Full Chapters 21-40

In an average-sized adult male, a closed unilateral femur fracture can result in internal blood loss of up to:

1,000 mL

An 80-kg patient has a lacerated brachial artery with severe bleeding. Based on his weight, what is the maximum amount of blood loss that his body can tolerate without developing severe shock?

1,100 mL

How much IV fluid (per bolus) should you administer to a 65-kg patient with extensive burns and severe shock?

1,300 mL

A 1-year-old female sustained blunt abdominal trauma following a motor-vehicle crash in which she was not properly restrained. Significant signs and symptoms will MOST likely occur after as little as _____ of blood loss.

100 mL

A 20 kg conscious male presents with acute respiratory distress. Your assessment reveals expiratory wheezing and tachycardia. Appropriate treatment for this child includes:

100% oxygen and 1 to 2 mL of nebulized albuterol

Appropriate treatment for a clinically stable child with suspected epiglottis includes:

100% oxygen as tolerated, position of comfort, and transport

Newborn bradycardia exists when the heart rate falls below ______ beats/min and is almost always secondary to ____________.

100, systemic hypoxia

When parking your ambulance at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you should position the ambulance:

100′ past the scene on the same side of the road

A 40-year-old man was struck in the head with a steel pipe. He opens his eyes when you ask him a question, but cannot recall the date or events prior to the injury. When you ask him if he is injured anywhere else, he tells you no. You should assign him a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of:

12

Which of the following weapons would MOST likely result in the largest surface area of tissue damage?

12-gauge shotgun

Appropriate management for a patient with a serious closed injury and signs of shock includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

15" to 20" elevation of the lower extremities

When pulling a patient, you should extend your arms no more than ________ in front of your torso.

15″ to 20″

Both the anterior and posterior fontanelles are usually fused by the age of:

18 months

Which of the following patients should be assigned a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8?

19-year-old male who does not open his eyes, is making mumbling sounds, and pulls his arm away when you are palpating it

A 32-year-old male was involved in a motorcycle crash and sustained bilateral femur fractures as he was ejected over the handlebars of his bike. He is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. On the basis of his injury, what is the approximate volume of blood that he has lost?

2 L

In addition to supplemental oxygen, the MOST appropriate treatment for a nauseated patient with heat exhaustion includes:

20 mL/kg saline boluses and transport.

A person is said to be obese when he or she is ________ over his or her ideal weight.

20%-30%

Which of the following patients should be assigned an immediate (red tag) category?

22-year-old male with blunt abdominal trauma, tachycardia, pallor, and diaphoresis

With proper technique, the AEMT and his or her partner should be able to safely lift a patient who weighs up to ______ lb.

220

Once the amniotic sac has ruptured, it is optimal that the fetus be delivered within:

24 hours

Hydroplaining of the ambulance on wet roads would most likely occur at speeds greater than _____ mph.

30

Which of the following is probably NOT a mass-casulaity incident?

A motor vehicle crash with two critically injured patients and two ambulances

A 4-year-old boy pulled a pot of boiling water from the stovetop. He has superficial and partial-thickness burns to his head, left anterior trunk, and entire left arm. On the basis of the "rule of nines," what percentage of this child's body surface area (BSA) has been burned?

30%

Portable and mounted suction units must be powerful enough to generate a vacuum of at least ___ mm Hg when the tubing is clamped.

300

How much IV crystalloid fluid (per bolus) should you administer to a 4-year-old child with severe dehydration?

320 mL

A premature infant is one that is born before:

36 weeks or weighs less than 5 pounds

A 60-year-old male has sustained partial- and full-thickness burns to his anterior chest, head, and both anterior arms. On the basis of the "Rule of Nines," what percentage of his body surface area (BSA) has been burned?

36%

A 60-year-old male has sustained partial- and full-thickness burns to his anterior chest, head, and both anterior arms. On the basis of the "rule of nines," what percentage of his body surface area (BSA) has been burned?

36%

A 33-year-old male was shot in the abdomen during an altercation at a bar. He is semiconscious, his heart rate is 160 beats/min and thready, and his respirations are 38 breaths/min and shallow. On the basis of this patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect that he is experiencing stage ____ hemorrhage.

4

A baby is born at 34 weeks' gestation. Its body is cyanotic and it has weak muscle tone. Further assessment reveals that the infant has a weak cry, a heart rate of approximately 90 beats/min, and irregular respirations of approximately 12 breaths/min. What is this infant's Apgar score?

4

A minimum of _____ personnel should be used to restrain a 17-year-old, 120-pound, violent patient.

4

A portable oxygen cylinder should have a capacity of a minimum of _____ of oxygen.

500 PL

Which of the following conditions would allow an adult patient to MOST effectively compensate for external blood loss?

500 mL of blood loss over 15 minutes

Common signs and symptoms associated with menstruation include all of the following EXCEPT:

60 mL to 100 mL of blood loss.

Common signs and symptoms associated with menstruation include all of the following, EXCEPT:

60 mL to 100 mL of blood loss.

During a lengthy transport of a 120-lb 29-year-old female with partial- and full-thickness burns to 45% of her BSA, medical control orders you to begin IV fluid replacement based on the Parkland formula. What volume of IV crystalloid should you administer per hour?

620 mL

During your assessment of a patient with a head injury, you note that he opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is mumbling, and has his arms curled in toward his chest. You should assign him a GCS score of:

7

Appropriate treatment for a clinically stable child with suspected epiglottitis includes: A. assisted ventilation, frequent BP monitoring, and transport. B. 100% oxygen as tolerated, position of comfort, and transport. C. an IV of normal saline, oxygen as tolerated, and transport. D. airway visualization, blow-by oxygen, and transport.

B. 100% oxygen as tolerated, position of comfort, and transport

Following a severe injury, a 9-month-old infant opens his eyes in response to painful stimuli, moans when you palpate areas of suspected injury, and pulls his hand away when you touch it. You should assign a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of: A. 9 B. 8 C. 6 D. 7

B. 8

Which of the following statements regarding the adolescent patient is correct? A. They have great difficulty comprehending complex treatment options. B. They prefer not to be observed by their caregivers during a procedure. C. They are unconcerned about body image and how they appear to peers. D. They have a basic understanding of the purpose and meaning of pain.

B. They prefer not to be observed by their caregivers during a procedure

When treating a child with suspected meningitis, it is important to: A. transport as soon as possible. B. follow standard precautions.

B. follow standard precautions

Use of a pediatric nonrebreathing mask is indicated: A. for children with rapid and shallow respirations. B. for hypoxic children with adequate tidal volume. C. when low concentrations of oxygen are required. D. when the child will not tolerate blow-by oxygen.

B. for hypoxic children with adequate tidal volume

Which of the following would be the MOST important parameter(s) to assess in a patient with a behavioral emergency?

Blood glucose level

Which of the following statements regarding scalp lacerations is correct?

Blood loss from a scalp laceration may result in hypovolemic shock, especially in children

Which of the following statements regarding scalp lacerations is correct?

Blood loss from a scalp laceration may result in hypovolemic shock, especially in children.

Why does the skin become flushed or red when a person is exposed to a hot environment?

Blood vessels dilate and heat radiates to the skin surface.

Which of the following statements regarding the dermal layer of the skin is correct?

Blood vessels in the dermis do not penetrate into the epidermis

The presence of posturing following severe head trauma is a sign of:

Brainstem injury

The pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) is designed to: A. rapidly identify the general category of a child's physiologic condition. B. provide a mechanism for rapidly assessing the child from head to toe. C. determine whether or not you need to perform a "hands-on" assessment. D. be used in place of the initial assessment of a sick or injured child.

A. rapidly identify the general category of a child's physiologic condition

A 5-year-old male presents with respiratory distress, a decreased level of consciousness, bradypnea, and poor muscle tone. When treating this child, you should: A. recognize that his minute volume is reduced. B. apply 100% oxygen via nonrebreathing mask. C. conclude that his PCO2 is markedly decreased. D. initiate an IV and then rapidly transport him.

A. recognize that his minute volume is reduced

Which of the following would be the LEAST reliable assessment parameter when determining the neurovascular status of a patient with a possible extremity fracture?

Ability to move the extremity

Which of the following is a physiologic abnormality that occurs as a result of hypothermia?

Abnormal blood clotting

According to the START triage system, what should you do if a patient is found to have a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min?

