of their respective party.

Wyoming 1869

the first state to give women the vote

Mount Everest

the highest mountain peak in the world; located in the Himalayas on the border of China and Nepal

Vinson Massif

the highest mountain peak on the Antarctic continent

mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Pronoun-antecedent agreement

the need for the antecedent and the corresponding pronoun to agree in gender, person, and number

What is gnp?

the net value of goods and services rendered by a country in 1 year, based on its factors of production whether they are within the u.s. or abroad.

Chain of Command

the paths of authority in an organization

normal distribution (bell curve)

the pattern of scores usually observed in a variable that clusters around its average

pronoun reference

the pronoun should refer clearly to one, clear, unmistakable noun (the antecedent)

economics

the study of how society manages its scarce resources

behavioral economics

the study of situations in which people make choices that do not appear to be economically rational

implied powers

the unstated powers that can be reasonably inferred from the constitution

fiscal policy

the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy

fauna

(Latin) Animals of a country. Elephant, Komodo, and Tigers are examples in Southeast Asia

flora

(Latin) Plants and flowers of a country. Orchids and Rubber Trees are examples in Southeast Asia.

Macroeconomic sectors

1. Consumers 2. Businesses 3. Government 4. Foreign sector

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission)

1941; FDR established this federal agency to fend off march in Washington by A. Philip Randolph's African American supporters to protest racial discrimination in hiring by wartime, federally funded corporations; this agency would monitor and prosecute cases of racial discrimination

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

24th amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Genghis Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Article V

Amending the Constitution -2/3 state legislatures (3/4 to ratify) -2/3 of Congress can propose amendments

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)

An American citizen in jail because he allegedly joined the Taliban extremist group should have access to a "neutral decision maker"

command economy

An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions, setting allocation and production. Prone to corruption and inefficiency

Aral Sea

An inland saltwater sea in Katzakstan and Uzbekistan.

European Commission

An institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. US Senate blocked US entry.

Staff position

Any position that leads, assists, or supports the line positions

plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the measure of a given nation's output in a limited amount of time.

Subjective pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who

Gulf of Aden

Narrow water passage between Yemen and northeastern Africa

Frances Perkins

" American workers-rights advocate who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. Helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. Oversaw Civilian Conversation Corps, Public Works Administration, Social Security Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, and labor during WWII."

Interpol

"International organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. Provides investigative support, expertise, and training to law enforcement."

U.S. Counterterrorism Team

"Part of the ODNI, responsibile for national and international counterterrorism efforts. Brings together specialists from other federal agencies and analyzes data on US citizens for terrorist activities. "

Eyewitness Testimony in speeches

"Use in the right circumstance, establish credentials, allow audience to evaluate testimony"

Verb has 5 basic forms

(1) the base form (2) the -s form (3) the -ing form (4) the past form (5) the past participle form

four types of marketing utility (enjoyment)

1. form utility 2. place utility 3. time utility 4. ownership utility

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

Triangle Fire

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in New York kills nearly 150 workers becuase they had no safety measures

Timbs v. Indiana

2019 Supreme Court Case. Court limited the ability of police to seize private property used to commit crimes.

twelfth amendment

An amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1804, that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college. If no-one wins the majority of electoral votes in the presidential election, the house of representatives decides the presidency. They may only vote for the top three candidates and each state delegation votes as a singular bloc. 26 votes, a simple majority are required to elect the president. The house has only elected the president twice, in 1801 and 1825.

Background

Background - the information can be published but only under conditions negotiated with the source. Generally, the sources do not want their names published but will agree to a description of their position. These backgrounds briefings have become routine in many venues, especially with government officials.

Sea of Japan

Body of water separating Japan from mainland Asia

Andaman Sea

Body of water stretching from Burma to Indonesia

Subject complement

Comes after a linking verb. It is typically an adjective or noun that gives more information about the subject: the king was noble and spare the thief's life Noble describes the king and follows the linking verb was

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state

DC v. Heller

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. Polarization of the Court along Party Lines.

O & O Stations are those A. without sanctions to operate by the FCC B. operated by companies with public stock offerings C. interconnected together, coast to coast, with the same network D. owned and operated by a network that provides a regular schedule of programming

D. O & O means owned and operated by a network. O & O stations so have sanction by the FCC to operate. Companies with public stock having nothing to do with being O & O

Supervisory Leadership

Daily direction, support, and feedback

17th Amendment (1913)

Direct election of senators

supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

Economic theory that tax cuts for individuals and businesses encourage investment and production (supply) and stimulate consumption (demand) because individuals can keep more of their earnings. In reality, supply-side economics created a massive federal budget deficit.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Established a 40-hour work week and 40-cent minimum wage

For indefinite pronouns like anybody or everybody, use singular verbs

Everybody IS going to the store

Mapp v. Ohio

Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial

discretionary spending

Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process

Anwar el-Sadat

Former President of Egypt (1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel) He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel.

19th amendment

In 1920 congress passed this which made it illegal for states to withhold voting rights based on gender

Some plurals of money, distance and time call fro a singular verb

Incorrect: three dollars ARE enough to buy that Correct: Three dollars IS enough to buy that

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Where Euroequity is traded?

It is traded outside its country of origin

solicitor general

Justice Department officer who argues the government's cases before the Supreme Court; nomination from president and confirmation by Senate

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

Largely banned party soft money, restored a long-standing prohibition on corporations and labor unions for using general treasury funds for electoral purposes, and narrowed the definition of issue advocacy.

26th amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Hindu Kush Mountains

Mountain range in northern Pakistan

pueblo revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.

Macroeconomic variables

Output, consumption, investment, government spending, net exports

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

24th Amendment (1964)

Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax

Monsoon

Seasonal winds in Southeast Asia that bring rain in the summer and a dry season in the winter.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson's treasury secretary, Taney, ordered deposits removed from the Bank of the US after Jackson vetoed the renewal of its charter.

Africa

The second-largest continent, after Asia; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east by the Indian Ocean.

Persian Gulf

This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies.

9th Amendment

Unenumerated rights: Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

personal pronouns

refer to people

Imperative mood

used to state a command or make a request Wait in the lobby Please call me next week

Compound predicate

when the subject is or does two or more things in the sentence The east chair reclines and swivels compound predicate : reclines and swivels shows two actions of the chair

Iancu v. Brunetti

"2019 Supreme Court Case. Court struck down a federal law barring the registration of vulgar trademarks, saying it ran afoul of the First Amendment."

Department of Commerce v. New York

"2019 Supreme Court Case. Sent back to a lower court a case on whether the census should contain a citizenship question, leaving in doubt whether the question would be on the 2020 census. (It didn't in the end.)"

Number of overseas adoptions by U.S. citizens

"Roughly 3,000 in 2019"

relative tax advantage of corporate debt

1 - percentage of personal tax rate/ 1 minus percentage of corporate tax rate

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar

2015 Supreme Court Case. States may prohibit judicial candidates from personally asking their supporters for money.

Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute

2018 Supreme Court Case. Court upheld Ohio's aggressive program to purge its voting rolls.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

prime number

A whole number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself.

world bank

An international organization that makes loans and provides technical expertise to developing nations.

The technology that allows a household to receive one hundred or more television signals is: A. PBS B. DBS C. MSO D. ARB

B. DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)

Pendleton Act of 1883

Created the *Civil Service Commission* to ensure that hiring of federal employees was based on examinations and merit rather than political patronage. Signed by Arthur *Historical Significance:* Significantly reduced federal patronage from powerful office-seekers thus forcing politicians to look increasingly to corporations for campaign funds.

Strategic Leadership

Creation of a climate of motivation and optimism

Patagonia

Dry plateau region found in southern Argentina.

Author of the Bill of Rights

James Madison

Hague Conventions 1899 & 1907

Made to try & internationally regulate warfare and war crimes. At the time they only applied to civilized warfare. Used in the Nuremberg Trials when prosecuting the Nazis.

8th amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

"The International Court of Justice (""The World Court"")"

Part of the UN. Settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues referred to it by the UN. Its decisions become source of international law

Asian Russia

Portion of Russian that is east of the Ural Mountains

Wilsonian Idealism

President Wilson's idealistic world view of opposing imperialism, war, revolution and the belief in democracy/democratic peace theory

Federal Reserve System

The FED buys bonds and injects money to facilitate contraction, or sells bonds and withdrawals money to facilitate expansion.

Alaska

The largest state in the United States.

Integers

The set of whole numbers and their opposites (...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ...)

Macroeconomics

The study of economic trends on the national level.

typhoon

Tropical storm that occurs in western Pacific

bill of attainder

a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court

percent decrease

change divided by old x 100 =

third person pronouns

he, them

spoils system/patronage

practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

demonstrative pronouns

replace something specific (this, that, those, these)

Multimodal statististical data

several scores are repeated.

First Intifada

"1988 sustained series of Palestinian protests, and in some cases violent riots against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Started because an Israeli truck hit and killed 3 Palestinians in a refugee camp. Lasted 5 years. Physical efforts included graffiti, molotov cocktails, and throwing stones. Civil efforts included an economic boycott (taxes and labor). 300 Israelis killed, 1600 Palestinians killed by Israelis, 400 Palestinians killed by other Palestinians as potential ""collaborators""."

Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association

"2018 Supreme Court Case. Struck down a federal law that effectively banned commercial sports betting in most states, clearing the way for legal wagering."

Equator

0 degrees latitude; halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole

AFL-CIO

1955 two larger labor unions united. American Federation Labor- Congress of Industrial Organization.

Gulf of California

A body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland.

Incentive Rate

A rate based on production

Ganges River

A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

13th amendment

Abolition of slavery

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Java Sea

Body of water between the islands of Java and Borneo (Indonesia)

Philippine Sea

Body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan

20th Amendment

Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th "Lame-duck" Amendment

3rd amendment

No quartering of soldiers

scale factor

the ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides of two similar polygons

inherent powers

the reasonable powers required by the government to manage the nation's affairs and maintain sovereignty

independent variable vs. dependent variable

(Independent variable) causes a change in (Dependent Variable) and it isn't possible that (Dependent Variable) could cause a change in (Independent Variable).

common factor

A number that is a factor of two or more numbers

Mercantilism was an economic policy that attempted to obtain a favorable balance of trade that would result in the maximum inflows of gold and silver. During what century was this economic theory popular? A. 16th B. 19th C. 13th D. 21st

A. Mercantilism was an economic theory that had wide acceptance during the 16th through 18th centuries. This theory stated that colonies existed to benefit the home country, through an exclusive and highly regulated trading relaitonship.

fair deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Bay of Bengal

Bay off of the Indian Ocean between India and Myanmar

Administrative Decision Model

Descriptive rather than prescriptive Perfect information or analysis is never available For complex and uncertain decisions to make a satisfactory one.

Where is the Danube River?

Flows through more countries than any other river in the world. Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria

9th state to ratify the constitution

New Hampshire in June 1788.

Depression of 1893

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt & slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of workforce unemployed. Led to Pullman Strike.

Fair Credit Billing Act

Provides consumers with a means to dispute a billing error on open-ended credit accounts (credit and charge cards)

WTO's role in agreements for developing member countries

Provisions requiring all WTO members to safeguard their trade interests

Vice President

Second Highest member of the executive branch. Ready to become president/ assume the duties of the office if the president is incapacitated, dead, resigned or deemed unfit by the VP and cabinet. Before the 12th amendment, the VP was the candidate with the second highest number of votes. They are president of the Senate and their role (policy agenda? advice?) is determined by the President.

Amendement II

establishes the right to bear arms

Abbington vs. Schempp

prohibited devotional bible reading in schools

What is the Leahy Amendment?

prohibits foreign assistance to security forces guilty of gross human rights violations

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Informative Speech

"Primary goal is instruction. May be entertaining, but humor/color should not distract. May contain specific data, organized arguments, supporting evidence. Often contain rebuttal of counter-arguments."

whole numbers

0,1,2,3

Erdman Act

1898 Prohibits discrimination against railroad workers because of union membership and provides for mediation of railway labor disputes

Glossip v. Gross

2015 Supreme Court Case. States may use a drug linked to apparently botched executions to carry out death sentences.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Used by Rockefeller in the 1880s to control the refining process

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Allowed for Jim Crow.

US' 3 biggest trading partners

China, Canada, Mexico

Managers are most commonly confounded by...

Confirmation Bias, which if the tendency for a person to pay attention to information that confirms her existing beliefs and ignore information that conflicts with these existing beliefs

Riley v. California (2014)

Court unanimously held that the warrantless search and seizure of digital contents of a cell phone during an arrest is unconstitutional.

New Journalism

Developed in the 1960's and 70's. Characterized by a subjective perspective style. Attempts to immerse the author and reader in the stories.

Public Stock Companies

The state (or society) grants a charter of incorporation to the company's shareholders. The shareholders appoint a board of directors to govern and oversee the firm's management. The managers in turn hire, supervise, and coordinate employees to manufacture products and provide services. -(State charter->Shareholders->Board of Directors->Management->Employees) -There exists an implicit contract based on trust between society and the public stock company.

Cloture

a procedure in the Senate for ending a debate and taking a vote

How do you measure GDP?

by expenditures or by income

how to calculate area of triangle

height x base/divided by 2

Mississippi River

largest river in US and Canada. It ends in the Gulf of Mexico.

Amendment X (ten)

reserves all power that are not specified to the federal government or prohibited to the states or the people, establishing the principles of separation of powers and federalism

Democratic values upon which the US is based include

- people are sovereign and they elect a representative government to exercise that sovereignty - the citizens of the nation are equal under the law - the peaceful transition of power is valued regardless of election results -the private property of individuals cannot be taken by force by the government without due process or fair compensation - civil liberties of the citizens of the state cannot be abridged or violated by the government without due process - the government should be accountable to the citizenry

Types of unemployment

1. frictional - Unemployed are waiting for work/ are between jobs 2. structural - unemployment caused by shifts/ changes (including technological ones) that reduce need for workers 3. cyclical - unemployment caused by the Business Cycle

Granger Movement

1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Trump v. Hawaii

2018 Supreme Court Case. President Trump had the legal authority to restrict travel from several mostly Muslim countries.

Spanish American War Causes

America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

Rockefeller

Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries

Thirty Years War

Conflict principally taking place in the Holy Roman Empire involving a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, fought for the self-preservation of the Hapsburg dynasty.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

Cost of borrowing money on an annual basis; takes into account the interest rate and other related fees on a loan.

Of all the types of magazines, the one with the most rapid growth (1989-2000) is A. health B. women's magazines C. environment and ecology D. comics

D. Comics

The journalist may print what he wishes about others, but if that information is wrong and harmful to others' reputation, the writer must suffer the consequences. Such protection for subjects of stories comes under the auspices of which of the following acts? A. Freedom of Information B. Property Protection C. Offending Effrontery D. Defamation

D. Defamation

Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, 1979

December 24, 1979 was the day that Soviet forces, after a series of perpetual pleas for assistance by the Afghan government, invaded Afghanistan, marking the beginning of the Soviet War in Afghanistan that lasted about 9 years. The two opposing sides consisted of the USSR and the democratic Republic of Afghanistan against the Sunni Mujahideen (Islamic warriors), who were supported by Pakistan, China, the US, the UK, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. These forces would later form the Taliban and al-Qaeda which would come to haunt the US in a classic case of "blowback"

Job analysis, design, and redesign

Determine how a particular job meshes with an organization as a whole. Construct the professional role to increase employee satisfaction and efficiency. Refine the existing job with flex time, rotation, enlargement, or enrichment.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Judiciary acts

Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices; provided for a system of 13 district courts and 3 courts of appeal

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

contractionary fiscal policy

Fiscal policy used to decrease aggregate demand or supply. Deliberate measures to decrease government expenditures, increase taxes, or both. Appropriate during periods of inflation.

bear market

General decline in the stock market over a period of time. Transition from high investor optimism to widespread investor fear and pessimism. Measure of a market is a price decline of 20% or more over at least a two month period.