Assess for bilateral radial pulses

Minimum airway and ventilation equipment that should be carried on every ambulance include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Combitubes or laryngeal mask airways

Which of the following statements regarding interaction with the caregiver of a child or adult wiht speica​l heath​ care needs is correct?

Communication with the home care provider or patient's caregiver is important because they are the most familiar with the patient's condition.

Which of the following signs or symptoms would you be LEAST likely to find during your assessment of a patient with a pneumothorax?

Contralateral shifting of the trachea

Which of the following is a LATE sign of a tension pneumothorax?

Contralateral tracheal shift

A carboy is a container that would MOST likely be used to store and transport:

Corrosives

When assessing a patient who experienced blunt abdominal trauma, you note bruising around the umbilicus. This so-called ____________ indicates:

Cullen sign; significant internal bleeding.

If a child does not appear to be critically ill or injured, you should A. spend an equal amount of time with the parents. B. professionally dismiss the parents from the room. C. allow him or her to sit on a caregiver's lap. D. begin your assessment by taking vital signs.

C. allow him or her to sit on a caregiver's lap

A 4-year-old male requires peripheral venous access to treat significant dehydration. The child is conscious, crying, and is clinging to his mother. When starting the IV, you should: A. gently restrain the child on the stretcher. B. insert a butterfly catheter in a scalp vein. C. allow the child to remain with his mother. D. avoid the veins in the back of the hand.

C. allow the child to remain with his mother

When treating a conscious and alert 5-year-old child who has ingested an unknown substance, you should: A. induce vomiting with ipecac syrup. B. give 5g/kg of activated charcoal. C. be prepared to assist ventilations. D. administer prophylactic dextrose.

C. be prepared to assist ventilations

Because of the thin-walled thorax in an infant or child: A. blunt trauma to the chest is easily identifiable by external injury. B. multiple rib fractures occur with greater frequency in children. C. breath sounds are easily transmitted to all areas of the chest. D. it is easier to assess them for a pneumothorax or hemothorax.

C. breath sounds are easily transmitted to all areas of the chest

Compared to adults, burns in children tend to be more severe because: A. children have a much smaller volume of plasma. B. their skin is not as elastic as an adult's skin. C. children have less subcutaneous (fatty) tissue.

C. children have less subcutaneous (fatty) tissue

Which of the following statements regarding cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is correct?

CPP is the difference between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure.

During early infancy, infants respond mainly to: A. crying of other infants or children. B. his or her parents or caregiver. C. the presence of strangers. D. physical stimuli such as hunger.

D. physical stimuli such as hunger

Infants and children are highly susceptible to hypothermia because: A. of their smaller absolute blood volume. B. their hypothalamus is underdeveloped. C. of their overall smaller body size. D. they have limited stores of glycogen.

D. they have limited stores of glycogen

Tracheal tugging, a sign of respiratory distress, is more prominent in children because the: A. trachea is poorly supported by the neck muscles. B. cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the airway. C. large tracheal diameter makes it easily collapsible. D. trachea is very narrow and is easily collapsible.

D. trachea is very narrow and is easily collapsible

In addition to assessing and supporting the ABCs of a potentially abused child, the MOST important intervention that you can provide is: A. contacting child protective services. B. reporting your suspicions to the parents. C. photographing the child's injuries. D. transporting the child to the hospital.

D. transporting the child to the hospital

Which of the following physiologic responses would MOST likely occur when an elderly patient experiences hypovolemic shock?

Decreased ability to increase heart rate and contractility

Which of the following statements regarding hypothermia is correct?

Decreased thyroid gland function predisposes a person to hypothermia

You are transporting a 37-year-old male with a head injury to a local trauma center. When performing your reassessment, which of the following clinical findings would be the earliest indicator of increasing intracranial pressure?

Decreasing level of consciousness

Which of the following would MOST likely occur as the direct result of the second collision in a motor vehicle crash?

Deformed steering wheel

Which of the following statements regarding delirium and dementia is correct?

Delirium is an acute change in mentation

Which of the following findings would be LEAST suggestive of the presence of high-energy trauma?

Deployment of the air bag

Which of the following factors has the MOST significant impact on determining the severity of a burn?

Depth and extent of the burn

When speaking to an elderly patient regarding his or her chest pain, you should ask the patient:

Describe the pain

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Destruction of sebum

Which of the following statements regarding a "dirty bomb" is correct?

Dirty bombs could injure victims with both radioactive material and the explosive material used to deliver it

Which of the following statements regarding blunt chest trauma is correct?

Fractured ribs can tear the lung parenchyma or other vital intrathoracic organs

During your assessment of a 30-year-old pregnant patient, you determine that she has given birth to two children and has had one miscarriage. You should document her obstetric history as:

G3, P2, A1.

____ rays easily penetrate through the human body and require several inches of lead or concrete to prevent penetration

Gamma

Which of the following conditions would NOT cause weakness and dizziness in the elderly patient?

Glaucoma

How would you classify a woman who has been pregnant twice, had a miscarriage with her first pregnancy, and is now in active labor?

Gravida 2, para 0

How would you classify a woman who has been pregnant twice, had a miscarriage with her first pregnancy, and is now in active labor?

Gravida 2, para 0`

Which of the following would provide you with the LEAST amount of information about the emotional state of a 20-year-old male who will not respond to any of your questions?

Hair length

Which of the following questions is the MOST important to ask the parent or caregiver of a child with an acute asthma attack?

Has your child ever been intubated or in the ICU?

Most people who are hearing impaired:

Have learned to read body language, such as hand gestures

A behavioral crisis occurs when:

a reaction to an event interferes with daily living activities.

Charctertics an​atomi​c features of Down syndrome include:

a round head with a flat occiput

Acute abdominal pain in a female of childbearing age should be assumed to be:

a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

A 35-year-old female complains of an acute onset of pain to her left lower abdominal quadrant. During your assessment, she tells you that the pain moves around to her back and that she is experiencing a small amount of vaginal bleeding. This patient is MOST likely experiencing:

a ruptured ovarian cyst.

A folding or portable stretcher is MOST beneficial when:

a second patient must be transported on the squad bench of the ambulance

Continual reassessment of the scene at a suspected terrorist or WMD incident is MOST important because:

a secondary explosive device may detonate

When transporting a patient with a facial injury, it is MOST important to be as descriptive as possible with the hospital regarding the patient's injury because:

a specialist may be needed to manage the injury.

Decompensated shock in a 2-year-old child is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

a systolic BP of 80 mm Hg.

Down syndrome is a genetic defect that occurs as the result of:

a triplication of chromosome 21

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries poses the GREATEST risk for compartment syndrome?

Humeral fracture in a child

For which of the following conditions would you MOST likely encounter a ventriculoperitoneal shunt?

Hydrocephalus

Which of the following agents blocks the body's ability to use oxygen and possess an odor similar to almonds?

Hydrogen cyanide

Which of the following conditions would be LEAST likely to cause an alteration in behavior?

Hypertension

Which of the following conditions or situations would result in a psychiatric emergency of an organic etiology?

Hypoglycemia

A type _____ ambulance features a conventional, truck cab-chassis with a modular ambulance body that can be transferred to a newer chassis as needed.

I

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the warning lights and siren on the ambulance is correct?

If it is necessary to use the siren, you should tell the patient beforehand

Which of the following statements regarding communications at a disaster or mass-casualty incident is correct?

If possible, use face-to-face communications to minimize radio traffic.

Which of the following statements regarding transport of patients from a mass-casualty incident or disaster site is correct?

Immediate-priority patients should be transported two at a time.

You have two patients who were involved in a motor vehicle crash when their SUV struck a tree—one with neck and back pain, and the other with a deformed left femur. The patient with the deformed femur states that he does not want to be placed on a hard board, nor does he want a collar around his neck. What is the MOST appropriate and practical method of securing these patients and placing them into the ambulance?

Immobilize the patient with neck and back pain on a long backboard and place him on the wheeled stretcher; place the patient with the deformed femur on a folding stretcher secured to the squad bench

Which of the following statements regarding the parietal pericardium is correct?

It cannot distend acutely but can slowly distend with as much as 1,000 mL of blood.

Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is correct?

It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost.

Which of the following statements regarding the lung parenchyma is correct?

It is covered by the visceral pleura

Which of the following statements regarding peripheral cyanosis is correct?

It is limited to the hands and feet and is a common finding.

With regard to the three collisions that occur during a motor vehicle crash, which of the following statements regarding the first collision is correct?

It is the most dramatic part of the collision and may make extrication difficult.

Which of the following statements regarding the power lift is correct?