23rd amendment

Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)

fiscal policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.

Mount Fuji

Highest mountain in Japan located Southwest of Tokyo

Trickle Down Economics

Hoover's strategy battling the Great Depression in which the money is given to the big corporations and eventually they will pay their workers more, and then the workers will spend their money and save the economy. Also used by conservatives to justify tax cuts for the wealthy and giant corporations.

Decision-making Process

Identify the Problem, Note the criteria (time, resources, priority), generate options, survey options, make the decision, generate and evaluate feedback and results.

Job Enrichment

Improving performance through more autonomy and greater skill use for unmotivated employees. 1. Skill Variety 2. Task Identity 3. Task Significance 4. Autonomy 5. Feedback

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence and wound up occupying Spain's former colonial holdings in Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, ostensibly to secure markets for export.

Gold Standard

In 1933 under FDR, the gold standard was abandoned and turned to silver. Executive Order 6102 is a United States presidential executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the Hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States". The effect of the order, in conjunction with the statute under which it was issued, was to criminalize the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation. The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and making the depression worse.

qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

Article IV

Interstate Relations -Full faith and credit (same privileges) -New states cannot be made out of existing states -The federal government guarantees republican state governments and protection

Austrian School of Economics

It is is a school of economic thought that rejects opposing economists' reliance on methods used in natural science for the study of human action, and instead bases its formalism of economics on relationships through logic or introspection called "praxeology". It is a subset of classical liberal school of economics. Friedrich Hayek was a famous member.

In Re Gault

Landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that held that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults.

Canadian Shield

Large area of rock that is in most of Eastern and Central Canada

Yucatan Peninsula

Large peninsula in Mexico. Home to many of the Mayan civilization temples

The difference between Leadership and Management

Management is about operations, plans, and budgets, while leadership is about vision and overall goals.

Consumer Behavior

Marginal propensity to consume (as income increases, consumers spend more).

Griswold v. Connecticut

Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment

Political Decision Model

Model where the primary determinant is the anticipated reaction of the affected. Usually used to create consensus and minimize conflict. Best decisions are often impossible, and do not necessarily yield the best results. Best with large groups of state holders and ambiguous information.

Jay Treaty & Treaty of Madrid

Most Favored Nations

New Journalism

New Journalism - It is a style of news writing and journalism, developed in the 1960s and 70s, which used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time. It is characterized by a subjective perspective, a literary style reminiscent of long-form non-fiction and emphasizing "truths" over "facts", and intensive reportage in which reporters immersed themselves in the stories as they reported and wrote them This was in contrast to traditional journalism where the journalist was typically "invisible" and facts are reported as objectively as possible. It was made famous by Tom Wolfe, Gay Talese and Joan Didion.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Can banks loan all their money out?

No. Banks must maintain a reserve ratio, determined by the federal reserve system

1973 Oil Crisis

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo against countries that supported Israel. The pirce of oil by 1974 had risen 300%.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson (no stare decisis). Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause ("separate is inherently unequal")

Paralanguage

Paralanguage - this is vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communications but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and temp: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures.

European Russia

Portion of Russia that is west of the Ural Mountains

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Buying producers.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Used by Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry in the 1870s.

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Acquired Endowments

Resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population-adaptive expectations-expectations that respond or adapt to recent experience-adverse selection-the phenomenon that, as an insurance company raises its price, the best risks (those least likely to make a claim) drop out, so the mix of applicants changes adversely; now used more generally to refer to effects on the mix of workers, borrowers, products being sold, and so forth resulting from a change in wages

Baltic Sea

Sea in northern Europe crossed by Viking raiders heading toward Russia

Lemon Vs. Kurtzman

The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.

The Edward R Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy

The Edward R Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy is part of the Fletcher school for International affairs at Tufts University. Its named after the distinguished broadcast journalist Edward R Murrow.

Causes of inflation

Too much money chasing too few goods is common cause for inflation. Additionally, a rise in production costs can also lead to a rise in inflation. International lending and federal taxes can also be causes of inflation, while war is also a leading cause of inflation as well.

systems approach

View that biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce psychological disorders. Also known as the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders.

Malay Peninsula

a peninsula in southeastern Asia occupied by parts of Malaysia and Thailand and Myanmar

South China Sea

a tropical arm of the Pacific Ocean near southeastern Asia subject to frequent typhoons

countervailing duty

additional tariff placed on an imported product that a nation believes is receiving an unfair subsidy

East China Sea

body of water south of Japan and east of China

Constitution reserved following powers for the states

establish local governments, hold elections, implement welfare and benefit programs, create public school systems, establish licensing standards and requirements, regulate state corporations, regulation commerce within the state

Republic party

formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which threatened to extend slavery into new territories, called for the abolition of slavery and argued for more modernized economy

women's suffrage movement

gained momentum in the early 20th century after their increase participation in the economy during WWI when much of the workforce went overseas to fight. The national women's party picketed outside the White House and led a series of protests in Washington, resulting in the imprisonment of the party leader, Alice Paul. In 1918, Woodrow Wilson declared his support for women's suffrage despite earlier opposition

object complement

gives more information about the direct object. Ex. the magician got the kids excited Kids is the direct object, and excited is the object complement

What is an Exception to Most Favored Nation principle of international law

giving special access to the U.S. market to developing countries for certain categories of products

exponential growth

growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size.

indefinite pronouns

have a nonspecific status (anybody, whoever, someone, everybody, somebody) - singular verb form but (all, none, and some) --could require a singular or plural verb form

Adverbs

have more functions than adjectives because they modify or qualify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs as well as word groups that express a relation of place, time, circumstance or cause. Answer the following questions: how, when, where, why, in what way, how often, how much, in what condition, and/or to what degree. Many end in -ily. Usually emphasize, amplify, and tone down. Also can come in phrases like "the dog ran as through his life depended on it" How good looking is he? He is VERY handsome ex. for different situation how: quickly when: daily where: there in what way: easily how often: often how much: much in what condition: badly what degree: hardly

relative pronouns

include the 5 interrogative pronouns and others that are relative (whoever, whomever, that ,when, where)

Complete subject

includes the simple subject and all the words modifying it, including articles and adjectives.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

international agreement first signed in 1947 aimed at lowering trade barriers

What is the International Monetary Fund?

international institution set up to maintain order in the international monetary system, monitors global financial developments

Ricardian Model

international trade is solely due to international differences in the productivity of labor

El Niño and La Niña (Southern Oscillation (ENSO))

large-scale weather phenomenon occurs every few years when prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and change direction

Presidential Succession Act of 1947

law specifying the order of presidential succession following the Vice President. 3rd is the Speaker of the House, 4th is the President Pro Tempore of the Senate

What are the 2 types of economies

market economies (free and competitive markets) and planned or command economies

Define Marketing

marketing consists of all of the activity necessary to convince consumers to acquire goods

objective pronouns

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them, whom-- are used when something is being done for or given to someone; they are objects of the action

Absolute phrase

modifies a noun without using a conjunction. it is not the subject of the sentence and is not a complete thought on its own. Set off from the independent clause with a comma. Ex. Arms outstretched, she yelled at the sky All things considered, this has been a great day

Guiana Highlands

mountainous or hilly sections of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil

What is gdp?

net value of goods and services rendered by a country in 1 year, strictly within its borders.

Implied Powers of Congress

powers that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution. "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution' Article I

Future Value

present value times (1 plus interest) to the power of number of years

Fourteenth amendment

prohibited states from depriving life, liberty or property without due process and from violating equal protection based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. Now, all persons born or naturalized in the United States were considered legal citizens. Although revolutionary for the theoretical rights of all American citizens, newly freed or otherwise, the fourteenth amendment did not provide actual federally enforced equal protection until civil rights act of 1964.

Amendment VIII( eight)

protects against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive fines

Amendment VII (seven)

protects the right to a trial by jury in a civil cases exceeding a dollar amount of $20

foreign policy

refers to a state's international policy governing and informing their interactions with other states. typically defines the methods they employ to safeguard the state against foreign states, the social and economic goals of the stay and how the state will achieve these goals in the global arena through their relations with foreign states. Typically an executive function, either through the head of state or delegated to the foreign ministers.

FCC(Federal Communications Commission)

regulates the television and radio industry, grants licenses to television and radio stations, and blocks monopolies.

cap and trade programs

regulatory systems in which (1) the "cap" is a government-imposed limit on carbon emissions, (2) emission permits or quotas are given or sold to states (or firms), and (3) the "trade" occurs when unused permits are sold by those who have been able to reduce their emissions beyond their quota to those who are unable to meet their quota

Collective nouns

require a singular verb form and are like crowd and congress Congress IS in session The news IS over.

Performance Management

set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations

profit maximization

setting prices so that total revenue is as large as possible relative to total costs

1970 Boundary Treaty

settled all boundary disputes between the U.S. and Mexico relating to the Rio Grande

Comparative form of comparative adjectives

shows a comparison between two things: Alicia is taller than Maria. Can be made by adding -er and -est to the positive form but some verbs call for the helping verbs more or most. Other exceptions to the rule include adjectives like bad, which uses the comparative worse and the superlative worst.

Define economics

study of choice and scarcity of resources

libertarian party

support radical policy of nonintervention and small, localized government

Federalist

supported the expansion of the federal government. Notable members and authors of their papers include: Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, james madison, john jay, John adams

money multiplier

the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, 1/reserve ratio

Outback

the arid inland region of Australia

hard peg exchange rate policy

the government chooses an exchange rate. A central bank can intervene in exchange markets in two ways. It can raise or lower interest rates to make the currency stronger or weaker. It also can directly purchase or sell its currency in foreign exchange markets.

Wha tis the nominal interest rate?

the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation

What is the real interest rate?

the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation

concurrent powers

the powers shared between the federal and state governments ex. the power to levy taxes, the power to borrow money, and the power to charter incorporations.

President McKinley

the president during the Spanish American War; asked congress to go to war in Cuba

money supply

the quantity of money available in the economy *When money supply rises, interest rates drop. Business and consumer spending rise. Employment rises.

the first two American political parties

the ratification of the constitution led to the creation of the federalists and the anti federalists Democratic republican party

subordinating conjunctions

the secondary class of conjunctions. they connect two unequal parts, one main (or independent) and the other subordinate (or dependent). The presences of them make clauses dependent. Ex. because, even though

say's law

theory that supply creates its own demand. Changes in aggregate demand have no effect on real GDP and employment, only on the price level. We can show the law on the vertical neoclassical zone of the aggregate supply curve. The neoclassical zone occurs at the right of the SRAS curve where it is fairly vertical, and so movements in AD will affect the price level, but have little impact on output

Top management are compensated more because they are valuable to the organization. These top managers do more A. organizing B. Planning C. Directing D. Controlling

B. Although top managers do all the listed activities, they are involved in strategic planning most of the time. Staffing and directing are more the responsibility of mid level managers, while controlling is the primary responsibility of the front line managers

2nd Bank of the US

Believed to be unconstitutional expansion of federal power by Jefferson and people in the South and West. Private banks had to take greater risks, causing instability, the Bank played favorites in Washington and foreign investors had undue influence.

Rational Decision Model

Best for ideal scenarios where there is plenty of data and very little risk 1. Establish goals and objectives 2. Identify the problem 3. Develop alternative solutions 4. Evaluate the alternatives 5. Choose an alternative 6. Implement the decision 7. Evaluate and control

Tasman Sea

Body of water between Australia and New Zeland

Yellow Sea

Body of water between China and the Korean Peninsula

This term describes an activity in which promotion personnel pay money in radio DJs in order to ensure that they will devote airtime to artists that their recording companies represent A. networking B. conglomeration C. payola D. musicjacking

C. payola is what's defined in the question; it become illegal in the late 1950s.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1899)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

4th amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Medicare

National health insurance program in the United States administred by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Provides health insurance for Americans aged 65+.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

What is representative money?

bank notes that exchange for a specific commodity, such as gold

Why is the Helms-Burton Law questionable in view of international trade law

because it calls for secondary boycotts

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

bullionism

belief in the importance of metallic currency in economics

What is the International Monetary Fund?

body that monitors the exchange rate of the currency

Dawes Allotment Act of 1887

broke up reservations and assigned individual pieces of land to Native Americans. Granted US citizenship to Native Americans who bought parcels. Signed by Cleveland

net present value or current value

cash flow divided by (1 plus interest) to the power of number of years

percent increase

change/old X 100

the constitution delegates the following expanded powers to the federal government

coin money, declare war, establish lower federal courts, sign foreign treaties, expand the territories in the United States , and admit new states into the union, regulate immigration, regulate interstate commerce

Complements

completes the meaning of an expression. Can be a pronoun, noun or adjective.

Principles of effective communication

confidence, authenticity, connection, succinctness

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

congress agreed not to tax exports from states for ban the trading of slaves for 20 years. this eased southerners' fears that if the northern states controlled the federal government, then they could enforce antislavery policies.

What are the 4 components of market growth?

consumer spending, exports, government spending, business spending

Amendment IX (nine)

establishes the existence of additional fundamental rights unnamed in the constitution; protects those rights that are not enumerated

Verbals

forms of verbs that act as other parts of speech. They can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. though they are verb forms, they are not used as the verb of the sentence.

SALT I Treaty

a five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.

inferior good

a good that consumers demand less of when their incomes increase

What is a government Monopoly?

a government agency is the only provider of a specific good or service

Common Market

a group of countries that acts as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)

a group of three respected economists that advise the President on economic policy

Phrases

a group of words that do not make a complete thought or a clause. they are parts of sentences or clauses. Phrases can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. A phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states. Signed by TR

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

ex post facto law

a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977)

a law that makes it a crime for U.S. corporations to bribe an official of a foreign government or political party to obtain or retain business. Signed by Carter

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it. Broke tasks into component parts and trained workers to perform specific roles. Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor

perfect market

a market in which there are no competitive advantages or asymmetries because all firms have equal access to all the factors of production. does not mean absence of regulation

perfect competition

a market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. No business or consumer can directly impact the market. Everybody is aware of competing businesses and markets

What is monopolistic competition?

a market structure in which many companies sell products that are similar but not identical. Barriers to entry are low.

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another regardless of whether the measures close to the true value

price elasticity of demand

a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

price elasticity of supply

a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price

Ways and Means Committee

a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the House on all bills that would raise revenue

convex polygon

a polygon in which each interior angle has a measure less than 180

thirteenth amendement

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. the issue of slavery was no longer in the states' hands. Although the emancipation proclamation freed slaves in the confederacy, the status of former slaves remained uncertain as the war neared its conclusion. Many Northerners did not hold strong views on slavery, but most wanted to punish the south and resolve the primary cause of the bloody civil war. The northern states all immediately ratified the amendment and in December 1865, enough reconstructed souther states ratified the amendment for it to be adopted into law.

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Nonessential relative clauses

aka non-restrictive clauses which offer additional information about a noun in the sentence, but they do not significantly control the overall meaning of the sentence. Nonessential clauses are set apart from the sentence using commas, whereas essential clauses are not separated with commas. The relative pronouns "that" is generally used for essential clauses, while "which" is used for nonessential clauses.

possessive pronoun

mine, my, your, yours, his, hers, its, their , theirs, our, and ours -- are used to denote that something (or someone) belongs to someone (or something)

Indochina Peninsula

peninsula in Southeast Asia that is bordered by the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, and Bay of Bengal. Contains: Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

Whaat is liquidity trap?

people who have cash won't invest because they expect prices to drop.

Radical Reconstruction

period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction

John Jay

president of the continental congress and further first chief justice of the United States

FTC (Federal Trade Commission)

prevents the unfair, false, or deceptive advertising of consumer products and services

Price mechanism

price signals which determines allocation of resources through interaction of supply and demand

What is the price mechanism?

price signals which determines allocation of resources through interaction of supply and demand

Thomas Jefferson

primary author of the declaration of independence and future third president of the United States

house of representatives

responsible for enacting bills relating to revenue, impeaching federal officers including president and supreme court justices, and electing the president int he case of no candidate reaching a majority in the electoral college.