It is the safest and most powerful method of lifting a patient.

How could the mammalian diving reflex protect the hypothermic patient who was submerged in water?

It slows the metabolic rate and decreases the body's oxygen demand

How could the mammalian diving reflex protect the hypothermic patient who was submerged in water?

It slows the metabolic rate and decreases the body's oxygen demand.

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

It stimulates progesterone release and maintains the pregnancy.

Which of the following statements regarding the brown recluse spider is correct?

Its venom is cytotoxic and causes severe local tissue destruction.

Which of the following statements regarding trauma to the kidneys is correct?

Kidney injury is usually associated with injury to other abdominal organs

Which of the following conditions would MOST likely make spinal immobilization of an elderly patient especially challenging?

Kyphosis

Under which of the following conditions would external bleeding be LEAST difficult to control?

Lacerated femoral vein and a BP of 88/60 mm Hg

What effects could gestational diabetes have on the fetus?

Large body size and hypoglycemia

Which of the following findings does NOT indicate the potential for violence?

Large physical body size

An 81-year-old female fell and struck her head. You find the patient lying on her left side. She is conscious and complains of neck and upper back pain. As you are assessing her, you note that she has a severely kyphotic spine. What is the MOST appropriate method of immobilizing this patient?

Leave her on her side and use blanket rolls to immobilize her to the long backboard.

Which of the following would is the MOST serious post-partum complication?

More than 500 mL of blood loss before delivery of the placenta

Which of the following statements regarding hip dislocations is correct?

Most hip dislocations are caused by posterior displacement of the femoral head.

When assessing a patient with multiple systems trauma, which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the GREATEST threat to the patient's life?

Multiple open fractures

Which of the following organs or tissues requires only intermittent circulation of blood?

Muscles

What is the pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis?

Normal vaginal bacteria are replaced by an overgrowth of other bacterial forms.

A tour bus has overturned, resulting in numerous patients. When you arrive, you are immediately assigned to assist in the triage process. Patient 1 is a middle-aged male with respiratory distress, chest pain, and a closed deformity to his right forearm. Patient 2 is a young female who is conscious and alert, but has bilateral femur fractures and numerous abrasions to her arms and face. Patient 3 is an older woman who complains of abdominal pain and has a history of cardiovascular disease. Patient 4 is unresponsive, is not breathing, has a weak carotid pulse, and has a grossly deformed skull. What triage categories should you assign to these patients?

Patient 1, immediate (red); Patient 2, delayed (yellow); Patient 3, immediate (red); Patient 4, expectant (black)

Which of the following statements regarding gastrostomy (gastric) tubes is correct?

Patients with a gastrostomy tube may still be at risk for aspiration.

Which of the following injuries presents the greatest risk for severe internal bleeding?

Pelvic fractures

According to the START triage system, what should you do if you encounter an unresponsive patient who is not breathing?

Open the airway and reassess breathing status.

At a very large incident, the __________ section is responsible for managing the tactical operations usually handled by the IC on routine EMS calls.

Operations

Which of the following clinical signs is MOST suggestive of newborn hypovolemic shock?

Pallor, tachycardia, and weak pulses

Which of the following would be classified as a moderate burn in an infant or child?

Partial-thickness burns covering 15% of the BSA

To evaluate hazards present at the scene and determine the number of patients, you should:

Perform a 360 walk-around of the scene.

If a person is standing near a building that explodes, which of the following injuries would he or she MOST likely experience as a result of the pressure wave?

Stomach rupture

Which of the following is NOT an expected physiologic response to the natural process of aging?

Progressive and steady decrease in the blood pressure

Which of the following clinical presentations is MOST indicative of a subdural hematoma?

Progressive deterioration of mental status and other neurologic functions 2 days following a head injury.

You are assessing a 24-year-old male who was bitten by a rattlesnake while hiking in the woods. Which of the following clinical signs would be MOST indicative of envenomation?

Progressive tissue swelling

It is 10:30 PM and you have requested air medical transport for a critically injured patient. When you arrive at the designated landing zone, you should:

Survey the area for power lines or other hazards

Which of the following injuries MOST accurately depicts an open fracture?

Swelling and deformity to the lateral humerus with an overlying abrasion

On which of the following injuries would it be MOST appropriate to apply a traction splint?

Swelling and ecchymosis to the midshaft femur

Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma?

Rapid transport to a trauma center

You and your partner enter the residence of an elderly couple, both of whom are found unconscious in their bed. There is no evidence of trauma. As you begin your assessment, you and your partner notice the smell of natural gas in the residence. Which of the following should be your MOST appropriate action?

Rapidly remove the patients from their residence using a blanket or clothes drag

Which of the following parameters should be assessed to determine the need for neonatal resuscitation?

Respiratory effort, heart rate, and color

Which of the following is an important aspect in the care of a patient with a significant head injury?

Taking measures to prevent hyperthermia

Which of the following is an important aspect in the care of a patient with a significant head injury?

Taking measures to prevent hyperthermia.

Which of the following is LEAST suggestive of a person's intent to commit suicide?

Taking time away from a job

Of the following injuries, which would MOST likely present with muffled heart tones?

Tension pneumothorax

All of the following biologic agents or diseases can be transmitted from person to person, EXCEPT:

Ricin

What types of motor vehicle collisions present the greatest potential for multiple impacts?

Rotational and rollover

Which types of motor vehicle collisions present the greatest potential for multiple impacts?

Rotational and rollover

Just before striking a tree with her car, a 17-year-old female suddenly gasps and holds her breath. What type of injury will she MOST likely experience?

Rupture of the lung parenchyma

Which of the following injuries or conditions would MOST likely overwhelm the body's hemostatic response and result in death?

Ruptured aortic aneurysm

All of the following are vesicant agents, EXCEPT

Sarin

Common prehospital treatment for patients with severe burns includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

Tetanus prophylaxis

In which of the following situations is an emergency patient move indicated?

The AEMT is unable to protect the patient from scene hazards.

Which of the following statements regarding scalp lacerations is correct?

Scalp lacerations may contribute to hypovolemic shock in adult patients.

Which of the following mechanisms of injury is MOST commonly associated with traumatic dissection or rupture of the aorta?

Significant falls

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct?

Significant hypovolemia may not occur for several hours following the burn injury

Which of the following statements regarding hazardous materials is correct?

Some substances are not hazardous by themselves, but become toxic when mixed with another chemical.

Which of the following factors would be of LEAST pertinence when determining whether or not to immediately transport a sick or injured child?

The age and sex of the child

Which of the following has the MOST impact on the severity of radiation injury or type of health effect?

The amount and duration of exposure

Which of the following statements regarding low-energy penetrating injuries is correct?

The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body.

Which of the following statements regarding twins is correct?

There are two placentas if only one umbilical cord is attached to the first placenta.

The body loses heat to the environment through a process called:

Thermolysis

Which of the following statements regarding the fallopian tubes is correct?

They extend from the uterus and terminate at the ovary.

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent patients is correct?

They prefer not to be observed by their caregivers during a procedure

Which of the following statements regarding the adolescent patient is correct?

They prefer not to be observed by their caregivers during a procedure

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct?

They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

A 69-year-old female presents with chest pressure and nausea. As you begin your assessment, the patietn's​ husband hands you a valid "do not resuscitate" (DNR) docuemnt​ and tells you his wife has terminal cancer. How should you manage this situation?

Treat the patient as though she is experiencing a myocardial infarction.

Which of the following statements regarding decompression sickness is MOST correct?

Treatment at a recompression facility is a crucial treatment

A 22-year-old female presents with lower abdominal pain; a frothy, yellow, odorous vaginal discharge; and dysuria. She tells you that she experiences severe pain during sexual intercourse. Her clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

Trichomoniasis.

All patients presenting with trauma-related injuries should be completely immobilized.

True

Bladder injury should be suspected in any patient with trauma to the lower abdomen or pelvis.

True

Eye protection is required when managing open injuries.

True

The MOI may provide indications of potential safety threats.

True

Upon arriving at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash at night, you find that the safest place to park your ambulance is in a direction that is facing oncoming traffic. You should:

Turn off your headlights

Which of the following chemicals requires identification with a placard, regardless of how many pounds the shipment weights?

Water-reactive solids

At what period during pregnancy are the fetal lungs capable of producing pulmonary surfactant?

Weeks 25 to 27

Which of the following statements regarding scorpion stings is correct?

With the exception of one particular species of scorpion, most scorpion stings cause severe pain and swelling, but are not dangerous.

Abnormal variations in pupil size and reaction would MOST likely be observed in a patient with:

a brain injury.

The MOST accurate definition of a fracture is a:

a break in the continuity of a bone

In which of the following situations would a direct ground lift be the MOST appropriate method of moving a patient?

a conscious patient complaining of abdominal pain

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

a detached retina.

Abnormalities in normal bone growth and development will MOST likely occur in children when:

a fracture occurs at the epiphyseal plate

A 40-year-old female, unrestrained, impacted the steering wheel of her vehicle with her chest when her vehicle hit a tree while traveling at 45 mph. She is conscious and alert, but is experiencing significant chest pain and shortness of breath. Given the mechanism of injury and her present condition, it is LEAST likely that she experienced:

a head injury

Compared to the umbilical arteries, the umbilical vein is:

a large, thin-walled vessel.

The APGAR score is:

a method of assessing the newborn's response to resuscitation.

You should be MOST suspicious for serious bleeding when:

a patient has a poor general appearance.

In general, medivac helicopters should be utilized when:

a patient has a time-dependent injury or illness and traffic conditions would cause a significant delay in definitive care.

Which of the following situations would require the use of a specialized rescue team?

a patient trapped in a cave or a confined space

Situations in which you should use the rapid extrication technique include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a patient who can be properly assessed while still in the vehicle

Characteristics of a safe ambulance operator include:

a positive attitude about the ability to tolerate other drivers

Botulinum is

a potent bacterial neurotoxin.

While assessing the skin color of a newborn, you note the presence of central cyanosis. Initial management for this condition involves:

administering free-flow oxygen and continually assessing

When stabilizing a patient's cervical spine, you should:

align the patient's nose with the navel.

According to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA):

all health care facilities must provide a medical assessment and required treatment, regardless of the patient's ability to pay.

You are assessing a 30-year-old female who presents with respiratory distress and tachycardia after she opened a package that was delivered to her home. The patient tells you there was a fine white powder on the package, but she did not think it was important. This patient has MOST likely been exposed to:

anthrax

An unrestrained patient is sitting in his car after an automobile crash. He is conscious and alert, has no visible trauma, and complains of neck and back pain. Before removing the patient from his car, you should:

apply a cervical collar and immobilize him with a vest-style device.

When performing the rapid extrication technique to remove a patient from his or her vehicle, you should:

apply a cervical collar and remove the patient on a long backboard

When assessing the pelvis of a patient with multiple systems trauma, you should:

apply gentle inward pressure to the iliac crests

Retinal injuries that are caused by exposure to extremely bright light:

are typically not painful, but may result in permanent damage to vision.

When palpating an injured extremity, a patient complains of point tenderness. On the basis of this clinical finding, you:

are unable to determine the type of fracture

Unlike bacterial agents, viral agents:

are usually not treatable

According to the JumpSTART triage system, if a pediatric patient has a respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min, you should:

assess for a distal pulse.

A young male sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen during an altercation with a rival gang member. As your partner is assessing and managing his airway, you should control any obvious bleeding and then:

assess for an exit wound.

A young male tripped on a garden hose, fell, and struck his head on a concrete sidewalk. He is unresponsive and has a large hematoma to his forehead. His respirations are slow and shallow. You should:

assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen.

After eating at a local restaurant, a 20-year-old male complains of blurred vision, difficulty speaking, and difficulty breathing. He is conscious; however, his respirations are profoundly labored and producing minimal tidal volume. You should:

assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen.

A 20-year-old female presents with lower abdominal pain and scant vaginal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 124/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 120 beats/min and strong. When asked, she states that her last menstrual period was approximately 2 months ago. You should suspect:

an ectopic pregnancy

Which of the following MOST accurately describes a mass-casualty incident?

an incident that greatly taxes or depletes a system's available resources

In newborns, the saphenous veins are located:

anterior to the medial malleolus of the ankle

You are standing by at the scene of a hostage situation when the incident commander advises you that one of his personnel has been shot. The patient is lying supine in an open area and is not moving. As the SWAT team escorts you to the patient, you should:

grab him by the clothes and immediately move him to safety

If hydroplaning of the ambulance occurs, the driver should:

gradually slow down without jamming on the brakes

An elderly male was removed from his burning house by firefighters. He has extensive full-thickness burns; is semiconscious; and has shallow, stridorous respirations. The firefighters have already stopped the burning process. After ensuring an open airway, you should:

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen

When assessing a 74-year-old male with an altered mental status, you should:

attempt to determine his baseline mental status.

Prior to applying and inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG), you should:

auscultate bilateral breath sounds.

What portion of the nervous system controls the functions of many of the body's vital organs, over which the brain has no voluntary control?

autonomic

Patients with diabetes are especially prone to heat illnesses because:

autonomic neuropathy interferes with vasodilation

When assessing a conscious 5-year-old male with suspected epiglottis, you should:

avoid anything that will agitate the child.

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should:

avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering her eye.

When treating a patient who experienced a pulmonary blast injury, you should:

avoid giving oxygen under positive pressure.

When treating a patient who is severely hypothermic, unresponsive, and is wearing wet clothes, the AEMT should:

avoid placing chemical heat packs anywhere on the body.

When treating a patient who is severely hypothermic, unresponsive, and wearing wet clothes, the AEMT should:

avoid placing chemical heat packs anywhere on the body.

When treating a patient with a suspected diaphragmatic rupture, you should:

avoid placing the patient in a Trendelenburg position.

To avoid injury when pushing a patient or other object, you should:

avoid pushing the patient with your elbows fully extended.

When caring for a patient with multiple abrasions, you should:

be alert for underlying injuries

Regardless of where portable and mounted oxygen cylinders are stored in the ambulance, they must:

be capable of delivering oxygen 1-15 liters per min

When a rehabilitation area is established at the scene of a mass casualty incident, it should:

be in a location that prevents visualization of the scene itself

Prehospital documentation of a sexual assault case should:

be objective, factual, and detailed.

When assessing or providing care to a patient with a developmental disability, you should:

be observant for signs of fear or reluctance from the patient

A construction worker is pinned in between a truck and a loading dock. He is conscious and in respiratory distress. Further assessment reveals upper torso and facial cyanosis and bilateral conjunctival hemorrhages. When treating this patient, you must:

be prepared for severe hypotension once he is freed

During your assessment of a 48-year-old female with localized blunt abdominal trauma, you should:

be prepared for the patient to vomit.

When treating a conscious and alert 5-year-old child who has ingested an unknown substance, you should:

be prepared to assist ventilations

Hemostasis is a natural response of the body in which:

bleeding spontaneously clots through vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

If a patient is hemorrhaging, he or she is:

bleeding.

The term "hyphema" is defined as:

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

You should assess a patient with systemic hypothermia for local cold injuries to the extremities because:

blood is shunted away from the extremities.

Visceral injuries in the chest that occur from shearing forces, compression, or rupture, are MOST commonly seen with:

blunt chest trauma

Cerebral palsy is characterized by poorly controlled _____ movement.

body

Heatstroke occurs when the:

body is subjected to more heat than it can remove.

Because the gastrointestinal tract slows with aging, the elderly patient is prone to frequent:

bowel obstructions

Which of the following clinical signs would indicate a core body temperature of between 89°F and 92°F?

bradycardia

A patient with neurogenic shock would be expected to present with:

bradycardia and hypothermia

Cerebral palsy is a condition that results from damage or injury to the:

brain

Following a severe closed head injury, a 23-year-old female develops cardiac dysrhythmias and an irregular pattern of breathing. The area of her brain MOST likely injured is the:

brainstem

Which portion of the central nervous system is afforded the BEST protection by the cranium?

brainstem

The MOST accurate definition of a fracture is a:

break in the continuity of a bone

Because of the thin-walled thorax in an infant or child:

breath sounds are easily transmitted to all areas of the chest

"Breath-holding syncope" commonly occurs when a swimmer:

breathes deeply and rapidly before entering the water.

After drying, warming, and suctioning the mouth and nose of an infant following birth, you note that the baby's respirations are gasping, and irregular. You should:

briefly flick the soles of the feet or gently rub the back or trunk.

While assessing a young male who was struck in the chest with a steel pipe, you note that his pulse is irregular. You should be MOST suspicious for:

bruising of the heart muscle.

Suspect a possible injury of the urinary bladder with all of the following findings EXCEPT:

bruising to the left upper quadrant.