12th Amendment (1804)

separation of votes for President and Vice President through voting in the Electoral College

Silk Road Goods

silk, spices, grain from China/SE Asia, horses and jade from central Asia, jewelry and art and olive oil from Roman empire, ivory tortoise shells and slaves from Africa

Independent and dependent clauses

string of words that contain both a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as complete though, but a dependent clause cannot. A dependent clause relies on other words to be a complete sentence.

Ku Klux Act 1871

suspended habeas corpus to go after KKK. Signed by Grant

trade deficit

the amount by which the cost of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports.

Bill of rights

the first ten amendments to the constitution was added in 1791, provided expanding civil liberty protection and due process of law.

Conflict Theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general

Coordinating conjunctions

the primary class of conjunctions placed between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that are of equal grammatical rank; the coordinating conjunctions are, or, and nor, but, or, yes, and so A useful memorization trick is to remember that all the first letters of these conjunctions collectively spell the word FANBOYS.

Imperative subjects

the subject of imperative sentences is implied you. because imperative subjects are commands. Ex. Go home after the meeting, Who should go home after the meeting? (you is implied)

A tangible external reward may not always have a desired effect of increasing motivation. For example, if a parent promises money to a child for good grades:

the task of learning may become viewed as a chore.

reserved powers

the unspecified powers belonging to the state that are not expressly granted to the federal government or denied to the state by the constitution ex. establish local governments, hold elections, implement welfare and benefit programs, create public school systems, establish licensing standards and requirements, regulate state corporations, regulation commerce within the state

If one subject is singular and the other is plural

the verb should agree with the closest noun Correct: the chair or the boxes are being moved next correct: the chair or the box is being moved next

Maldives

tiny country in the middle of the Indian Ocean made up of about 1,200 tiny coral islands grouped into 26 atolls

Compound subject

two or more nouns without the modifiers A little girl and her mother walked into the shop Complete subject: a little girl and her mother compound subject: girl, mother In this case, the girl and her mother are both completing the action of walking into the shop, so this is a compound subject.

Subjective mood

used to express a wish, an option or a hope that is contrary to fact If I were in charge, none of this would have happened Allison wished she could take the exam over again when she saw her score

Definite article (the)

used to refer to specific nouns: ex. the car pulled into our driveway. "the" should proceed all specific nouns regardless of whether they are singular or plural.

Indicative mood

used to state facts, ask questions, or state opinions Bob will make the trip next week When can bob make the trip?

gerunds

verbals that are used as nouns and end in -ing. can be the subject or object of the sentence like a noun. Note that a present participle can also end in -ing, so it is important to distinguish between the two. The gerund is used as a noun, while the participle is used as an Adjective. ex. swimming is my favorite sport I wish I were sleeping. Gerund phrase includes the defund and any modifiers or complements, direct objects, indirect objects, or pronouns ex. cleaning the house is my least favorite weekend activity "cleaning the house" is the gerund phrase

What is a free market economy?

voluntary private trades between buyers and sellers determine markets and priv without government intervention and monopolies.

Mohamed Mossadegh

was the name of the Prime Minister in the 1950's that tried to nationalize Iran's oil industry. very ANTI-Americanism in Iran. the British company controlled oil which made them hate Americans as well because they were Allies. American CIA kicked him out and gave power back to the Shah. Shah introduced drastic traditional reform

What was wrong with the Articles of Confederation ?

weak central government lacked the power to impose taxes, enforce a draft to staff the new army and navy, regulate trade, or enforce the laws enacted in congress. The sovereignty remained primarily with the states. The states reserved the powers to impose taxes upon each other and the citizens of their states, regulate trade within their states, coin and print money, and sign treaties with foreign states. The states also often ignored the laws enacted by congress because there was no executive branch to enforce the law. imbalance of power between the central government and the states led to crisis within the states, resulting in economic difficulties and violence. the lack of common currency and investment in interstate infrastructure greatly hindered economic growth.

Adjectives

words used to modify nouns and pronouns. They can be used alone or in a series and are used to further define or describe the nouns they modify. Articles are considered this because they help to describe nouns. Articles can be general or specific. Three articles : A, an, and the. Mark made us a DELICIOUS, FOUR-COURSE meal

American Legion v. American Humanist Association

2019 Supreme Court Case. Court allowed a 40-foot cross honoring soldiers from World War I to remain on government land.

invisible hand

A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all

Holt v. Hobbs

2015 Supreme Court Case. Arkansas corrections officials had violated the religious liberty rights of Muslim inmates by forbidding them to grow beards over security concerns.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Great Lakes

A group of five freshwater lakes of the central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior

Gain-sharing Incentive Plan

Employees receive bonuses when their group exceeds expectations

FTC (Federal Trade Commission)

Enforcement of civil US antitrust law to promote market competition and the promotion of consumer protection.

opportunity cost

Every action or inaction has a cost; something must be passed up to do something else

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Evidence illegally gathered in violation of the 4th Amendment by the police may not be used in a criminal trial

Strauder v. West Virginia (1880)

Exclusion of individuals from juries solely because of their race is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.

Job Description

Explicit verbal summary of the necessary skills, tasks, and equipment related to a job

James Kouzes and Barry Posner

Five Important Behaviors: 1. Leaders question convention 2. Leaders inspire others 3. Leaders provide information and autonomy 4. Leaders model their vision in their own behavior 5. Leaders reward and appreciate their subordinates.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of the Five Civilzesd Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw).They traveled more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma. More than 4, 00 people died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

monetary policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy, including income from foreign multinationals

GNP

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year. Takes into account income receipts from abroad

What is GDP per capita?

Gross domestic product divided by the number of people in the population.

Brazilian Highlands

Highlands occupying half of Brazil mainly on the Eastern side. Contains some of Brazil's richest farmland, where much coffee is grown.

Directive Decision Making

Important information for a quick decision, unafraid of risk

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Article II

Section 1 - President elections and qualifications Section 2 - Duties Section 3 - State of the Union Section 4 - Impeachment

discount rate

The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks

United States Trade Representative (USTR)

The key U.S. cabinet-level agency charged with negotiating international trade agreements.

Consumer Price Index

The key measure of inflation- the change in the cost of buying a fixed basket of goods and services.

The Virgina Plan

drafted by James Madison. Featured a bicameral legislature with two houses. the representatives of the lower house were to be selected by the people and then the lower house would elect the upper house. the number of representatives of each house would be based upon population or the amount of money contributed to the federal government by each state; thus, large states supported this plan. the legislature could appoint judges and select a single executive with veto power.

patrick Henry

governor of Virginia (1776-1779,1784-1786)

Sessions v. Dimaya

"2018 Supreme Court Case. Struck down a law that allowed the government to deport some immigrants who commit serious crimes, saying it was unconstitutionally vague. Justice Gorsuch joined the court's four more liberal members to form a bare majority, which was a first."

AFL

"American Federation of Labor, largest union grouping in the US for first half of 20th centurty. Merged with CIO to create the AFL-CIO, which has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the US "

FBI

"Domestic intelligence and security service of the US. 1896 founded National Bureau of Criminal Identification. Transformed into Bureau of Investigation in 1908. FBI in 1933. Created to monitor anarchists, originally"

Formula to calculate the percentage of any number

(% to whole number X number) divided by 100

ellipses

(...) consists of three handy little dots that can speak volumes on behalf of irrelevant material.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Akbar the Great

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, its stability, and an increase in trade and cultural diffusion.

Elkins Act

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Smith-Mundt Act

(1948) Launched an overseas campaign of anti-Communist propaganda. Also called the Information & Educational Exchange Act. Authorizes the State Dept to engage in "public diplomacy".

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

FCC

(Federal Communications Commission) regulates the television and radio industry, grants licenses to television and radio stations, and blocks monopolies.

Era ofGood Feeling (1820-24)

- period during the second term o f President James Monroe; Federalist Party had vanished; only one national political party (Democrat), a strong economy, little partisan strife in the country

Senate

100 Senators, two per state are popularly elected (17th amendment) after a 6 year term. 1/3 of the Senate is up for reelection every 2 years. Vice President is head of the Senate and can cast a vote as a tiebreaker. The Senate confirms presidential appointments and ratifies treaties.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Consequences of the Civil War

618,000 troops were dead; more than any other U.S. war. The 13th amendment was ratified in 1865 ending slavery. The war forever ended the states' rights argument. The South was destroyed; a plan was needed to admit Southern states back into the Union.

Voltaire's Candide

A French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment. It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism (or simply "optimism") by his mentor, Professor Pangloss. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow, painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes with Candide, if not rejecting optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best" in the "best of all possible worlds".

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment

nonexclusion

A property of certain goods and services such that (once the goods or services are provided) they cannot be denied to or withheld from people who have not paid for the goods or services; examples include street lights and national defense.

Council of Economic Advisors

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Prohabition

A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol in the United States from 1919 (18th amendment) to 1933 (21 amendment).

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Advance story

Advance story - this is news of an event to occur in the future.

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president. The 15 cabinet positions are Agriculture, Commerce, Treasury, Labor, Defense, Justice, HUD, HHS, Energy, Transportation, Education, Homeland Security, Interior, State and Veterans Affairs. Cabinet heads are in line of presidential succession.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820). Signed by Monroe

Grutter v. Bollinger

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan

Four Modernizations

An economic and social program that called for limited privatization of agriculture and industry, encouraged foreign investment and foreign trade, and resulted in a boost for the Chinese economy. Unlike the Great Leap Forward, the Four Modernizations was an economic success.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia

Office of Management and Budget

An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.

Federal Register

An official document, published every weekday, which lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies.

override veto

An override is when it goes back to congress and receives at least a 2/3 majority in both houses and therefore becomes a law without the approval of the president.

Line position

Any position within the chain of command that directly contributes to the completion of the goals

Congress

Article I. All legislative power vested in bicameral Congress made up of House and Senate tasked with making 'necessary and proper.' laws, establishing a budget, oversight and investigation (hearings).

Which of the following amendments to the US Constitution conferred automatic US citizenship on all persons born in the US? A. 13th B. 14th C. 15th D. 16th

B. The 14th amendment conferred automatic citizenship on all persons born within the territorial limits of the United States. The 13th amendment, which abolished slavery, was ratified in 1865. The 15th amendment was ratified in 1870. It states that US citizens right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race color or previous condition or servitude. The 16th amendment was ratified in 1913. It granted the federal government the right to collect taxes based on personal income.

Buisness cycle

Boom - GDP is high, consumption increases, prices rise (inflation) Bust - GDP falls, prices fall and unemployment rises (supply is greater than demand) Trough - Recession (2 quarters of negative growth) Recovery - Prices rise, as does employment

12th amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Which of the following statements is not true? A. At the time of the American Revolution, most white residents of the 13 colonies were either of northern or western European descent B. The Naturalization Act of 1790 made citizenship--and all of its accompanying rights--available to free white men of European descent and only to free white men of European descent C. The right to be educated in the language spoken in their homes was first granted during the 1820s to Pennsylvania's German speaking population D. Less than half of all southern whites belonged to slave owning families

C. Although during the 1820s a group of Pennsylvanians did indeed petition Congress to make German the official language of their state, the petitioned was denied.

Associative Property

Changing the grouping of numbers will NOT change the value. For example: (7 + 4) + 8 = 7 + (4 + 8) also works with multiplication and with addition as well

Habeus Corpus Act

Charles II signed this, which protects people from arrest without due process

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.

NIOSH (National institute for occupational safety and health)

Conduct research and make recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.

US Constitution (economic history)

Congress can regulate trade, international commerce and interstate commerce, and could levy taxes. Commerce clause would be interpreted more broadly in the 20th century to support the administrative/ regulatory state.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition. The drafted the Declaration of Independence and made an army with George Washington in command.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Marshall Court (1801-1835)

Decided Marbury v. Madison making the SC a co-equal branch of government. Landmark cases included Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch c. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Atacama Desert

Desert in northern Chile west of the Andes; known as the "Driest Place on Earth."

President Dwight Eisenhower

Domestic policy: "Modern Republicanism"; did not repeal New Deal. "New Conservatism": need for government to regulate personal behavior and restore Christian morality. Opposed by libertarian "free man" vs. "good man." Appointed Earl Warren to Supreme Court. End of Joe McCarthy yet continuation of the Red Scare. Sputnik I --> "missile gap" --> education; foreign policy: rejected isolationism: "containment" not "rollback". warned against "military-industrial complex".

square deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

free enterprise economy

Economic system where the prices of goods and services are self-regulated by the open market and by consumers.

Bank of the United States

Established by Congress, supported by Hamilton and opposed by Jefferson. Provided a place for tax revenue to be paid and loaned from, for receipts to be deposited, and to pay down government debt.

Marrakesh Agreement

Established the WTO

Big Five Personality Traits

Extroversion, Emotional Stability, Openness to new experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness

New Deal

FDR's plan to help the US during the great depression. Included programs such as the; CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), NRA (National Recovery Act), WPA (Works Progress Administration), PWA (Public Works Administration), AAA (Agriculture Adjustment Act), SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) , and FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).

Individual Decision Making

Factors include individual values, personality, gender, or social status, Risk tolerance, and Cognitive dissonance.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Mekong River

Flows from Tibet to Indochinese Peninsula and into the South China Sea

Slobodan Milosevic

Former Yugoslavian President. He fought to keep non-Serbs from breaking away from Yugoslavia. During the 1990s, he used his army to terrorize ethnic Albanians in Kosovo, who were asking for self rule. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) finally put a stop to this violence, and Milosevic has since been arrested and awaits trial for war crimes.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

The social contract

French philosopher Jean Jaques Rousseau's book in which he wrote that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

Equal Credit Opportunity Act

Gives all applicants the same rights. Credit providers may not discriminate based on: Age, Social Security, Housing loans.

Mount Aconcagua

Highest mountain peak in the Western Hemisphere; located in the Andes mountains in Argentina

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

If a newspaper prints an article that turns out to be false but that the newspaper thought was true at the time of publication, the newspaper has not committed libel.

Connotative Meaning

Implications or suggestions connected to word. Often emotional or metaphorical. (Whale = overweight or huge) Be sure the speech takes into account possible connotative meanings.

Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)

Japan promised that it had no interest in the Philippines, and the United States agreed to approve of Japanese domination of Korea.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Pendelton Civil Service Act

Law requiring people to take a civil service exam for certain government jobs

No Prior Restraint Doctrine

Laws are unconstitutional if they censor the news media prior to publication of a story

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Manuscript speech

Manuscript speech - the speaker reads every word from a pre-written speech.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Isthmus of Panama

Narrow strip of land connecting Central and South America

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Factors

Numbers that are multiplied together to get a product

Off the Record

Off the Record is something that a reporter doesn't quote. "Not for attribution" means a reporter can quote but you can't identify the source. Background and deep background are terms for dealing with powerful people.

Bureau of Public Affairs

Part of the Dept of State. Aims to help Americans understand the importance of foreign policy. It uses press briefings, media outreach, websites, public interactions, and historical studies on US diplomacy & foreign affairs.

Civil Rights Bill

Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

Chukchi Peninsula

Peninsula in eastern Russia which stretches toward Alaska

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

elasticity of demand

Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded as a result of the percentage change in demand price. Generally, a relative response of a change in quantity demanded to a relative change in price

New York Times v. US

Prior Restraint. Overruled Nixon's attempt to prevent publication of Vietnam documents

Human Resource Management

Processes for hiring, training, and keeping employees such as compensation packages, performance evaluations, discipline, collective bargaining, arbitration, and terminations

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act (Helms-Burton Act)

Provides for sanctions against foreign companies involved in investment in Cuban nationalized property, calls for secondary boycotts

Psychographics

Psychographics is the study of personality, values, opinions, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. Psychographic studies of individuals or communities can be valuable in the fields of marketing, demographics, opinion research, prediction, and social research in general.

Great Plains

Region east of the Rockies to the Appalachians. It is in the United States and Canada. Also called the interior plains.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Eastern Ghats

Rolling mountains east of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India.

Western Ghats

Rolling mountains west of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India.

Kara Sea

Russia

equation for savings and investment

S + (M - X) = I + (G - T)

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal surrounding the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Fall to private businesses in return cash and no interest loans. Harding died before the full extent of the crimes had been determined. Scandal revealed the corruption of his cabinet, which was involved in other crimes as well.

The responsibility for approving treaties and presidential appointments belongs to the

Senate

Confiscation Acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters. Signed by Lincoln

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Geographic departmentalization

Sorting jobs according to regions served, usually in international corporations.

Nulification Crisis

South Carolina refused to pay Federal tariffs (Tariffs of Abomination), asserting their ability to nullify unfair laws. Jackson pushed for the Force Bill allowing him to use the military to enforce compliance. Clay brokered a compromise tariff, ending the crisis.

Memorization in delivery

Speech in which the speaker has committed the speech to memory. Useful for speaking without notes.

Manuscript delivery

Speech in which the speaker has prepared notes and presents by reading from the prepared speech. Useful for precise words.

laws that made colonists mad

Stamp act, Townsend act, coercive acts

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

US Vs. Nixon

Supreme Court ruling on power of the president, holding that no absolute constitutional executive privilege allows a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial

Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka

Supreme Court upheld seperate but equal laws until 1954 where the supreme court ruled that racial segregation of public schools violated the fourteenth amendment

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. No one is above the law, not even the executive.

The Communication Decency Act of 1996 (CDA)

The Communication Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) also known by some legislators as the "Great Internet Sex Panic of 1995", was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material in the Internet. In 1997, in the landmark cyberlaw case of RENO v. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) in it the United States Supreme Court struck down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act (DCA), because they violate the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. This was the first major Supreme Court ruling on the regulation of materials distributed via the Internet.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Framing theory

The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. Frames are abstractions that work to organize or structure message meaning. Frames are thought to influence the perception of the news by the audience, in this way it could be construed as a form of second level agenda-setting - they not only tell the audience what to think about (agenda-setting theory), but also how to think about that issue (second level agenda setting, framing theory).

Job Specialization

The degree to which an employee must perform different tasks. More specialization usually means less range and depth.

Internal Rate of Return

The discount rate that forces a project's NPV to equal zero. future value minus present value/present value

jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia, purely financial motivation

Job enlargement

The increase in the range of tasks performed by an employee

Great Barrier Reef

The largest coral reef in the world that is off the northeast coast of Australia. Animals like sea turtles, whales, dolphins, and fish can be found here.

Pacific Ocean

The largest ocean in the world going from California to China.

Lake Superior

The largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake is shared by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north, the US state of Minnesota to the west, and Wisconsin and Michigan to the south.

Job Depth

The latitude or autonomy of an employee

habeus corpus

The legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause

cross-price elasticity of demand

The percentage change in the quantity demanded for one good divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good, everything else held constant. It measures the degree to which goods are substitutes or complements. When the cross-price elasticity of demand is positive, the goods are substitutes; when the cross-price elasticity of demand is negative, the goods are complements.

Laffer Curve

The purported relationship between tax rates and tax collections, as graphed by economist Arthur Laffer. Laffer held that when tax rates become too high, tax collections actually fall because people are discouraged from doing taxable activity, or they start cheating on their taxes. Thus, lowering the tax rate would have the paradoxical effect of raising tax collections.

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Red Sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review, meaning that it is responsible for determining a given law's constitutionality. Set the Judiciary on more equal footing with the other branches.

National Labor Relations Act

This law also known as the Wagner Act. Established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Where are the Dardanelles?

This strait connects the sea of Mamara to the Mediterranean. It is a passageway for oil coming from the Black Sea. It was the site of the Trojan and Crimean Wars.

"""margin call"""

Threshold of value for an investor's accounts when it falls below the broker's required amount. Can be resolved by adding more money to the account or sell some of the assets in the accounts. Caused by a losing trade.

Training vs. Development

Training is how to perform for the first time while development is how to perform a job better

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that the First Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school. Sponsored speech could be restricted.

Tinker v. Des Moines

U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld a student's First Amendment right to engage in symbolic speech in school. Speech is expression, not just words.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Leahy Amendment

U.S. human rights laws that prohibit the U.S. Department of State and Department of Defense from providing military assistance to foreign security force units that violate human rights with impunity

Workplace Benefits

US mandates: Unemployment insurance, social security, and worker's compensation benefits. Additional: Vacation days, child care, employee pensions. Most companies contrivute to an individual retirement account or 401(k) rather than a pension plan, usually matching the employee's contributions.

Social Security

US social welfare program signed during the New Deal. Funded through payroll taxes. Largest component is the payment of retirement benefits.

UFW

United Farm Workers

Welcoming Speech

Usually delivered by a representative of the host. Typically light in substance and include gratitude to organizers/admin. Sometimes introduces goals or tells audience how to proceed/share feedback.

Longest European River

Volga

Phillips Curve

a curve that shows the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment

social register

a de facto directory of the wealthy socialites in each city, first published by Louis Keller in 1886

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)

a diagram that shows the productively efficient combinations of two products that an economy can produce given the resources it has available

Indus River

a large river surrounded by fertile land in modern India/Pakistan.

Dodd-Frank Act

a law enacted in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009 that strengthened government oversight of financial markets and placed limitations on risky financial strategies such as heavy reliance on leverage

sunshine law

a law prohibiting public officials from holding meetings not open to the public

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a trade organization that replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Infinitive

a verbal made up of the word to and a verb. Can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs ex. to eat, to jump, to swim, to lie, to call, to work Infinitive phrase is made up of the infinitive plus any complements or modifiers. The infinitive phrase to wait is used as the subject in this sentence: To wait was not what I had in mind the infinitive phase to sing is used as the subject complement in this sentence : her dream is to sing The infinitive phrase to grow is used as an adverb in this sentence: Children must eat to grow

Pronouns

a word used in place of a noun. Examples are I, mine, hers, and us

Habeas Corpus

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

investment recovery inventory

also called asset recovery or resource recovery, is the process of recouping the value of unused or end of life assets. Investment recovery professionals seek to identify, reuse, sell or otherwise dispose of surplus assets generated by a company as it pursues its primary business

complex preposition

also comes before a noun or pronoun, consist of two or three words such as according to, in regards to , and because of.

government intervention - monetary policy

amount of funds available for banks to make loans

Amur River

an Asian river between China and Russia

What is the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)?

an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and and investment activities during the 1930's

Tierra de Fuego

an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan.

Caribbean Sea

an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

Antarctica

an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle

Securities and Exchange Commission

an independent agency of the government that regulates financial markets and investment companies

What is the World Bank?

an international bank that offers low-interest loans, advice, and information to developing nations

Political institution

an organization created by the government to enact and enforce laws, act as mediator during conflict, create economic policy, establish social systems and carry out some power. maintain rigid structure of internal rules and oversight, especially if the power is delegated, like agencies under the executive branch.

quantitative data analysis

analysis based on the statistical summary of data

marginal analysis

analysis that involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs

Types of Heuristics

availability (memory > information) , representative (precedent > facts) , anchoring and adjustment (obtained information becomes future basis), and escalation of commitment (final decision > evidence and failures)

George Washington

commander in chief of the continental army and future first president of the United States

Describe a country with a high gini index

concentrates most of wealth in a small segment of society

27th Amendment

congressional pay raises are not begun until the next election

preposition

connecting words and while there are only 150 of them, they are used more often than any other individual groups of words. they describe relationships between other words. They are placed before a noun or pronoun, forming a phrase that modifies another word in the sentence. commonly used are about after, anti, around, as, at behind, beside, by, for, from, in , into, of, off, on, to and with. prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun, the object of the preposition A pristine is NEAR THE STORE and BEHIND THE BANK.

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

noun phrase

consist of a noun and all its modifies -- adjectives, adverbs, and determiners. can serve many functions in a sentence, acting as subjects, objects and object complements. ex. "the shallow yellow bowl" sits on the top shelf. Nina just bought some "incredibly fresh organic produce."

Essential relative clauses

contain identifying information without which the sentence would lose significant meaning or not make sense. these are also sometimes referred to as restrictive clauses.

Predicates

contains a verb and tells something about the subject. In addition to the verb, a predicate can also contain a direct or indirect object, object of a preposition and other phrases.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Signed by Pierce

What doe NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) do?

created under Wagner Act; acted as a mediator in labor disputes between unions and employers

M1

currency, demand deposits, traveler's checks, and other checkable deposits

types of sentences

declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory

extemporaneous speaking

delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed speech without having memorized exact wording

Keynes' Law

demand creates its own supply. the horizontal zone of the aggregate supply curve. The zone occurs at the left of the SRAS curve where it is fairly flat, so movements in AD will affect output, but have little effect on the price level.

possessive pronouns

demonstrate ownership (mine, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, yours)

What determines the production possibilities frontier?

determined by specialization and trade

Byrd Amendment Concerning Lobbying (official title: "Limitations on Use of Appropriated Funds to Influence Certain Federal Contracting and Financial Transactions")

dumping duties collected on u.s. imports would be distributed to injured companies, violates WTO law

What is mercantilism?

economic theory that advocates trade as society's chief wealth-building mechanism

speaker of the house

elected by the other representatives and is responsible for presiding the house. In the event that the president and Vice President are unable to fulfill their duties, the speaker of the house will successfully to the presidency

Articles of confederation

established a formal agreement or confederation between the original thirteen states. established a central government composed of unicameral legislative assembly in which each state was granted a single representative. Passing a bill required votes from nine of the thirteen representatives. the centralized government, Continental Congress, was granted very limited powers, rendering it largely ineffective. Powers included: borrowing money from states or foreign government, creating post offices, appointing military offices, declaring war, and signing treaties with foreign states.

What is an example of countervailing duties applied as a trade remedy under WTO and laws of U.S. and other countries

exporting companies receive subsidies from governments

Jackson's Presidency

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto

What are the 4 types of utility?

form, place, time and ownership

Two most dangerous jobs in the US

logging and fishing

What are economic policy goals?

low unemployment, price stability, gdp

government intervention - expansionary

lower taxes and increased spending to promote growth and counteract unemployment

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)

security council

main organ within the UN responsible for maintaining peace and security; composed of 5 permanent and 10 rotating members with two year terms elected by the General Assembly

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

makes it illegal for US firms and their representatives to engage in corrupt practices overseas

Robinson-Patman Act (1936)

makes it unlawful to discriminate in prices charged to different purchasers of the same product, where the effect may substantially lessen competition or help to create a monopoly

Particles

minor function words like not, in, out, up or down that become part of the verb itself. "I might not."

Example of common nouns

numbers, objects, animals, feelings, concepts qualities, and actions. A "an" or "the" usually precedes and these are called articles.

amoritization

process of paying of a debt over a fixed period of time with specified payments and interest rates

Amendment V (five)

protects against self incrimination in criminal trials, except incases of military court martial protects against being tried more than once for the same crime, known as double jeopardy; and protects against seizure of private property for public use without compensation

civil rights

refer to equal treatment under the law, especially in relation to minority groups, like women, African Americans and Hispanics. refer to protection against unfair treatment based on characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and disability.

Franco and the Spanish Civil War

socialist: rebellion in democratic Spanish gov't France + Britain do not support Hitler does, does not want a totalitarian government just wanted power in gov't destructive for Spain

concrete noun

something that can be experienced through the senses (touch, taste, hear, smell, see) examples are birds, skateboard, pie, and car

Aconcagua

the highest mountain in the western & southern hemisphere.

North Pole

the northernmost point of the Earth's axis

Direct objects

the part of the sentence that receives the action of the verb. It is a noun and can usually be found after the verb. To find the direct object, first find the verb and then ask the questions who or what after it. Ex. the bear climbed the tree The tree is the Direct Object

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

long run

the period of time in which a firm can vary all its inputs, adopt new technology, and increase or decrease the size of its physical plant

law of diminishing marginal utility

the principle that consumers experience diminishing additional satisfaction as they consume more of a good or service during a given period of time

Subject verb agreement

the subject and verb must agree in number. Wether the subject is singular or plural, the verb must follow suit. Incorrect: the houses is new correct: the houses are new Also correct: the house is new The subject will always follow the verb when a sentence begins with here or there. Incorrect: Here is the houses with sturdy porches Correct: here are the houses with sturdy porches two subjects joined by and require a plural verb form, except when the two combine to make one thing: Incorrect: Garrett and Jonathan is over there Correct: Garrett and Jonathan over there Two singular subjects joined by or, either/or or niether/nor call for a SINGULAR Verb form incorrect : butter or syrup are acceptable Correct: butter or syrup is acceptable

Direct subjects

the subject is mentioned in the sentence

Social surplus (community surplus)

the sum of consumer and producer surplus

What is the objective of holding inventory?

to ensure that customer service targets can always be met without compromising cash flow or running out of stock.

Native American tribes

treated as dependent nations that answer to federal government but may be immune to state jurisdictions. As with local governments, the exact form of governance is left up to the robes, which ranges from small councils to a complex systems of government.

perfectly inelastic

vertical line, 0, demand is not likely to change when price changes

Conjunctions

vital words that connect words, phrases, thoughts and ideas. Shoe relationships between components. There are two types coordinating and subordinating.

Shelby vs. Holder

voting rights act; any changes in voter laws or boundaries must be approved in DC—now states can make their own choices regarding voter laws (opened up the door for voter requirements)

What is generalized System of Preferences (GSP)?

when rich states give trade concessions to poor ones to help their economic development. Example: Links beneficiaries countries' commitment to eliminate the worst forms of child labor with their receipt of trade benefits

Active voice

when the subject completes the action, the verb is in this voice. ex. Jamie ate the ice cream . The subject (Jamie) is the "do-er" of the action (ate). Generally preferred sentence structure

helping/auxiliary verb

words like have, do, be, can , may, should, must and will. "I should go to the store" Helping verbs assist main verbs in expressing tense, ability, possibility, permission or obligation.

John Maynard Keynes (Keynesian Economics)

•Fiscal Intervention (increase spending or decrease taxes to boost demand, prevent price drops, and eventually bankruptcies -Cut direct taxes to boost income and in turn expenditure to help create jobs -economic decline worse than running a deficit •during times of excess demand and potential inflation, government should raise taxes and reduce spending

consumer surplus

the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it

quotient

the answer to a division problem

Articles of confederation years

1781-1789

Indian Ocean

3rd largest ocean from Africa to Australia

Lake Baykal (Baikal)

Deepest lake in the world

SWOT analysis

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

The Independent

The Independent is a daily Newspaper published in the UK.

amendment 1

establishes freedom of religion, speech and press; the right to assemble in peaceful protest; and the right to petition the government without fear of reprisal

César Chávez

"American labor leader, community organizer, businessman, and Latino American civil rights activist. Co-founded National Farm Workers Association (later UFW) with Dolores Huerta. Merged leftist politics with Catholic beliefs and symbolism. Monitored by FBI. Also agitated *against* illegal immigrants as strike-breakers. Controversial for his autocratic control of the union and cult of personality. Posthumously received Presidential Medal of Freedom."

A. Philip Randolph

"American labor unionist, civil rights activist, and socialist politician. Organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African-American labor union. Very vocal in the early Civil Rights movement. His lobbying made discrimination in defense industries during WWII and segregation in the military illegal. Headed 1963 March on Washington. Inspired the ""Freedom Budget"""

Treasury Department

"National treasury of the federal government of the US where it serves as an executive departmnet. Overseees Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the US mints which all responsible for producing currency. Collect taxes through the IRS. Manages US government debt instruments, licenses and supervises banks, and advises legislative and executive branches on matters of fiscal policy. Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury."

price mechanism

"the manner in which the profits of goods or services affects the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the price elasticity of demand."