You are dispatched to an industrial plant for a worker who was exposed to an unknown chemical. Upon arrival, you find the patient sitting outside of the plant. He has a white, dry powder covering his right arm. Care for this patient's exposure includes:

brushing the chemical from the patient's arm and then irrigating with water.

In utero, the ductus arteriosus functions:

by connecting the left pulmonary artery and the aorta and diverting oxygenated blood away from the lungs.

A 34-year-old male is in late shock secondary to blunt chest trauma. His respirations of 6 breaths/min and shallow will initially result in:

carbon dioxide retention and acidosis

A 34-year-old male is in late shock secondary to blunt chest trauma. His respirations of 6 breaths/min and shallow will initially result in:

carbon dioxide retention and acidosis.

When transporting a moderately hypothermic patient, you must avoid unnecessary bumps in the road. Not doing so may result in:

cardiac arrhythmia

Common signs and symptoms of radiation sickness include:

hair loss and skin burns

If a caregiver is not present, and you need to clean the inner cannlula of a tracheostomy tube, it is MOST approprai​te to use:

half hydrogen peroxide and half water.

When assessing a conscious patient who experienced an electrical injury, you note irregularity in his pulse. This is MOST indicative of:

cardiac dysrhythmia

A frostbitten extremity is usually:

hard and waxy.

A 40-year-old male experienced penetrating trauma to the left anterior chest. During inhalation, you note that his radial pulses become barely palpable. You should suspect:

cardiac tamponade.

A service dog is easily identified by its:

harness

According to the American College of Surgeons, an adult trauma patient meets Level I criteria if he or she:

has a GCS score of less than or equal to 8 with a mechanism attributed to trauma.

You are assessing a 59-year-old male who complains of a headache and note that his pupils are asymmetrical. He is conscious and alert. When obtaining his medical history, it is MOST pertinent to ask him if he:

has a history of eye surgeries.

A supervisor who has more than seven people reporting to him or her:

has exceeded an effective span of control and should divide tasks and delegate the supervision of some tasks to another person.

You have delivered your patient, a 14-year-old female with a possible femur fracture, to the emergency department. After radiographic evaluation, the physician tells you that the patient has a comminuted fracture. This means that the femur:

has fractured into more than two fragments.

EMS personnel would MOST likely be called to the residence of a patient receiving home health care when the home care provider:

has recognized a change in the patient's health status.

When assessing a woman who has been sexually assaulted, it is important to:

have a female AEMT present if possible.

The skin and underlying tissues of the face:

have a rich blood supply and bleed heavily.

The FIRST step in the START triage system is to:

have all of the walking patients move to a specific area.

Patients with autism:

have extreme difficulty with complex tasks that require many steps.

In contrast to a Level III trauma center, a Level I trauma center must:

have general surgeons that are in-house 24 hours a day.

Compared to adults, burns in children tend to be more severe because:

children have less subcutaneous (fatty) tissue.

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as:

circulation of blood within an organ or tissue.

The LEAST desirable method of bleeding control in the prehospital setting is:

clamping a bleeding artery with hemostats.

A 44-year-old male was bitten by a black widow spider. He is conscious and alert, complains of nausea, and has a tense, painful abdomen. His blood pressure is 150/94 mm Hg, pulse is 110 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and unlabored. After administering 100% oxygen, you should:

clean the bite with soap and water, apply ice to the area, and transport.

The process of removing dirt, dust, blood, or other visible contaminants from a surface or equipment is called:

cleaning

You arrive at the residence of a young female who is experiencing an apparent psychotic episode. Law enforcement is on scene and has ensured that it is safe. You find the patient sitting in a chair, rocking back and forth. You should:

clearly identify yourself and your partner and tell her you are there to help.

A 39-year-old female experienced a severe closed head injury. She is unconscious with her eyes slightly open; her pupils are bilaterally dilated and slow to react. In addition to managing problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, you should:

close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing.

Blunt abdominal trauma may result in tearing of the mesentery, which:

consists of membranous folds that attach the intestines to the abdominal wall.

General guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher include:

constant communication with your partners

When a person is exposed to cold temperatures, blood vessels in the skin:

constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

During Stage 1 hemorrhage, the body compensates primarily by:

constriction of the vascular bed.

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note the presence of ecchymosis to the area of impact. This finding is MOST characteristic of a/an:

contusion

A young male is wearing lightweight clothing and is standing outside in windy winter weather. He is losing heat to the environment mostly by:

convection

During the transport phase of an ambulance call, it is important to:

converse with the patient and provide reassurance.

As the aorta exits the left ventricle, it immediately branches into the:

coronary arteries.

Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the:

corpus luteum.

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include:

coughing up blood

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include:

coughing up blood.

A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should:

cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital.

A 59-year-old male has a partial amputation of his left arm, just proximal to the elbow. Bleeding has been controlled and you note that the arm is attached by only a few strands of tissue. You should:

cover the arm with a bulky dressing and carefully splint it.

Clinical findings associated with a laryngeal injury include:

hemoptysis, subcutaneous emphysema, and cyanosis.

Unilaterally diminished or absent breath sounds, a narrowed pulse pressure, and dullness to percussion of the hemithorax are clinical findings suggestive of a:

hemothorax.

According to the Department of Homeland Security Security Advisory System, the color orange indicates a _______ risk of terrorist attacks.

high

Prior to applying a tourniquet to a profusely bleeding injury, you should take standard precautions and then:

hold direct pressure over the bleeding site.

Behavior is MOST accurately defined as:

how a person responds to his or her environment.

Genital warts are caused by infection with:

human papillomavirus.

Which of the following is a LATE sign of preeclampsia?

hyperactive reflexes

During the postictal period following a generalized seizure, you would expect a child to experience all of the following, EXCEPT:

hyperactivity

When positioning the newborn to ensure a patent airway, you should place the newborn:

in a supine position on a flat surface with the head in a sniffing position.

The LEAST practical place to store a portable oxygen cylinder is:

in the driver's compartment.

Descent of the fetal head to the pelvic inlet (lightening) occurs:

in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Hyperthermia occurs when:

inadequate thermolysis causes reduced heat loss.

During the third trimester of pregnancy, you should expect the patient's heart rate to:

increase by 10 to 20 beats/min.

Shivering, which is a natural response of the body to cold temperatures, serves to:

increase the rate of cellular metabolism.

The MOST significant complication associated with a severe closed head injury is:

increased intracranial pressure

Compartment syndrome is caused by:

increased pressure in the fascial compartment

When administering IV fluids to a patient with suspected intrathoracic bleeding, it is important to remember that:

increasing the BP with fluids may increase the bleeding.

Children vigorously compensate for shock by:

increasing their heart rate and increasing peripheral vascular resistance

When caring for a 4-month-old infant, it is MOST important to keep his or her nares clear of mucus because:

infants may not have the intuition to mouth breathe

The MOST serious risk to a fetus associated with premature rupture of the amniotic sac is:

infection

You are transporting a semiconscious 30-year-old female with an isolated head injury to a local trauma center. When you reassess her, you note that her BP is 78/56 mm Hg and her radial pulses are no longer palpable. You should:

infuse 20 mL/kg of normal saline as needed to maintain her BP at 90 mm Hg.

In contrast to upper-airway injury following a burn, lower-airway injury is usually the result of:

inhalation of chemicals and particulate matter

The three basic pathways by which radiation enters the body are:

inhalation, ingestion, and direct exposure.

A distended abdomen or pain may prevent adequate:

inhalation.

Following blunt head trauma, a 44-year-old male presents with clear, watery fluid draining from his nose. You should suspect:

damage to all of the meningeal layers.

You and your partner are the first to arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle accident. As you approach the scene, you can see multiple patients, some walking and others who are still in their vehicles. You should:

declare a multiple-casualty incident and request additional resources.

It is essential that you ____________ your equipment to prevent the spread of disease.

decontaminate

Which of the following activities occurs in the warm zone

decontamination

Which of the following is NOT a role of the AEMT at the scene of a HazMat incident?

decontamination

When assessing the heart rate of a pregnant patient in her second trimester, you should expect her systolic blood pressure to:

decrease by 10 to 15 mm Hg.

Air bags are designed to:

decrease the severity of deceleration injuries.

Although the alveoli become enlarged, elderly people have difficulty expelling used air from the lungs because of:

decreased alveolar elasticity secondary to decreased surfactant

Hypotension in an adult patient with an isolated brain injury and no external bleeding is MOST likely the result of:

decreased cerebral perfusion.