25th amendment

(1) Succession of VP if president dies or become incapable to do his job.(2) if there is no VP, president must appoint one, and congress must approve

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.

kyoto protocol

(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

Helsinki Accords

(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Mandatory Spending v. Discretionary Spending

*Mandatory spending is defined as those areas of the federal budget that must be enacted each year by law and are not dependent on annual review by the appropriations committees of Congress. Mandatory programs include entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare and make up over 65% of the federal budget *Discretionary spending is defined as those areas of the budget that the Congress can change year to year an includes the 13 appropriation bills that fund the various agencies of the federal government. Discretionary spending is around 35% of the total budget *Mandatory spending has just about doubled from 1962-2006 as a result of the increase in entitlement spending

Constitution vs. Articles of confederation

- the people are now the sovereign and they bestow sovereignty to both the states and federal government, according to principles of federalism - creates a robust central government with many specific and implied powers - empowers the federal government to levy taxes against the states - establishes an executive branch of the federal government to enforce the laws; it is led by a president who serves as the commander-in-chief - establishes a federal judiciary branch with a Supreme Court and lower courts to interpret the laws enacted by the legislative branch -removes the states' power to coin and print money and establishes a national currency; congress may regulate interstate and international commerce - specifies representation in Congress based on population and equal representation for each state in the senate - requires a simple majority in both houses to enact laws rather than a vote of at least 9/13. senators vote separately under the constitution, while states vote as a single bloc in the constitution -requires a 2/3 majority vote int he House and senate to amend the constitution, while the AOC required an animus vote.

To measure public opinion, scientists use polls to gather data. Accurate polling requires:

-random sampling of representative population -unbiased questions -clear instructions for how to answer questions -controlled procedures such as the use of telephone, mail, internet, or unperson interviews with an unbiased pollster -accurate reporting of the results, including information about methods, inconsistencies, respondents, and possible sources and degree of error

Describe a perfect competition

1. Firms are not able to control the final price, 2. No barrier to entry, 3. Selling the identical product. Example: agriculture

What are the types of money?

1. an accounting unit 2. as a store of value 3. as an exchange medium

what are the 5 functions of the federal reserve board?

1. controls the supply of money 2. sets the discount rate 3. performs open market operations 4. regulates banks 5. supervises the fdic

3 steps taken to check a product's market

1. market research 2. market survey 3. test marketing

4 major factors to marketing plan

1. product. 2. price 3. place 4. promotion. once these elements have all been determined, the producer can proceed with production and distribution of his product.

James Polk (1845-1849)

11th president who annexed Texas, added Oregon Territory and the Mexican Cession including California

reconstruction amendement

13th, 14th, 15th -- expanded the constitutional protection of equal civil rights.

Year of the constitutional convention

1787

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Slavery could not be banned in territories until they became states. Slaves and their descendants could not sue.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Atlanta's Rodney King riots

1992; Rodney Glen King, known as Glen, was a taxi driver who became internationally known after a tape was released of him being beaten on March 3, 1991 by Los Angeles Police Department officers following a high-speed car chase. Parts of the footage were aired around the world, and raised public concern about police treatment of minorities in the United States. Four officers were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and use of excessive force. Three were acquitted of all charges. The jury acquitted the fourth officer of assault with a deadly weapon but failed to reach a verdict on the use of excessive force. The jury deadlocked at 8-4 in favor of acquittal at the state level. Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots started, based on outrage about the verdicts by African Americans. It lasted six days and during which 55 people were killed and more than 2,000 were injured; it ended only after the governor ordered in the California national guard to re-establish control.

Buckley Vs. Valeo

1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns.

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns.

Zivotofsky v. Kerry

2015 Supreme Court Case. Congress was not entitled to order the State Department to "record the place of birth as Israel" in the passports of American children born in Jerusalem if their parents requested.

Obergefell v. Hodges

2015 Supreme Court Case. Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Appalachian Mountains

2nd longest mountain range in North America. Runs from Quebec to Alabama

Requirements to be President

35 years old, natural-born citizen, US resident for 14 years

ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal,

4 levels of measurement

Trans-Siberian Railway

5,800 miles of railway from Moscow on the west to the sea of Japan on the east

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

What is Adam Smith's invisible hand?

A hidden hand of the market operating in a competitive market through the pursuit of self-interest allocated resources in society's best interest.

Adverse selection

A high-risk person benefits more from insurance, so is more likely to purchase it.

JP Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

inventory

A list of possessions or goods on hand.

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

What is a monopoly?

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

IS LM model

A model of aggregate demand that shows what determines aggregate income for a given price level by analyzing the interaction between the goods market and the money market

is-lm model

A model of aggregate demand that shows what determines aggregate income for a given price level by analyzing the interaction between the goods market and the money market

Siberia

A region of central and eastern Russia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, known for its mineral resources

Rhine River

A river in Western Europe that flows from eastern Switzerland into the North Sea.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

nullification crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

new deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. Mormons.

Suzerainty

A situation in which a powerful region/people contributes to the control of the foreign affairs of a tributary vassal state while allowing the subservient nation internal autonomy.

This act gave the Secretary of Commerce the right to issue licenses to parties interested in radio broadcasting and to decide which radio frequencies should be used for which types of services: A. Radio Act of 1912 B. Radio Act of 1927 C. Communications Act of 1934 D. Radio-Telephone Act of 1952

A. Radio Act of 1912

The licensing of mass media material to outlets on a market-to-market basis is known as: A. syndication B. networking C. license lending D. outlet rating

A. Syndication

Compounding Interest Formula

A=P(1+r/n)^nt

Yom Kippur War

AKA 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Coalition of Arab states (Egypt and Syria) against Israel. Israeli military won but gave up land for peace.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port. Signed by Jefferson

Walsh-Healey Act

Act that extended concept of prevailing wage to employers who manufacture or supply goods under government contracts and required time and a half.

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

Adds up the sum of the squares of the largest firms in the market. A way to measure the degree of market competition

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Voting rights act of 1965

African American and Native American women did not gain the right to vote until this. which enforced the voting rights articulated in the 14th amendment and 15th amendment. Section 5 of this act prevented states with a history of discrimination from altering their voting laws without getting approval from the attorney general or a federal district court

Federal Reserve System

After the Panic of 1907, this law reformed the banking system and created the Federal Reserve (the central bank of the US) and the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional district banks. The "Fed" has the power to issue paper money. The Fed conducts "monetary policy" in the US - meaning it controls the money supply. It does so in part by setting interest rates - the "price" of money (i.e. how much a company or individual must pay in interest to get access to loans) which has an enormous impact on the world economy.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Agenda-setting theory

Agenda-setting theory describes the ability of the news media to influence the priority of topics on the public agenda. That is if a news item is covered frequently and prominently the audience will regard the issue as more important.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

AFDC

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

M2

All of M1 + less immediate (liquid) forms of money to include savings, money market mutual funds, and small denomination time deposits.

Fairness Doctrine

An FCC requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues provide time for opposing views

Equal Time Rule

An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates. Not the same as the fairness doctrine.

appropriations bill

An act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. Appropriations usually cover one year. It spells out how money will be spent.

Chicago School of Economics

An economic model that allows for fiscal and monetary policies to manage domestic demand but sharply reduces government spending, taxation, and tariffs to create open competitive exchange rate and trade markets.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises.

Acquisition of Florida

Andrew Jackson led his forces into Seminole territory and capture their chief

Political parties after Andrew Jackson became the 7th president of the US

Andrew jackson was a democrat and his opposition organized as the whig party. the whigs asserted congress' supremacy over the president and primarily focused on economic concerns, like banking and violations

Moral hazard

Arises when people behave recklessly because they know they will be saved if things go wrong. Deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance reduce this issue

"Reed v. Town of Gilbert

Ariz.","2015 Supreme Court Case. A town ordinance that places different limits on political, ideological and directional signs violates the First Amendment."

President

Article II. Head of state and head of government (also Commander in Chief). Tasked with executing the laws passed by congress and managing the 15 executive departments, agencies and federal commissions. They also appoint ambassadors and judges, grant pardons, sign or veto bills and update congress from time to time (State of the Union). Presidents are elected every 4 years. People vote for electors who elect the President.

Committee on Committees

Assigns members of the Senate's minority party to standing committees in the Senate

Tabloid newspapers are those that: A. are always sensational, with a de-emphasis on current news events B. have a printing format that uses pages that are about half the size of a traditional newspapers page C. are sold only on newsstands, not by subscription D. are published in English, but not generally found in the United States

B. Answer B connotes the origin of the word tabloid, although many tabloid newspapers have come to be associated with sensationalism and include many photographs.

Treaties must be approved by A. a majority of the House and Senate B. two-thirds of the Senators voting on the treaty C. a majority of the House of Representatives D. three-fourths of the Senate

B. Article 2 of the US Constitution specifies that 2/3 of the senators present must agree to a treaty. The Senate has most power to handle issue relating to foreign affairs.

A public opinion survey is done and it is reported that the results are not statistically significant. What does this mean? A. it means that there are insufficient responses to consider the survey valid B. it means that the results could be due to chance C. it means that different surveys have different results D. it means that the findings of the surveys are not substantively important

B. In public opinion research, if a finding is not statistically significant, any difference found in the sample could simply be the result of sampling error and may not be a real difference found in the population.

In some instances, journalists may find that there is a conflict between the 1st Amendment and the 6th amendment, the latter having to do with A. the right to keep and bear arms B. the right to a speedy public trial C. privacy D. copyright

B. Right to a speedy public trial is subject of the the 6th Amendment and when journalists try to cover trials, there can sometimes be a conflict between freedom of the press and a fair trial.

The largest circulated daily newspaper in the U.S. is A. USA Today B. The Wall Street Journal C. The New York Times D. The Washington Post

B. The Wall Street Journal

Independence of Iraq

Britain terminated its mandate over Iraq after taking Iraq from Otoman rule. A monarchy was organized under British protection in 1921 and in 1932 Iraq was granted independance.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Fisk-Gould Scandal

Brothers in law of Grant - illegally made $ selling gold. Exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves.

In advertising, CPM is A. creative, promotion and marketing B. circulation, production and marketing C. cost per thousand D. chief promotion manager

C. Cost per thousand is the basic measurement of advertising efficiency; m-1000.

Today's Native Americans/American Indians descend from Asiatic ancestors who arrived in North America A. on wooden ships B. primarily on horseback C. across a land bridge now submerged beneath the Bering Sea D. under the leadership of a former warlord who would later become known as Chief Powhatan, the founder of the Powhatan Confederacy

C. Historical and archaeological evidence indicate that during the last great Ice Age, migration by foot from Siberia over the Bering Strait land bridge into North America was possible.

Psychographic data are those which are: A. used for subliminal persuasion; have to do with influencing the unconscious mind B. media material surrounding the advertising C. information that links demographic categories to personality characteristics of an audience D. advertising that uses pictures and visual stimuli to create recognition

C. This is the definition of psychographic data

provinces and territories

Canada does not have states, it has . . .

vanderbilt

Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines

countervailing duties

additional import taxes levied on imports that have benefited from export subsidies

9th amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

Civic Journalism

Civic Journalism (also known as public journalism) is the idea of integrating journalism into the democratic process. The media not only informs the public, but it also works towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. The civic journalism movement is an attempt to abandon the notion that journalists and their audience are spectators in political and social processes. In its place, the civic journalism movement seeks to treat readers and community members as participants. With a small but committed following, civic journalism has becomes as much of a philosophy as it is a practice.

Spratly Islands

Claimed by China but disputed by claims from Brunei, Vietnam, Malaysia, others

Who has the power to regulate trade between states and with foreign powers?

Congress

Article VI

Constitution is the supreme law of the land -public servants must uphold it

Invisible hand

Consumers and firms serving their own self-interest do the best for society. Proposed by Adam Smith.

"Janus v. American Federation of State

County and Municipal Employees",2018 Supreme Court Case. Government workers who choose not to join unions may not be required to help pay for collective bargaining.

5th amendment

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination

Know-nothing party

advocated for an anti immigration single party platform, especially immigrants from catholic countries

Concerning the application of rights in the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights to the states, which of the following is correct? A. all rights in the Bill of Rights have applied to the states since the beginning B. all rights in the Bill of Rights have applied to the states since the passage of the 14th amendment C. none of the rights in the Bill of Rights applies to the states. The states have their own bill of rights D. most of the rights in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states based upon Supreme Court decisions. Some still do no apply.

D. The Bill of Rights had been directed at the federal government. However, since the passage of the 14th amendment, the Supreme Court has applied many of the provisions in the Bill of Rights to the states beginning with cases in 1897.

TARP program

allocated $700 billion to keep banks from failing

Programmed Decisions

Decisions based on criteria that are well understood

Managerial Decision-Making

Decisions made in high uncertainty focused on minimizing risk

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

market correction

Decline in the stock market over a period of time of less than 20%. (Over 20% is considered a bear market.)

Deep Background

Deep Background - The information can be used but without attribution. The source does not want to be identified in any way, even on condition of anonymity.

who and when was the first state to ratify the constitution?

Delaware in unanimous vote on December 7th, 1787

in macroeconomics how is efficiency defined?

allocation of scarce resources to maximize total utility

What is the Freedom of Information Act?

allows press access to public documents

Rate of profit

Divide the profit by your total costs, and the result will be the rate, or percentage, of profit that you make on your sales.

What u.s. governmental agency has primary responsibility for determination of anti-dumping cases?

International Trade Commission

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay where the federal government used tariffs to fund infrastructure projects. Southerners thought that protectionist tariffs favored the North.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. Keynes's law. the solution to a recession is expansionary fiscal policy, such as tax cuts to stimulate consumption and investment, or direct increases in government spending that would shift the aggregate demand curve to the right

What is the Forest Stewardship Council?

International organization that oversees national and regional standards based on basic forest management principles

prime factor

also a prime number -The prime factors of 12 are 1,2,and 3 -The prime factors of 15 are 1,3,and 5

Kelo vs. City of New London (2005)

Eminent domain case: Local governments may force the sale of private property and make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Colonialism (economic history)

Enrich the metropole. Colonies sell natural resources to the home country and buy processed goods.

17th amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

19th Amendment (1920)

Established the right to vote for women.

extrapolation

Estimating a value outside the range of measured data. assuming that existing trends will continue and current methods remain applicable

Extemporaneous delivery

Extemporaneous delivery is a balance between impromptu and manuscript. The speaker uses notes and some embellishments to deliver a speech. He has note cards or prompts that guide him from point to point, but he uses his own words as he goes along. It makes it different than impromptu in that he has a loose guideline for his speech. He did not memorize anything, he just used cues to know where to go next.

Straight Piecework Rate

incentive pay in which the employer pays the same rate per piece, no matter how much the worker produces

mandatory spending

Federal spending required by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress.

increase money supply

Firstly, Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Ratio. Finally, to calculate the maximum change in the money supply, use the formula Change in Money Supply = Change in Reserves * Money Multiplier.

Contractionary fiscal policy

Fiscal policy used to decrease aggregate demand or supply. Deliberate measures to decrease government expenditures, increase taxes, or both. Appropriate during periods of inflation.

Independence of Pakistan

Followed the end of the Brittish Raj in 1947. Also created independent India. Known as the Partition of India.

Constitutional Monarchy

Form of government where the sovereign exercises authority in accordiance with a constitutuion. Constitutuional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the legal framework

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

Fosters understanding between the people of the US and people of other countries. It is responsible for the US Cultural Exchange Programs.

1st amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

monetary policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates. Better suited to fighting inflation than unemployment

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Lack of regulation leads to inequality and fraud

Future tense

shows that the action will happen in the future or is a future state of being : I will walk to work tomorrow morning She will be stressed about the deadline

Nunavut

Largest area of Canada that makes up most of the islands in the Arctic Circle.

Gobi Desert

Largest desert in Asia that stretches from Northwest China to Mongolia

which government agency is responsible for generating revenue for nation?