A loss of sensory nerve ending fibers and slowing of the peripheral nervous system predisposes the elderly patient to:

decreased reflexes when touching a hot or cold object

While attempting to ventilate a patient with a tracheostomy, you meet resistance when squeezing the bag-mask device. The patient's oxygen saturation has fallen to 84%. You should:

deflate the cuff on the tracheostomy tube, cover the patient's mouth and nose with a mask, and reattempt to ventilate with the bag-mask device.

All of the following are characteristic of a closed soft tissue injury, EXCEPT:

deformity of a short bone

Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease are examples of ____________ causes of an altered mental status.

degenerative

When administering crystalloid solutions to the newborn, you should:

deliver the fluid over 5 to 10 minutes.

The layer of skin that lies below the germinal layer and contains nerves, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels is called the:

dermis

The layer of the skin that plays a key role in the cooling of the body is the:

dermis

A young female was involved in a motor-vehicle crash and complains of neck pain. When assessing her, you should NOT:

determine cervical range of motion

When assessing an 82-year-old female who takes multiple medications, you should:

determine overall medication compliance

You are dispatched to a residence for an elderly female with "mental status changes." During your assessment of the patient, you should first:

determine the patient's baseline mental status.

The _________ is the dividing line between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

diaphragm

The primary muscle(s) of respiration is/are the:

diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Following an electrical burn, estimating the extent of the BSA involved is:

difficult because the degree and depth may be greater internally than externally.

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with:

direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings.

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you find a single patient still seated in his car. There are no scene hazards. As you approach the vehicle, you note that the patient is semiconscious and has a large laceration to his forehead. You should:

direct your partner to apply manual in-line support of the patient's head.

The length and severity of an acute psychotic episode caused by a mind-altering substance depends on the:

duration of the substance being metabolized within the body.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced a blast injury, you note that he has a depressed area to the front of his skull. This injury MOST likely occurred:

during the tertiary phase.

A 22-year-old female complains of pain during sexual intercourse. This is referred to as:

dyspareunia.

Acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding during the 23rd week of pregnancy could be caused by any of the following, EXCEPT:

ectopic pregnancy.

Proximal humeral fractures MOST commonly occur:

elderly population

Heat cramps are typically the result of prolonged exposure to a hot environment, resulting in:

electrolyte depletion and severe muscle spasms.

Phases of an ambulance call include all of the following activities, EXCEPT:

emergency care provided at the scene

Pregnancy hormones cause the _____________ of the uterus to thicken in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg.

endometrium

The functional layer of the uterus that is shed from the vagina if fertilization of an egg does not occur is called the:

endometrium.

The purpose of the incident command system (ICS) is to:

ensure responder and public safety, achieve incident management goals, and ensure the effective use of resources.

The MOST effective way to improve the cardiac output of an uninjured hypotensive woman in her third trimester of pregnancy is to:

ensure that she is placed on her left side

The MOST effective way to improve the cardiac output of an uninjured hypotensive woman in her third trimester of pregnancy is to:

ensure that she is placed on her left side.

After performing the jaw-thrust maneuver on a semiconscious child with a traumatic injury, you should:

ensure that the airway is clear of obstructions

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor-vehicle crash involving a telephone pole, you note that the driver appears unconscious and is bleeding heavily from the mouth. There is a power line across the hood and roof of the car. You should:

ensure that the power line is not electrically active.

When restraining a violent patient, it is important to:

ensure that you have taken standard precautions first.

Prior to applying medical restraints to a combative patient, you should:

evaluate the patient for potentially correctible cause of combativeness, such as head injury, hypoxia, or hypoglycemia

Upon entering the residence of an elderly patient who has fallen, you should ensure personal safety and then:

evaluate the patient's living environment

A 70-year-old female slipped on a throw rug, but grabbed an adjacent table before she fell to the ground. When assessing her, you should recall that:

even minor mechanisms of injury can result in fractures in the elderly

When treating a patient with a suspected myocardial contusion, it is especially important to monitor the patient for:

evidence of pulmonary edema.

When palpating the abdomen of a female in pain, you should:

examine the area farthest away from the pain first.

When evaluating a woman in labor, who is gravida 5 and para 4, you should:

expect a relatively short second stage of labor

When evaluating a woman in labor, who is gravida - 5 and para - 4, you should:

expect a relatively short second stage of labor.

You respond to a skilled nursing facility for an 81-year-old female with abdominal pain. As you begin your assessment, the patient tells you that she is waiting for her husband to visit her and adamantly refuses going to the hospital. She is conscious and alert to person, place, and time. You should​:

explain the potential complications and then obtain a signed refusal

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was sexually assaulted when a perpetrator broke into her home. She is conscious and alert and has multiple abrasions and bruises to her face and arms. As you begin to assess her, she tells you that she does not want to go to the hospital. You should:

explain the seriousness of the situation but allow her to refuse if she wishes.

To date, the preferred weapons of mass destruction for terrorists have been:

explosive weapons

Decerebrate posturing is characterized by:

extension of the arms and extension of the legs.

Which of the following is the MOST significant acute complication associated with a laceration to the forearm?

external bleeding

A patient with a displaced fracture of the proximal femur typically presents with:

external leg rotation, with the injured leg shorter than the opposite leg.

The MOST serious consequence of a poorly planned or rushed patient move is:

injury to you or your patient.

Immediate transport for a child with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is critical because:

insulin can only be given at the hospital

A full-thickness burn is typically characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

intense pain.

Fractures of the proximal femur MOST commonly occur at the:

intertrochanteric region of the femur

Following a blunt injury to the head, a 22-year-old female is confused and complains of a severe headache and nausea. On the basis of these signs and symptoms, you should be MOST concerned with the possibility of:

intracranial bleeding

Following a blunt injury to the head, a 22-year-old female is confused and complains of a severe headache and nausea. On the basis of these signs and symptoms, you should be MOST concerned with the possibility of:

intracranial bleeding.

In contrast to simple access, complex access

involves forcible entry into a vehicle

In contrast to a cerebral concussion, diffuse axonal injury (DAI):

involves stretching, shearing, or tearing of cerebral nerve fibers.

The "rule of palms" for estimating the extent of the body surface area (BSA) burned is especially useful with:

irregularly-shaped burns.

A factory worker was splashed in the eyes with a strong acid chemical. He complains of intense pain and blurred vision. If you do not have sterile saline or water, you should:

irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water.

An industrial-plant worker was splashed in the left eye with a strong acid chemical. The MOST appropriate initial care for this patient's injury is to:

irrigate the eye laterally, away from the unaffected eye

A 22-year-old male was walking on the beach and had sand blown into his eyes. He complains of pain and decreased vision to his right eye. Treatment should include:

irrigating his right eye laterally.

"Normal" behavior is basically classified as what:

is acceptable by society.

A driver involved in a rollover motor vehicle crash will MOST likely experience serious injuries or death if he or she:

is ejected or partially ejected.

A 56-year-old female is found supine in a narrow hallway of her mobile home. She complains of severe weakness and dizziness, and states that she is unable to walk. There is no evidence of trauma and the patient states that she did not fall. How should you and your partner move this patient to a more spacious area?

extremity lift

When assessing an unresponsive 20-year-old male with a traumatic brain injury, you note that his left pupil is fully dilated and non-reactive. This indicates injury:

left cerebral hemisphere

When caring for a patient with a behavioral emergency, it is important for you to:

let the patient tell you what happened in his or her own words.

During the secondary assessment of a child with vomiting and diarrhea, you should assess his or her:

level of hydration

The proper technique for using the power grip is to:

lift with your palms up

Which of the following steps is NOT proper procedure when performing an emergency move?

lifting the patient by the belt to move him or her

When performing your assessment of a 40-year-old male who is agitated and is displaying bizarre behavior, you should:

limit the number of personnel around the patient.

Following direct trauma to the upper part of the anterior neck, a young male presents with labored breathing, loss of voice, and subcutaneous emphysema in the soft tissues around his neck. You should suspect a/an:

laryngeal fracture.

Approximately 25% of severe injuries to the aorta occur during:

lateral collisions.

Which of the following abdominal organs would cause the MOST profuse bleeding when severely injured?

liver

If the incident command system (ICS) is already established at the scene of a WMD or terrorist attack, the EMT should:

locate the medical staging officer to obtain his or her assignment.

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate device to use when immobilizing a patient with a suspected spinal injury?

long backboard

A 29-year-old male has an anterior nosebleed after he was accidentally elbowed in the nose. His is conscious and alert with adequate breathing. The MOST appropriate care for this patient includes:

leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together.