House Committee on Ways and Means

Strategic Planning Process

Identify the purpose, mission, and values of the org. Determine goals and objectives for both the long and short term. Analyze the environment. Create a strategy for all departments and the org as a whole, including expectations and targets. Implement and review outcomes.

present tense

shows the action is happening currently or is ongoing: "I walk to work every morning" "She is stressed about there deadline."

Plessy v. Ferguson

In 1896, the Supreme Court handed down a decision that upheld separate but equal. Homer plessy, a Louisiana man of mixed race, attempted to board a railway car reserved for "whites only" and was charged for violating the separate car law. Plessy subsequently filed suit against the state, claiming they violated his Fourteenth amendment rights. the Supreme Court decided in favor of the state, ruling that the law was not unconstitutional.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Policy Committee

In Senate, helps leader schedule business and decide what bills need major attention

For words declaring degrees of quantity such as many of, some of, or most of, let the noun that follows of be the guide:

Incorrect: Many of the books IS in the shelf Correct: Many of the books ARE in the shelf Incorrect: Most of the pie ARE on the table Correct: Most of the pie IS on the table

On deep background

Information from an official that can be printed but not attributed at all.

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Clayton Antitrust Act

It added to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination (i.e. setting different prices for different people), and interlocking directorates, meaning the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees. It also exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by the British to regulate, monopolize and control American trade. Include the Molasses Act, and the Stamp, Sugar and Townsend Acts. Customs officials were sent to the colonies to collect and enforce the Acts.

Bills of Attainder Laws

Laws that dictated prison sentences for accused who were NOT given a trial. These laws cannot be made!

New Jersy Plan

Led by William Patterson. It called for a unicameral legislature that would grant each state a single vote. Proposed a plural executive power selected by the legislature, which would possess no veto power over the legislature, as wells judges appointed by the executive power for the duration of their lives.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

22nd amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

Nile River

Longest river in the world which flows through Egypt and provides fertile soil for farming.

Major US Public Relations Agencies ...

Major US Public Relations Agencies are Weber Shandwick, Fleishman-Hillard, Hill and Knowlton, and Ketchum, Inc.

National Security Act of 1947

Major reorganization of US military after WWII to fight Cold War. It creating the Department of Defense (replacing Dept. of War) in a new building - the Pentagon. Also established the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering (spying) and subvert governments and popular movements seen as contrary to the interests of US government elites.

Haymarket Square Riot

May 4, 1896; labor protests near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least 8 people died as a result of violence that day. Despite lack of evidence, 8 radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing.

What is the term for consolidating debts to be traded in financial markets?

Securitization

"""dumping"" (stocks)"

Selling of large amounts of stocks in general at whatever market prices are in effect.

Annamite Mountains

Mountain range on the eastern side of the Indochina Peninsula.

Rocky Mountains

Mountain range that runs from Northern Alaska to Northern New Mexico and is about 3,000 miles long.

Andes Mountains

Mountains along the west coast of South America

The Hague Convention

Multi-lateral treaty to provide an expeditious method to return a child internationally abducted by a parent from one member country to another (adopted 1983)

Why is NAFTA an exception to the Most Favored Nation principle of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and wto trade law?

NAFTa is allowed as an exception since it does not raise barriers against non-members

Bretton Woods System

Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment.

Nation Branding

Nation Branding aims to measure, build and manage the reputation of countries (closely related to place branding.

President Pro Tempore of the Senate

Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president. Usually most senior member of the Senate majority party

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists who manipulated and mistreated workers and sought to protect their monopolies while avoiding regulation.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

PEMDAS "Order of Operations"

Parenthesis Exponents Multiply/Divide Add/Sub

Emancipation Proclamation

President Abraham Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation in September 1862 that all slaves would be declared free in those states that were still in rebellion against the Union at the beginning of 1863. Receiving no official response from the Confederacy, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. All slaves in the rebellious Confederate states were to be forever free. However, slavery could continue to exist in border states that were not at war against the Union. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation represented the beginning of the end of chattel slavery in the United States.

great society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Trade Act of 1974

President given authority to end tariff duties against products from developing nations; signed by Ford

11th Amendment

Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.

11th amendment

Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.

Leahy Amendment

Prohibits foreign assistance to security forces guilty of human rights violations

McCain-Feingold Act

Prohibits national party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits. Partially overturned by Citizens United case.

PSYOPs

Psychological operations (PSYOP) are planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to audiences to influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of US PSYOPs is to induce or reinforce behavior favorable to US objectives. They are an important part of the range of diplomatic, informational, military, and economic activities available to the U.S. There are three main types: strategic, operational, and tactical.

Rewards

Raises, Bonuses, Autonomy, Personal Recognition, and Benefits

Analytical Decision Making

Rational, measured approach with as much information as possible

21st amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Brahmaputra River

River that begins in Tibet, flows through northeast India and Bangladesh, joining with the Ganges to empty into the Bay of Bengal.

Invasion of Grenada, 1983

Ronald Reagan dispatched an invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Carribbean

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Lake Erie

The fourth-largest of the Great Lakes; borders Ontario, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York.

Asia

The largest continent; bounded by Europe and the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans

Primary author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson (influenced by John Locke's theory of natural rights)

Soft Power

Soft Power is a concept to describe the ability to attract and co-opt rather than by coercion (hard power), using force or giving money as a means of persuasion. Soft Power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. A defining feature of soft power is that it is non coercive, the currency of soft power is culture, political values, and foreign policies. Recently, the term has also been used in changing and influencing social and public opinion through relatively less transparent channels and lobbying through powerful political and non-political organizations. In 2012 Nye explained that with soft power, "the best propaganda is not propaganda," further explained that during the Information Age, "credibility is the scarcest resource".

the pronouns few, many, several, all some and both have their own rules and use plural forms

Some ARE ready

"Walker v. Texas Division

Sons of Confederate Veterans",2015 Supreme Court Case. Texas was free to reject specialty license plates bearing the Confederate battle flag.

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Trade Promotion Authority

Special procedures meant to speed up the regular process when Congress considers trade agreements. These special procedures limit debate and prohibit amendments. Provided that Congress approves each agreement as a whole

Department of Commerce

Supervises trade and promotes U.S. businesses

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

four-firm concentration ratio

The percentage of the total revenue in an industry accounted for by the four largest firms in the industry. A way to tell if there's a monopoly or oligopoly

Product departmentalization

The process of sorting jobs according to their product line

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

McCain-Feingold Act 2002

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 or the McCain-Feingold Act, is a US federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, which regulates the financing of political campaigns. Its chief sponsors were Senators Russ Feingold (D-WI) and John McCain (R-AZ). The Act was designed to address two issues: The increased role of soft money in campaign financing, by prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits, even for state or local races or issue discussion. The Proliferation of issue advocacy ads, by defining as "electioneering communications" broadcast ads that name a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or caucus of 60 days of a general election, and prohibiting any such ad paid for by a corporation or paid for by an unincorporated entity using any corporate or union general treasury funds. The decision in Citizens United v. FEC overturns this provision, but not the ban on foreign corporations of foreign nationals in decisions regarding political spending.

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG)

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) is a United States government agency. Its goal is to "deliver accurate news and information to significant and strategic audiences overseas ... and to serve as a trustworthy source of news and as an example of free, professional press in countries that lack independent media. It was previously a department within the United States Information Agency until 1999.

The Cultivation theory

The Cultivation theory examines the long-term effects of television. The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend "living" in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television. Under this umbrella, perceptions of the world are heavily influenced by the images and ideological messages transmitted through popular television media.

The Equal-time rule

The Equal-time rule specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who request it. This means, for example, that if a station gives a given amount of time to a candidate in prime time, it must do the same for another candidate who requests it, at the same price if applicable. The equal-time rule was created because the FCC thought the stations could easily manipulate the outcome of elections by presenting just one point of view, and excluding other candidates. It should not be confused with the now-defunct Fairness Doctrine, which dealt with presenting balanced points of view on matters of public importance.

Board of Governors

The Federal Reserve's governing and monetary policy-making body; consists of seven governors appointed by the President to staggered 14-year terms.

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

Smith-Mundt Act

The US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 popularly referred to as the Smith-Mundt Act specifies the terms in which the United States government can engage global audiences, also known as public diplomacy. There are 3 key restrictions on the U.S. State Department in the Smith-Mundt Act. The first and most well-known restriction was originally a prohibition on domestic dissemination of materials intended for foreign audiences by the State Department. The second and third provisions were of greater interest to the Congress as they answered critical concerns about a deep-pocketed government engaging domestic The information activities should only be conducted if needed to supplement international information dissemination of private agencies; that the State Department was not to acquire a monopoly of broadcasting or any other information medium; and that private sector leaders should be invited to review and advise the State Department in this work.

6th Amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

6th amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial, representation by an attorney for an accused person

judicial process

The sequence of procedures designed to resolve disputes or conclude a criminal case established by the 4th, 5th and 6th amendments. Provides for a fair (due process), fast trial with a judge, representation and a jury of one's peers, and protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination. In a criminal case, a suspect is arrested, a grand jury decides if a crime has been committed, a plea is entered, a trial is held and the defendant is either released or sentenced. Rulings can e appealed, but appellate courts do not hear new evidence. Rather, they review trials for error and can reverse or confirm decisions and send cases back down to be retried.

Australia

The smallest continent and the only continent that is also a single country.

Job Range

The span of different tasks for the same employee

Lake Michigan

The third-largest of the Great Lakes; borders Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Laffer Curve

Theory developed by a supply-side economist supporting the argument that sometimes cutting tax rates can increase total tax revenue.

block grants

These are broad state grants to states for prescribed activities-welfare, child care, education, social services, preventive health care, and health services-with only a few strings attached. States have greater flexibility in deciding how to spend block grant dollars, but when the federal funds for any fiscal year are gone, there are no more matching federal dollars.

colons

can be used to precede further information or a list. Cases include that colon should follow an independent clause, a colon can priced a formal question, can be used after the greeting in a formal letter, use to serape the minute from hour and can be used to indicate a ration between two numbers.

Jay's treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Merging with competitors

Wha is stagflation?

combination of stagnant economy and high inflation

government intervention - contractionary

counteract inflation by increasing taxes and decreasing spending to slow the economy

3 rates of inflation

creeping, galloping and hyperinflation

MSN

Web portal and related collection of Internet sevices and apps for Windows and mobile devices

Missouri Crisis/Compromise

When Missouri applied to enter the union as a slave state, making the slave to free state ratio unbalanced. Congress proposed an emanicpation of slaves in Missouri, but the territory rejected the proposal. As a result, the Southerners in the senate used their power to withhold statehood for Maine.

What is a natural monopoly?

When a single supplier has a distinct advantage over others

elasticity and pricing

When supply is more elastic than demand, buyers bear most of the tax burden, and when demand is more elastic than supply, producers bear most of the cost of the tax. Tax revenue is larger the more inelastic the demand and supply are.

Connecticut Compromise

included both aspects of both the New Jersey plan and Virginia plan in a bicameral legislature. representation in the house of representatives was proportional to a state's population and in the Senate, states enjoyed equal representation with two senators per state.

floating exchange rate policy

Willingness of a government to let demand and supply conditions determine exchange rates

Verb phrase

includes all of the words in a verb group, even if they are not directly adjacent to each other Ex. the company is not offering membership discounts for new enrollers - the sentence's verb phrase is "is offering". Even though they are separated by the word now, they function together as a single verb phrase.

Higher Education Act

increased federal money given to post-secondary institutions, developed scholarship programs,

deficiency payment

a check sent to producers that makes up the difference between the actual market price and the target price

Federalism

a compound government system that divides powers between a central government and various regional governments.

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

tsunami

a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.

competitive market

a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It measures inflation

Arabian Sea

a northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia

Broadcasting Board of Governors

independent federal government Agency that oversees all U.S. civilian international broadcasting. Aims to inform, engage, and connect people around the world in support of freedom and democracy.

Expert Power

influence based on special skills or knowledge

Referent Power

influence from charisma, style, and personal connection.

Coercive Power

influence through discipline and punishment.

Reward Power

influence through incentives such as raises and bonuses.

Management innovation leads to competitive advantage when

innovation is systemic in the organization

Appositive Phrases

a noun or noun phrase that renames a noun that comes immediately before it in the sentence. A single word or several words. These phrases can be essential or nonessential. An essential appositive phrase is necessary to the meaning of the sentence and a non essential appositive phrase is not. it is important to be able to distinguish these for purposes of comma use. Essential:My sister Christina works at a school -naming which sister is essential to the meaning of the sentence, so no commas are needed Nonessential: My sister, who is a teacher, is coming over for dinner tonight -"who is a teacher" is non essential to the meaning of the sentence, so commas are required

Deccan Plateau

a plateau in the central region of the Indian peninsula

Markup

a session in which committee members offer changes to a bill before it goes to the floor

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) after supporting Panama's secession from Colombia in exchange for sovereignty over the project.

When market failure occurs?

a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

market failure

a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. 1. Imperfect competition 2. inadequate information 3. Negative Externalities 4. Problems with equity/ failure to provide public goods

liquidity trap

a situation in which conventional monetary policy is ineffective because nominal interest rates reach zero. After this, the Fed can do no more.

manuscript speaking

a type of public speaking in which the speaker reads a written script word for word

ratio variable

a variable that meets the criteria for an interval variable but also has a meaningful zero point

interval variable

a variable used for observations that have numbers as their values; the distance (or interval) between pairs of consecutive numbers is assumed to be equal

verbal phrase

a word group that is based on a verbal. There are three major types of verbals: participles, gerunds and infinitives

CIA overthrow of Iran (1953)

installed Shah as dictator, overthrew Moussadegh (communist interests), in order to resist nationalization British oil holdings

FDR

instituted the new deal, which included many social policies that built an expansive social welfare program to provide financial support to citizens during the Great Depression

G6

intended to provide major industrial powers of the noncommunist world a venue in which to address economic concerns, which at the time included inflation and the recession sparked by the oil crisis of the 1970s. Cold War politics invariably entered the group's agenda. Replaced by the G8

What is a country's money supply

is the sum of currency in circulation plus the level of checkable deposits.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Tax Reform Act of 1986

simplify the income tax code, broaden the tax base and eliminate many tax shelters and other preferences

Arctic Ocean

smallest and coldest ocean; surrounds the North Pole

relative clause

it is sometimes referred to as an adjective clause because it gives further description about the noun. Begins with a relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whichever, whomever, or whoever. May also begin with a relative adverb: where, why, or when. Can be divided up as essential or nonessential. Ex. of relative clause functioning as adjective: the strawberries THAT I BOUGHT YESTERDAY are already beginning to spoil - the relative pronoun is that. The subject is I, and the verb is bought. The clause modifies the subject strawberries by answering the question " which strawberries?" Ex. of relative clause with an adverb: the tutoring center is a place WHERE STUDENTS CAN GET HELP WITH HOMEWORK - gives more info about a place by describing what kind of place it is. begins with the relative adverb "where" and contains the noun students along with its verb phase "can get."

Proper noun

specific name of an individual person, place or organization. The first letter is capitalized.

5 domains of warfare

land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace.