Which of the following is the MOST acute and serious complication associated with a break in the integrity of the skin?

loss of fluids

Cerebral edema is aggravated by:

low O2 levels in the blood.

The primary reason for applying gentle longitudinal traction to a severely angulated tibia is to:

facilitate the placement of a standard splint

Which of the following describes an injury caused by indirect force?

fall on an outstretched hand with a fractured wrist and a dislocated elbow

The passageway for the downward movement of an ovum from the ovary, and for upward movement of sperm from the uterus, is called the:

fallopian tube

______________ is/are the leading cause of trauma, death, and disability in older patients.

falls

A person would MOST likely experience a compression injury of the lumbar spine when he or she:

falls and lands on his or her feet.

Two of the MOST common mechanisms of injury for blunt trauma are:

falls and motor vehicle collisions

Two of the MOST common mechanisms of injury for blunt trauma are:

falls and motor vehicle collisions.

Victims of elder abuse often do not report the crime because they:

fear retribution and further abuse

You are assessing a 76-year-old widowed female who complain​s of shortness of breath and malaise. Upon advising her of the need for EMS treatment and transport, she tells you that she does not want to go to the hospital. Her refusal is MOST likely the result of:

fear that she will be placed in a nursing home

Elder abuse occurs MOST commonly in:

females older than 75 years of age

Gestation refers to the process of:

fetal development after fertilization of an egg

Symptoms of both inhaled and ingested ricin include:

fever and headache

Signs and symptoms of infection with cytomegalovirus include:

fever, chills, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen.

Most cases of anthrax begin with:

flulike symptoms

A 20-year-old male was shot multiple times during a drive-by shooting. You arrive at the scene, which has been secured by law enforcement, and approach the patient. He is semiconscious and is bleeding heavily from the chest. You should:

follow proper standard precautions

When treating a child with suspected meningitis, it is important to:

follow standard precautions

You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than 250 lb with fewer than _______ rescuers, regardless of individual strength.

four

General principles of splinting an injured extremity include:

frequently assessing gross neurovascular functions

The direct carry is used to transfer a patient:

from a bed to the ambulance stretcher

In a cold environment, most of a person's body heat is lost:

from the head and neck areas

As the first arriving emergency responder at the scene of a suspected terrorist or WMD incident, you should request additional resources as needed and then:

function as the incident commander until additional personnel arrive.

The uppermost portion of the uterus is called the:

fundus

The uppermost portion of the uterus is called the:

fundus.

To minimize the risk of legal implications when managing an emotionally disturbed 33-year-old male, you should:

gain his confidence so that he consents to care.

When assessing an 80-year-old male with acute shortness of breath, it is MOST imporntat​ to remember that:

gas exchange in the lungs and at the cellular level is decreased

During your rapid assessment of an unconscious 67-year-old female, you note signs of shock and the presence of hematochezia. You should be MOST suspicious for:

lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Because hearing-impaired patients typically have more difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds, it is important for you to:

lower the pitch of your voice.

The complex network of spinal nerves that controls the lower extremities is called the:

lumbosacral plexus

The complex network of spinal nerves that controls the lower extremities is called the:

lumbosacral plexus.

The mediastinum encompasses all of the structures within the thoracic cavity, EXCEPT for the:

lungs

In addition to improving systemic perfusion following an electrical burn injury, you should administer IV crystalloid fluid boluses in order to:

maintain adequate urine output

A critical aspect of the rapid extrication technique is to:

maintain stabilization of the spine at all times

The lower jawbone is called the:

mandible.

A 19-year-old male who was struck by lightning. He is unresponsive and apneic, but has a pulse. He also has widespread superficial burns. You should:

manually stabilize his head, ventilate him with a bag-mask device, and establish at least one-large bore IV.

A 29-year-old male fell approximately 5 feet from a ladder and landed on his right shoulder. He is conscious and alert, denies loss of consciousness, and complains of pain to the shoulder. His vital signs are stable. You should:

manually stabilize the injury until it is splinted, perform a secondary assessment, splint the injury appropriately, and transport.

You and your partner are applying a Hare traction splint to a patient with a deformed midshaft femur. As you expose the injured femur and assess neurovascular functions, your partner should:

manually support and stabilize the injured leg.

The upper jawbones are called the:

maxillae.

When providing positive-pressure ventilations to a newborn, additional fluids may need to be cleared from the alveoli; therefore, you:

may need to occlude the pop-off valve on the bag-mask device.

Although an injury may be considered isolated and not alarming in young adults, older adluts:

may not be able to effectively compensate for even minor injuries.

When assessing the interior of a crashed motor vehicle for damage, you are gathering information regarding the:

mechanism of injury.

During the delivery of a baby, you note a gush of brown amniotic fluid. This indicates:

meconium staining.

Elderly patients who become isolated from outside social events are susceptible to all of the following, EXCEPT:

medication compliance

The six-pointed Star of Life emblem identifies vehicles that:

meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances

A 7-year-old child who presents with a high fever, an altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity, should be suspected of having:

meningitis

During respiratory distress, infants and children are highly susceptible to hypoxia because their:

metabolic oxygen demand is doubled, compared to an adult's

When assessing a patient with a mandibular fracture, you would MOST likely encounter:

misalignment of the teeth.

Vaginal bleeding during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is MOST commonly caused by a(n):

miscarriage

Vaginal bleeding during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is MOST commonly caused by a/an:

miscarriage

The AEMT should be MOST suspicious of a Le Fort fracture if a patient who experienced massive blunt force trauma to the face presents with:

mobility of the facial bones.

Compared to classic heatstroke, exertional heatstroke commonly presents with:

moist, pale skin.

You have applied an air splint to the deformed forearm of a critically injured patient while waiting for a helicopter to arrive. When the helicopter arrives, the flight medic asks you to accompany the patient. During the flight, you should:

monitor the splint and let air out as needed.

When assessing a patient with blunt abdominal trauma, the severity of internal bleeding is BEST determined by:

monitoring for signs of shock.

You are dispatched to the residence of an 80-year-old female with a possible heat-related emergency. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious, has hot and dry skin, and signs of severe dehydration. You should:

move her to a cooler environment

You are dispatched to a ski resort for a 21-year-old female with a local cold injury to her hand. Upon making contact with the patient, your MOST immediate action should be to:

move her to a warmer environment

After ensuring you and your partner's safety, the next step in caring for a patient with any burn is to:

move the patient to a place of safety.

The secondary stage of syphilis is characterized by:

mucous membrane lesions and a rash.

The mouth, nose, and other body orifices are lined with ___________________, which secrete a watery substance and provide a protective barrier against harmful agents.

mucus membranes

The myometrium is the:

muscular wall of the uterus.

As a triage supervisor, you:

must not begin treatment until all patients have been triaged.

Patients with a tension pneumothorax experience a decreased cardiac output and shock secondary to:

myocardial compression and decreased preload

A 71-year-old male presents with sudden diaphoresis, malaise, and near-syncope. You should be MOST suspicious for:

myocardial infarction

The thick, muscular layer of the uterus is called the:

myometrium

By 2 years of age, a child should be able to:

name a common object when you point to it

By 2 years of age, a child should be able to:

name a common object when you point to it.

Late signs of peritonitis may include:

nausea

The signs of abdominal injury are usually more definitive about the specific injury than the symptoms, and include all of the following EXCEPT:

nausea.

While en route to a major motor vehicle crash, an on-scene police officer advises you that a 6-year-old male who was riding in the front seat is involved. He further states that the child was only wearing a lap belt and that the air bag deployed. On the basis of this information, you should be MOST suspicious that the child has experienced:

neck and facial injuries.

During the first month of life, a pediatric patient is MOST appropriately referred to as a/an:

neonate

In contrast to conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is caused by:

nerve damage

A nulliparous woman has:

never delivered a viable baby

When approaching a helicopter, whether the rotor blades are moving or not, you should:

never duck under the body or the tail boom because the pilot cannot see you in these areas

An embryo is referred to as a fetus beyond the ______ week of gestation.

ninth

A 34-year-old male sustained a twisting injury to his left lower leg when he stepped into a hole. Your assessment reveals ecchymosis and pain to the area, but no deformity or crepitus. You should suspect a:

nondisplaced fracture

While assessing a 32-year-old male with an acute behavioral crisis, he asks to go to into the kitchen to get something to eat. You should:

not allow him to leave the area without a police escort.