What are the 4 factors of production?

land: which earns rent labor, which earns wages capital, which earns interest and entrepreneurship, which earns profit

Nouns as adjectives

describes nouns themselves such as hockey player and state government

Predicate Adjectives

describes the subject Ex. Margaret is beautiful The subject is Margaret and the predicate Adjective is beautiful

Constitutional union party

devoted itself to a single issue platform of preserving the union and recognizing the constitution as the supreme rule of law. the party did not take a firm issue on slavery but vigorously opposed secession

Democratic Party formed after the whig party collapse

divided into norther and southern factions over slavery, but they sought to compromise and remain unified

Jim Crow laws

established racial segregation of public facilities. These separate but equal facilities included the military, workplaces, public schools, restaurants, restrooms, transportation and recreational facilities. despite being labeled separate but equal, most facilities reserved for African Americans were considerably inferior

1974 Threshold Test Band Treaty

establishes a nuclear "threshold" on the size of nuclear tests the U.S. and USSR could conduct

Amendment VI (six)

establishes extensive set of rights to protect defendants in a criminal trial- the right to a speedy and timely trial before a judge and impartial jury of peers, the right to be informed of criminal accusations, the right to present and compel witnesses in defense of the accursed , the right to confront witnesses against the accursed and the right to assistance of counsel

Amendment IV

establishes protection against unreasonable search and seizure and requires a warrant based on probable cause supported by specific information

Amendment III

establishes the right to refuse to quarter or house, soldiers in time of war

Alexander Hamilton

founder of the Federalist Party and advocate for a centralized financial system

Nicaraguan Contras

guerrilla army sponsored by CIA to attack pro-communist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam

Mount Elbrus

highest mountain peak on the European continent; located in Russia

perfectly elastic

horizontal, infinity, demand is really likely to change when price changes

abstract noun

idea, state or quality. It is something that can't be touched, such as happiness, courage, evil, or humor

Expletive sentences

start with "there are" or "there is" the subject is found after the predicate. The subject cannot be "there" so it must be another word in the sentence: There is a cup sitting on the coffee table. ( a cup is the subject) What is sitting on the coffee table? a cup

positive statement

statement which describes the world as it is

television in the 1940s

surpassed print and broadcast media as the most popular form of mass media

Federal Reserve System

in charge of monetary policy

three-fifths compromise

in effort to appease both the south states who wanted slaves to be counted as part of the population for the purpose of representation but not counted for the purpose of taxes, and the north, who demanded slaves be counted for taxes but not representation. the framers determined that 3/5 of the slave population of each state would be counted for the purpose of both taxes and representation.

famous women rights activist

susan b anthoney, Lucy stone, and Elizabeth cady Stanton who authored the declaration of rights and sentiments which demanded access to civil liberties granted to all men

The theory of the firm states

that firms make decisions to maximize profits after conducting market research

regression lines

the "line of best fit" that represents a straight line drawn through the data points

aggregate demand

the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Civil rights movement

led by the National association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) and famous activist such as MLK jr. and Malcolm X, did not secure enforcement of 14th amendment until the passage of the civil rights act of 1964

montreal protocol

meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take steps to fight against Ozone Depletion-CFC's banned

What is fiat money?

money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Kunlun Mountains

mountains located in the West of China that are the source of two of China's great rivers;the Huang He (Yellow) and the Chang

eligibility for the house

must be 25, must have been US citizen for at least 7 years, must be a resident of the state they are representing by the time of the election

What are 4 types of monopolies?

natural, geographic, technological, government

Adjective phrase

not a bunch of adjective strung together but a group of words that describes a noun or pronoun and thus, functions as an adjective. Very happy, way too hungry; passionate about traveling are examples

Rational numbers are

numbers that can be written as fractions or ratios

George mason

one of only three delegates who did not sign the constitution at the constitutional convention and author of Objections to this constitution of government (1787) and the Virgina Declaration of rights of 1776, which served as the basis for the Bill of Rights

james madison

one of the primary drafters of the Constitution and the future fourth president of the United States

Civil rights act of 1964

out lawed discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, and religion.

CIA overthrow of Guatemala (1954)

overthrew Pres. Guzman after he nationalized American fruit fields and accepted arms from USSR (communist sympathies)

verb

part of speech that describes an action, state of being or occurrence. Forms the main part of a predicate of a sentence. It explains what the noun is doing. Ex. time **flies*** flies explains what the action of the noun, time, is doing. This is an example of a main ____.

Noun

person, place, thing or idea. All nouns fit into one of two types: common or proper.

What are the types of market economies?

privately owned businesses, groups or individuals provide goods or services based on demand. Types of service and goods are based on the demand. Two types: competitive and free

fifteenth amendment

prohibits the government from denying a citizen the right to vote for reasons of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Adopted in 1870, the last of the reconstruction amendments. It sought to protect newly freed slaves' right to vote. Most states interpreted the amendment to only apply to male suffrage. Souther states passed a series of laws to systematically disenfranchise African Americans, like poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency riles. the use of violence and intimidation for political purpose was common. Meaningful change did not occur until the civil rights movement, nearly one hundred years later. In 1964, the 24th amendment prohibited the states and federal government from charging poll tax or fee to vote. The voting rights act of 1965 empowered the federal government to enforce the 15th amendment on the states for the first time.

political beliefs

the beliefs held by citizens of a nation about the government, leaders, polices and the related political issues of their state. Differ among individual cotozelns but in America, a strong basis of democracy shapes the political beliefs, behaviors and attitudes.

Civil liberties

refer to legal protections afforded to U.S. citizens against government action. granted by the constitution the first ten amendments, known as Bill of rights, which were added to the constitution in 1791. Are conditional and do not afford protection from government action in every scenario. Can be restricted when they infringe on the rights of others; for example, with defamation, child pornography, or "fighting words" That also may be suspended with just cause, such as the case of limiting the freedom of press to protect national security

Predicate nouns

remains the subject Ex. John is a carpenter The subject is John and the predicate noun is carpenter

Conjugation

shifting verb forms which is used to indicate tense, voice, or mood

Present perfect tense

shows action that began in the past, but continues into the present I have walked to work all week She has been stressed about the deadline

Future perfect tense

shows an action that will be completed at some point in the future By the time the bus arrives, I will have walked to work already

Past perfect tense

shows an action was finished before another took place I had walked all week until I sprained my ankle She has been stressed about the deadline until we talked about it

Superlative form of comparative adjectives

shows comparison between between more than two things: Alicia is the tallest girl in her class. Can be made by adding -er and -est to the positive form but some verbs call for the helping verbs more or most. Other exceptions to the rule include adjectives like bad, which uses the comparative worse and the superlative worst.

past tense

shows that the action happened in the past or that the state of being is in the past: I walked to work yesterday morning. She was stressed about the deadline

positive economics

the branch of economic analysis that describes the way the economy actually works. Positive economics relies on objective data analysis.

open market operations

the buying and selling of government securities to alter the supply of money

What is the Federal Reserve System?

the central bank of the United States

The Federal Reserve

the central banking system of the United States. It controls the supply of money by selling government securities to collect bank reserves (less money for banks to lend = lower money supply) or buying government securities to disperse more bank reserves (more money for banks to lend = higher money supply) It can also set reserve requirements for banks. Raising reserve requirements decreases money supply.

Leadership is effective when

the characteristics and behavior of the leader match the demands of the situation

reservation clause

the constitution clearly defined the roles of both state governments and the new federal governments, specifying the limited power of the federal government and reserving all other powers not restricted by the constitution to the states in the 10th amendment to the constitution

required reserves

the dollar amount of reserves a bank is obligated by regulation to hold

relative frequency

the fraction or percent of the time that an event occurs in an experiment

Attorney General

the head of the department of justice

Homonyms

words that sound the same but are spelled differently and they have different meanings. Ex. There, They're and Their the word there can be used as an adverb, adjective or pronoun. the word they're is a contraction of the words they and are: the word their is a possessive pronoun Other Examples: Its and it's // Your and You're // To, Too and Two // New and Knew // Affect and Effect

Interjections

words used to express emotion. Often are separate from sentences; in those cases, usually is directly followed by an exclamation point. or in other cases it is included in a sentence and followed by a comma. The punctuation plays a big role in the intensity pf the emotion that the interjections expressing. Using a comma or semicolon indicates less excitement than using an exclamation mark. ex. wow, ouch and hooray

Operation Entebbe

"successful counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Freed ~100 hostages held by Palestinian nationalist hijackers (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) and the far-left Revolutionary Cells. The Ugandan government supported the hijackers. After moving all hostages from the aircraft to a disused airport building, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group and forced them into a separate room. Others were let go. One IDF solider was killed, commander Yonatan Netanyahu (Bibi's older brother)."

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

Revolutionary War

1775-1783 American War of Independence. Began as 13 colonies versus Great Britain but soon turned into G.B versus colonies, France, Netherlands, and Spain = American Victory

Bush v. Gore

5-4 Supreme Court declared that Florida vote recount violated equal protection clause (some votes would be examined more closely than others); ended Gore's challenge to 2000 election results. Power of judicial review (effectively decided 2000 election).

Strait of Magellan

A navigable sea route separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. Named after Ferdinand Magellan, a navigator who sailed around the world during the Age of Exploration.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Flat Rate

A standard salary

frictional unemployment

A type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs.

Judiciary

Article III. That branch of the federal government which interprets the law and determines its constitutionality. Congress has discretion and determines the court's jurisdiction. There are district and appellate courts that hear and try most federal cases, and the Supreme Court. The president appoints judges and the Senate confirms them. They have no term limit, but may be impeached in the House and convicted/ removed in the Senate. Courts only try cases, meaning someone must have already been harmed (not presumptive). Lower courts must carry out the rulings of higher courts.

The systematic investigation of the reasons people purchase products is known as A. subliminal persuasion B. public relations C. motivational research D. advertising globalizaiton

C. motivational research is defined in this choice

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines (skilled and unskilled workers as opposed to trade union lines - meaning only skilled workers) by eight international unions of the AFL. Union organization of unskilled workers; later broke away from the AFL in 1935 due to ideological differences and rejoined it in 1955 under pressure of 2nd Red Scare

World Trade Organization

International organization that regulates international trade. Provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements & dispute resolution.

Inverted pyramid style of writing

Inverted pyramid style of writing - is a metaphor used by journalists and other writers to illustrate how information should be prioritized and structured in a text - like a news report. It is basically an upside down pyramid in top is (Most Newsworthy Info, who? What? when? Where? Why? How? - next stage Important Details - next stage - Other General Info Background Info.

international trade commission

Investigates unfair trade practices, for example, anti-dumping cases

News Embargo

Require by a source that the information or news provided by that souce not be published until a certain date

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Reserving admissions offers based on race violates the Equal Protection Clause. This left open the door to use race in admissions (ex. affirmative action)

The National Endowment of Democracy

The National Endowment of Democracy is a US non-profit soft power organization that was founded in 1983 to promote democracy as itself claims. It is funded primarily through an annual allocation from the US Congress.

Latin America

The Geopolitical designation for Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands which were settled by the Spanish.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

open market purchase

The purchase of U.S. government bonds by the FED to increase the money supply

Lake Huron

The second largest of the five Great Lakes of North America, forming a boundary between the United States and Canada.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

difference between capital goods and consumer goods

capital goods create value. Consumer goods do not.

Mount McKinley/Denali

the highest mountain on the North American continent; located in the state of Alaska.

first person pronouns

we, I, our, mine

1972 Summer Olympics

"Held in Munich, West Gerany. Eleven Israeli athletes and coaches were killed by Palestinian Black September terrorists. "

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. Signed by Lincoln

Medicaid

"Helps with medical costs for some people with limited income and resources. Offers benefits not normally covered, including nursing home care and personal care services."

Immediate aim vs. ultimate aim

"Immediate aim — aim of the speech (persuasion, presentation, welcoming). Ultimate aim — extends beyond speech (advancing political ambitions, etc.)"

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory inc. California.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders. Signed by Fillmore

Mother Jones

"1871 After her dress shop is destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire, Mary Harris ""Mother"" Jones begins working as a labor organizer. Organized a Children's March from Philly to NY"

Molly Maguires

"1877 National uprising of railroad workers 10 Irish coal miners (""Molly Maguires"") hanged in Pennsylvania; nine more subsequently were hanged"

Haymarket Affair

"1886 — It began as a peaceful rally at Haymarket Square (Chicago) in support of workers striking for an eight-hour work day, the day after police killed one and injured several workers. A bomb is thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up a labor rally. The police responded with wild gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. Generally considered the origin of International Workers' Day on May 1."

Flowers v. Mississippi

"2019 Supreme Court Case. Court decided that a white prosecutor violated the Constitution in excluding potential black jurors at the sixth trial of Curtis Flowers, who is on death row in Mississippi."

2019 Partisan Gerrymandering Cases

"2019 Supreme Court Case. Rucho v. Common Cause and Lamone v. Benisek, the court ruled that the Constitution does not bar extreme partisan gerrymandering."

Bread and Roses strike

"AKA 1912 Lawrence textile strike. Massachusetts. Let by IWW. Prompted by a two-hour pay cut shortening the workweek for women, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers. The strike united workers from more than 40 different nationalities, many of whom knew little to no English. Lasted 2 months, defying assumptions from conservative trade unions that women, immigrants, and ethically diverse workers couldn't be united. Police began clubbing both children and their mothers and dragged them off; one pregnant mother miscarried. The police brutality attracted national attention and most demands were met, but lost again within a few years because the IWW didn't believe in written contracts. ""As we come marching, marching, we battle too for men/For they are women's children, and we mother them again/Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes/Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses!"""

Suez Crisis

"AKA second Arab-Israel war. An invasion of Egypt in 1956 by Israel, UK, and France. Goal was to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just nationalized the canal. After a week, political pressure from the US, USSR, and UN led to their withrawal. Often considered a signal of the end of UK as a world power. Also resulted in the creation of UNEF Peacekeepers and in the Canadian external affairs minister, Lester Pearson, winning the NPP."

Which agencies have representatives serving in U.S. embassies abroad?

"Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security, USAID, Defense, Justice, Treasure, CDC, Library of Congress"

Knights of Labor

"American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s. (also international) promoted the social and cultural uplift of the working man, and demanded the eight-hour day. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized or funded. It was notable in its ambition to organize across lines of gender and race and in the inclusion of both skilled and unskilled labor. Lost influence after Haymarket Square riot."

John L. Lewis

"American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960. Driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. A leading liberal, he played a major role in helping Franklin D. Roosevelt win a landslide in 1936, but as an isolationist, broke with Roosevelt in 1940 on FDR's anti-Nazi foreign policy. (womp womp). Lewis was one of the most controversial and innovative leaders in the history of labor, gaining credit for building the industrial unions of the CIO into a political and economic powerhouse to rival the AFL, yet was widely hated by calling for nationwide coal strikes which critics believed to be damaging to the American economy and war effort. Had a lion-like head and forest-like eyebrows."

Eulogy

"Any speech that praises an individual (or event, culture, etc.). Often used at funerals. Contain little to no criticism or objective analysis. Usually ""preaching to the choir"" (the audience already thinks well of the topic). Speaker is usually one with extensive personal experience."

Persuasion (speech)

"Art of changing attitudes, beliefs, or actions. Establishing trust is key. Be perceived as confident (answer Qs, poise, organized, calm), have conviction (believe yourself so natural empathy can come through), reputation (establish credentials or be famous), use direct experience, use imitation (""others do this""), authority (following superiors), suggestion (rather than direct command, requires subtlety, gives impression listener has decided independently), motivation (why are you doing this?, helps separate emotion from intellect), call to action"

Samuel Gompers

"British-born American cigar maker and labor union leader. Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the organization's president from 1886 until his death in 1924. Shorter hours and higher wages, supporting political capaigns, started very liberal but became very anti-Socialist and viewed capitalism as a stepping-stone to greater good, became more conservative. Averted strikes during WWI. Grew in power after Knights of Labor gave way. Anti-Asian."

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

"Conduct safety inspections. Assure safe and healthy working conditions by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach education, and assistance. Also enforces whistleblower statues."

revolving credit

"Credit that is automatically renewed as debts are paid off, like a credit card."

Persuasive Speech

"Designed to motivate or change minds. Methods will depend on subject and rhetorical style. Some speakers are dry and data-driven, focusing on strength and breadth of info. Others beguile by amusing and entertaining. Appropriate for general, non-technical subjects. IF it's on a complex issue, it must include cogent reasoning and supportive data."

State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research

"DoS, an intelligence agency whose primary mission to provide all-source intelligence and analysis for US diplomates"

capitalism

"Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than the state"

Magna Carta

"Established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, which guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice, and the right to a fair trial. "

FDIC

"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, provides deposit insurance to depositors in US depository institutions. Created to restore trust in the American banking system during Great Depression. "

TANF

"Federal assistance program, started 1997 and succeeded Aid to Families with Dependent Children — cash assistance to poor Americans through DHHS"

Secret Service

"Federal law enforcement agency under DHS, charged wtih conducting criminal investigations and protecting the nation's leaders and their families. Originally, it was part of the Treasury tasked with combat counterfeiting US currency."

Tennessee Valley Authority

"Federally owned corporation in the US to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennesse Valley. Pushed for rural electrification. First and largest regional planning agency."

amortization

"In lending, it is the paying off of debts in regular installments over a period of time, with each payment going toward covering both principal and interest like in a mortage. Or it could mean, the deducation of capital expenses over a specific period of time of an immaterial asset like a patent."

Independence of Iran

"Iran was reunified as an independent state in 1501 by the Safavids, which made Shia Islam as the empire's official religion. Rivaled Ottomon Empire for centruries. In 1979, Iranian Revolution became an Islamic republic."

NEA

"National Endowment for the Arts, National Educational Association"

NLRB

"National Labor Relations Board, agency of the US government that enforces US labor law in relation to collective bargaining and unfair labor practices."

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Office of Federal Contact Compliance Programs

"Part of DOL, responsible for ensuring that employers doing business with the Federal government comply with the laws and regulations requiring nondiscrimination. "

Call to (or not to) Action

"Structured as: problem, solution, rewards (or, no-problem, reasons against change, negative consequences of change)"

monopolistic competition

"Type of imperfect (hypothetical) competition where many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another and are not perfect substitutes. (are judged by something other than price, like quality/taste/style/etc.) Firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms."

Expert Testimony in speeches

"Whenever possible, try to incorporate, especially a well-known authority. Audience will usually be ready to accept. Choose experts by correct field. As audience, remember to stay skeptical."

Common logical errors in speech

"causation (wrong attribution — watch out for ""X major event/movement had just Y cause""), circular reasoning (assumptions made at beginning rely on conclusion), contradiction (or inconsistency)"

AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children)

"federal assistance program in effect from 1935 to 1997, created by Social Security Act. Financial aid to children in poor families."

Basic Message Unit

"point + evidence — built together, they can make a speech"

How is public opinion measured?

(1) distribution of option across demographics such as age, race, gender, and religion (2) strength of opinion (3) stability of the option over time

to accomplish US foreign policy goals, the state department ....

(1) employees foreign diplomats to meet and talk with officials from foreign countries (2) maintains US embassies in foreign nations from which to practice diplomacy (3) joins and supports international organizations such as : NATO, WTO, United Nations

The goals of US foreign policy

(1) maintain national security (2) promote world peace (3) promote civil rights and democracy (4) ally with other states to solve international problems (5) promote global cooperation and trade

classifications of pronouns

(1) personal pronouns : refer to people (2) first person : we, I, our, mine (3) second person: you, yours (4)third person: he, them (5) possessive: demonstrate ownership (mine, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, yours) (6) interrogative pronouns: ask questions (what, which who, whom, whose) (7) relative pronouns :include the 5 interrogative pronouns and others that are relative (whoever, whomever, that ,when, where) (8) demonstrative pronouns: replace something specific (this, that, those, these) (9) reciprocal pronouns: indicate something was done or given in return (each other, one another) (10) indefinite pronouns: have a nonspecific status (anybody, whoever, someone, everybody, somebody)

A state's foreign policy is influenced by several factors, including:

(1) public opinion (2)economic and domestic stability (3)current events (4)social and humanitarian interests.

The whig party collapsed due to differing views of slavery. Former whigs joined or formed the following parties

(1)Constitutional union party (2) democratic party (3) Know-nothing party (4) Republican Party

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Bardon de Montesquieu

(1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect people's liberty.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Yasir Arafat

(1929-2004) President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority to speak for the Palestinians. His goals is to create a homeland for the displaced Palestinians.

Browder v. Gayle

(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Goldwater-Nichols Act

1. Reworked the command structure of the United States military 2. Streamlined the military chain of command- now runs from President through Secretary of Defense bypassing the service chiefs 3. The service chiefs were assigned to an advisory role to the President, NSC, and Secretary of Defense

Shay's rebellion

1786 and 1787, farmers in several states staged a series of protests over local tax and debt collection imposed on struggling farms

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large (Virginia) and small (New Jersey) states in the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory for $15 million from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada. Signed by Tyler

Wilmot Proviso

1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Guilded Age

1880's saw some of the greatest economic growth in American History as the US became the world's largest economy. Capital intensive industries (railroads) grew along with a new managerial class. Poverty and social issues were widespread, but hidden by the veneer of wealth.

2015 Environmental Regulation Cases

2015 Supreme Court Case. Found the Environmental Protection Agency violated the Clean Air Act by failing to undertake a cost-benefit analysis in deciding whether to set limits on emissions of mercury and other toxic pollutants from power plants.

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project

2015 Supreme Court Case. Plaintiffs suing under the Fair Housing Act of 1968 could prove discrimination using statistics to show that the challenged practice had produced a "disparate impact."

Elonis v. United States

2015 Supreme Court Case. Prosecutors did not do enough to prove Anthony Elonis's intent when he published threatening rap lyrics on Facebook directed at his wife.

King v. Burwell

2015 Supreme Court Case. Tax subsidies were being provided lawfully in three dozen states that had decided not to run marketplaces for insurance coverage.

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

2015 Supreme Court Case. Voters have the power to strip elected lawmakers of their authority to draw district lines.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores

2015 Supreme Court Case. Woman was not required to make a specific request for a religious accommodation to wear a hijab when applying for a position at a children's clothing store owned by the company.

National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra

2018 Supreme Court Case. Blocked a California law that required "crisis pregnancy centers" to provide information about abortion.

Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis

2018 Supreme Court Case. Employers can require workers to pursue claims for wage theft and other workplace issues in individual arbitrations.

Jesner v. Arab Bank

2018 Supreme Court Case. Foreign corporations may not be sued in American courts for complicity in human rights abuses abroad.

Carpenter v. United States

2018 Supreme Court Case. Government generally needs a warrant to collect troves of location data about the customers of cellphone companies

Jennings v. Rodriguez

2018 Supreme Court Case. Immigrants held in detention facilities have no rights under a federal law to periodic hearings to decide whether they may be released on bail.

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

2018 Supreme Court Case. Ruled in favor of a Colorado baker who refused to create a wedding cake for a gay couple. The court said the baker had been mistreated by a state civil rights commission based on remarks of one of its members indicating hostility to religion.

President Taft

27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930). He replaced Teddy Roosevelt as President and would later lose to Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.

Texas v. Johnson

A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.

Citizens United v. FEC

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)

simple interest

A = P(1 + nr)

compound interest formula

A = P(1 + r/n)^(n x t), r is the rate, n is the number of times compounded, t is time

carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

expansionary fiscal policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

A UN agency that periodically inspects countries with a civilian nuclear power capability to make sure it is not being used to produce weapons.

Appropriations Committee

A committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is in charge of setting the specific expenditures of money by the government

The Prince

A book of political advice written by Niccolo Machiavelli during the Renaissance in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that ﾓthe ends justifies the means.ﾔ.

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

A clause in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers.

Mercantilism

A colonial economic philosophy that holds that there is a finite amount of resources and nations are in competition. Government policy should regulate trade so that a nation exports as much as possible while importing as little as possible.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

landlocked country

A country that does not border a sea or ocean. Example: Laos

New Zealand

A country that is 2 islands off the east coast of Australia

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Muckraking

A form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century, devoted to exposing misconduct by government, business, and individual politicians.

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

Pampas

A grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

What is a bull market

A period of increased stock trading and rising stock prices

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

normative economics

A perspective on economics that reflects normative, or ideologically prescriptive judgments toward economic development, investment projects, statements, and scenarios. Unlike positive economics, which relies on objective data analysis, normative economics heavily concerns itself with value judgments and statements of "what ought to be" rather than facts based on cause-and-effect statements. It expresses ideological judgments about what may result in economic activity if public policy changes are made. Normative economic statements can't be verified or tested.

Voltaire

A philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment i.e. Candide.

527 organization

A political group organized under section 527 of the IRS code that may accept and spend unlimited amounts of money on election activities so long as they are not spent on broadcast ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election in which clearly identified candidate is referred to and a relevant electorate is targeted.

concave polygon

A polygon that has one or more interior angles greater than 180°

A press release

A press release, news release, media release, press statement or video release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something ostensibly newsworthy. Typically, they are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to assignment editors and journalists at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, online media, television stations or television networks.

Filibuster

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

"Remember the Maine"

A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

Rules Committee

A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated (time of debate), amended, and considered by the house.

Great Wall of China

A stone wall extending for fifteen hundred miles across northern China. Built to defend the Chinese border in ancient times. Today it has become a favorite destination for visitors to the country.

Smith v. Allwright

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

lurking variable

A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied

war of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

The top U.S. circulated magazine is: A. Modern Maturity B. Reader's Digest C. TV Guide D. Time

A. Modern Maturity, then Reader's Digest, then TV Guide then Time

A joint operating agreement provides for A. competing newspapers to combine their circulation and advertising but leave their editorial functions separate B. Advertising in newspapers working with competitors in setting rates C. legislation that allows for multiple owner, large newspaper chains D. an agreement that all newspapers in a chain may be printed from the same press

A. A is the definition of a joint operating agreement.

Yugoslavia was initially established as a kingdom of Serbs, Slovenes, and A. Croats B. Bosnians C. Turks D. Hungarians

A. Croats

In 1620, the _____________ established self-government for the Plymouth Colonists. A. the Mayflower Compact B. the Fundamental Order of Connecticut C. the Articles of Confederation D. the Declaration of Rights

A. The Mayflower Compact was the document that established self government for the Plymouth colonists in 1620. The Fundamental Order of Connecticut was the first American Constitution, written in 1639 by representatives from the Connecticut towns of Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor. The Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason, were adopted by the Virginia colonists.

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Expansionary fiscal policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

supply and demand

an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

Which of the following describes the Executive Office of the President? A. it is the formal name for the Cabinet B. it contains offices such as the EPA that are cabinet level but not cabinet departments C. it consists of offices that advise the president D. it refers only to those in the White House who write speeches for the president and give political advice

C. The Executive Office of the President was created under FDR by the Executive Reorganization Act of 1939. It was established to provide assistance to the president outside of Cabinet departments

Behavioral Decision Making

Concentrated on the effects of the decisions of others

The filibuster has been used to prevent a bill from passing in the Senate. Why hasn't it been as much of a concern in recent years? A. it has been eliminated by Senate rules B. the introduction of cloture has allowed the Senate to end the filibusters. Most filibusters are ended today by cloture C. the Senate limits a filibuster today to 30 hours D. the Senate has a track system that allows it to move on to other business if a filibuster stops work on a particular bill or appointment

D. The Senate now operates on a track system, whereby more than one bill can be considered. Although cloture, which cuts off filibusters, has been more successful in recent years, there are still filibusters that have been conducted.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Article I

Section 1 - Congress has all legislative power Section 2 - House Section 3 - Senate Section 4 - State legislatures decide elections Section 5 - Rules Section 6 - Privileges and Restrictions Section 7 - Legislative Process Section 8 - Powers (commerce, taxes etc.) Section 9 - Limits

The CNN effect

The CNN effect is a theory in political science and media studies that postulates that the development of the popular 24-hour international television news channel known as Cable News Network, or CNN had a major impact on the conduct of states foreign policy in the late Cold War period and that CNN and its subsequent industry competitors have had a similar impact in the post Cold War era. George Washington University professor Steven Lingonston identifies three distinct aspects that fall under the broad term of the CNN effect. The media may function alternatively or simultaneously as: (1) a policy agenda-setting agent, (2) an impediment to the achievement of desired policy goals, and (3) an accelerant to policy decision-making.

The Fulbright Program

The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of competitive, merit-based grants for international educational exchange for students, scholars, teachers, professionals, scientists and artists, founded by Senator William J Fulbright in 1946. Under the Fulbright Program, competitively selected U.S. citizens may become eligible for scholarships to study, conduct research, or exercise their talents abroad; and citizens of other countries may qualify to do the same in the United States. The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.

The International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP)

The International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) is the U.S. Department of State's premier professional exchange program. Through short-term visits to the United States, current and emerging foreign leaders in a variety of fields experience this country firsthand and cultivate lasting relationships with their American counterparts. It is an official organ of U.S. government public diplomacy efforts.

Spanish-American War

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines.

10 % plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

Engel Vs. Vitale

case that said organized prayer is unconstitutional in school

Net Present Value

cash flow/1 + interest rate to the number of years minus initial investment

prepositional phrase

shows the relationship between a word in the sentence and the object of the preposition. The object of the preposition is a noun that follows the preposition. Ex of common preposition: about, as, at, after, by, for, from, in , of, on, to , with

Modern political parties

the defeat of the south in the civil war resulted in the republicans holding power until the 1930s, which FDR, a democrat was elected president. the republican party opposed this interference by government imposed by FDR. Political landscape shifted agains during the Civil rights movement as southern democrats fled to the Republican Party over the opposition to enforcing federal civil rights onto states. this strengthened the modern coalition between economic conservatives and social conservatives.

What are planned or command economies?

the government or central authority determines market prices of good and services, determines what is being produced as well as the quantity of production, large number of shared goods as public services are an advantage. But wasteful of resources

demand-side economics

the idea that government spending and tax cuts help an economy by raising demand

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves, facilitated by capital intense infrastructure endeavors (railroads, ect.) and new business models (LLC's).

Positive form of comparative adjective

the normal form of the adjective: Alicia is tall

market equilibrium

the point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity

concurrent powers granted to both federal and state governments in the constitution include

the power to levy taxes, the power to borrow money, and the power to charter incorporations.

Functional departmentalization

the process of placing jobs in categories according to their function, such as marketing, manufacturing, and sales

open market operations

the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed

open market sale

the sale by the Fed of government bonds to the public for the purpose of reducing bank reserves and the money supply

South Pole

the southernmost point of the Earth's axis

Delegated powers

the specific powers granted to the federal government by the constitution ex. coin money, declare war, establish lower federal courts, sign foreign treaties, expand the territories in the United States , and admit new states into the union, regulate immigration, regulate interstate commerce

Microeconomics

the study of how individuals and firms make decisions in a world of scarcity

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

classical economics

the theory that free markets will restore full employment without government intervention

aggregate supply

the total amount of goods and services in the economy available at all possible price levels

Explain distribution channels

they determine the route a product takes on its journey from producer to consumer. wholesale, retail, club warehouse store, catalogs, internet

Keynesian economic theory

this theory advocates that government be involved in the marketplace to soften recession or depression as well as to encourage productivity.

current account

trade in goods, services, and money flowing into and out of a country from investments and unilateral transfers. A current account surplus is the opposite and means the country is a net lender to the rest of the world.

structural unemployment

unemployment that occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available

cyclical unemployment

unemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves

Comparative adjectives

used to compare nouns. When they are used int his way, they take on positive, comparative or superlative form.

Indefinite articles (a, an)

used to refer to nonspecific nouns. The article "a" proceeds words beginning with consonant sounds, and the article "an" proceeds words beginning with vowel sounds. A and an should only proceed nonspecific nouns that are also singular. If a nonspecific noun is plural, it does not need a preceding article.

Mood

used to show the speaker's feelings about the subject matter. There is (1) indicative mood (2) imperative mood (3) subjective mood.

verb tense

used to show when the action in the sentence took place. (1) present tense (2) past tense (3) future tense (4) present perfect tense (5) past perfect tense (6) future perfect tense

participles

verbals that act as adjectives. The present participle ends in -ing, and the past participle ends in -d,-ed,-n, or -t . Participle phrases are made up of the participle and modifiers, complements or objects. Ex. crying for most of an hour, the baby didn't seem to want to nap. "crying for most of an hour" are the participle phrase