You have delivered a full-term baby at the residence of a 30-year-old female. During your assessment of the infant, you note that it is pulseless and apneic, has a foul odor, and skin blisters. This situation is MOST appropriately managed by:

not attempting resuscitation and providing emotional support to the mother.

When treating a diver who complains of severe pain to his joints and abdomen after returning to the surface of the water, you should manage his airway accordingly and position him:

on his left side with his head down

When treating a diver who complains of severe pain to his joints and abdomen after returning to the surface of the water, you should manage his airway accordingly and position him:

on his left side with his head down.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the correct position of the AEMTs who are executing the diamond carry technique?

one at the head, one at the feet, and one on each side of the patient's torso

In contrast to paradoxical chest motion, asymmetrical chest movement occurs when:

one side of the chest fails to move normally during inspiration

The precursor to a premature egg, which is produced by the ovary, is called a(n):

oocyte

The precursor to a premature egg, which is produced by the ovary, is called a/an:

oocyte

You respond to a residence for a 9-year-old female with Down syndrome who is sick. When you arrive at the scene and assess the patient, you determine that she is unresponsive and has gurgling respirations. You should:

open her airway with a manual maneuver, suction her oropharynx, and insert a simple airway adjunct.

Which of the following types of burns is characterized by intense pain and destruction of a portion of the dermis?

partial thickness

The type and severity of wounds sustained from incendiary and explosive devices primarily depend on the:

patient's distance from the epicenter of the explosion.

Determining the chief complaint of an elderly patient can be difficult because:

patients may have multiple problems but usually ​reveal the lesser complaint.

When providing positive-pressure ventilations and chest compressions to a newborn, you should:

pause after every third compression to deliver a ventilation

Approximately 1 week following her menstrual period, a 33-year-old female complains of bilateral lower abdominal quadrant pain, vaginal discharge, and fever. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

pelvic inflammatory disease.

A 59-year-old male patient impacted the dashboard with his knees when his car struck a tree at 50 mph. During your primary assessment, you note bleeding from an obvious open femur fracture. After controlling the bleeding, applying oxygen, and extricating him from the car, you should:

perform a head-to-toe assessment, immobilize his spine, and transport.

If you are unable to ventilate a patient through his or her tracheotomy, you should:

plug the tracheostomy stoma and ventilate in the traditional manner with a bag-mask device.

When managing an adult patient with an inhalation injury, inspiratory stridor, and an altered mental status, you should:

prepare for early definitive airway management

The function of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) is to:

prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents.

A 34-year-old female in her second trimester of pregnancy presents with a generalized motor seizure. Her husband tells you that her obstetrician recently diagnosed her with preeclampsia. You should:

protect her airway from injury, maintain her airway and administer O2, and be prepared to suction her mouth

When removing a critically injured patient from his or her vehicle, you should:

protect the cervical spine during the entire process

Which of the following potentially lethal chest injuries would you be the LEAST likely to detect during the primary assessment?

pulmonary contusion

When introduced into the body, ricin causes:

pulmonary edema and circulatory failure.

The ductus arteriosus constricts in response to:

pulmonary vessel dilation and an increase in blood oxygen levels.

The opening in the center of the iris, which allows light to move to the back of the eye, is called the:

pupil.

When caring for a patient with a prolapsed umbilical cord, you should insert your gloved fingers inside the vagina and:

push the baby off the umbilical cord while ensuring umbilical pulsation.

In most instances, you should move a patient on a wheeled ambulance stretcher by:

pushing the head of the stretcher while your partner guides the foot

When the speed of a motor vehicle doubles, the amount of kinetic energy:

quadruples

When the speed of a motor vehicle doubles, the amount of kinetic energy:

quadruples.

When assessing a woman in labor, the AEMT's only sources of information regarding the stage of labor that she is in is/are:

questioning the patient and visually inspecting for crowning

You are en route to an emergency call when you approach a slow-moving vehicle on a two-way road. You can see oncoming traffic in the other lane. The driver has his windows up and does not realize that you are behind him. You should:

remain at a safe distance until it is safe to pass

You have a critically injured patient in the back of your ambulance, ready to be transported. There are other injured patients at the scene and it will be approximately 10 minutes before other ambulances will arrive. Law enforcement personnel are at the scene. You should:

remain at the scene until at least one other ambulance arrives

When caring for an 81-year-old female with bilateral visual impairment, it is important to:

remain in direct contact with the patient at all times

When driving an ambulance on a multilane highway in emergency mode, you should:

remain in the extreme left-hand lane.

A persistent or nonvolatile chemical agent can:

remain on a surface for more than 24 hours

During a HazMat incident, you are working in the treatment area. As patients are removed from the danger zone, you should:

remain where you are and have the patients brought to you.

You and your partner are standing by at the scene of a residential fire when you hear the incident commander state, "We have located a victim," over the radio. You should:

remain with the ambulance and wait for fire personnel to bring the victim to you.

According to the JumpSTART triage system, an injured child should be assigned a "deceased" category if he or she:

remains apneic after 5 rescue breaths

When a motor vehicle strikes a tree while traveling at 40 mph, the unrestrained occupant:

remains in motion until acted upon by an external force.

When caring for an occupant inside a motor vehicle equipped with an air bag that did not deploy upon impact, it is MOST important to:

remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you.

Extrication is MOST accurately defined as:

removal form a dangerous situation or position

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

retina.

After blood diffuses across the capillary membrane and perfuses the cells, it:

returns waste products to the right side of the heart, starting with the venules.

The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease resulting from a tick bite are MOST commonly confused with:

rheumatoid arthritis

When assessing a patient with a scapular fracture, you should also be alert for:

ribs fractures and a pneumothorax.

When working at the scene of a motor vehicle crash at night, you should NOT use:

road flares

A young female is found floating face-down in a lake. There were no witnesses to the event. Prior to removing her from the water, you must first:

rotate the pt into a supine position and protect her spine

Complications that may be associated with central venous catheters include all of the following, EXCEPT:

rupture of a central vein.

The presence of a scaphoid abdomen and bowel sounds in the lower hemithorax are MOST suggestive of a:

ruptured diaphragm

The _________ is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle.

sacrum

Sings and symptoms of exposure to a nerve agent include:

salivation, pinpoint pupils, and diarrhea.

The white portion of the eye is called the:

sclera.

When victims involved in a mass-casualty incident are moved to the treatment area:

secondary triage is performed and the appropriate treatment is rendered

Your MOST immediate action when caring for a child who is experiencing a grand mal seizure should be to:

secure and protect the airway

When immobilizing a patient onto a long backboard, it is important to:

secure the torso prior to securing the head

Postpartum eclampsia is characterized by:

seizures within 24 hours following delivery of a baby.

Which of the following situations would require an urgent patient move?

semiconscious patient with shallow respirations and signs of shock

The skin sends messages to the brain to regulate various functions via:

sensory nerves

The MOST important reason for not separating a sick or injured child from his or her parent or caregiver is because

separation anxiety can exacerbate the child's condition

All patients with closed soft-tissue injuries should be assessed for:

serious hidden injuries

All patients with closed soft-tissue injuries should be assessed for:

serious hidden injuries.

A weak femoral pulse in an 8-month old infant with a 2-day history of vomiting and diarrhea indicates:

severe hypotension and decompensated shock.

It is MOST important for your partner to remain at the mother's head during delivery because:

she may become nauseated and vomit

When a helicopter is used during nighttime operations, you should avoid:

shining any flashlights or spotlights at the helicopter.

Mild hypothermia is characterized by:

shivering, tachypnea, and peripheral vascular constriction.

When a person is standing upright, the weight of anything being lifted and carried in the hands is FIRST reflected onto the:

shoulder girdle

A tube from the brain to the abdomen that drains excessive cerebrospinal fluid is called a:

shunt

When a pregnant woman's system is stressed due to shock, her body will:

shunt blood away from the uterus and fetus

Which of your senses can be safely used to identify a HazMat incident?

sight and sound

The single most significant factor that contributes to suicide is:

significant depression.

The use of lights and siren on an ambulance:

signifies a request for other drivers to yield the right of way.

You are performing a rapid assessment on a 30-year-old male who was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. The patient is conscious, but restless. He complains of difficulty breathing and chest pain. Your assessment reveals diminished breath sounds in the left hemithorax, normal jugular veins, and a midline trachea. His blood pressure is 124/64 mm Hg, heart rate is 120 and regular, and respirations are 26 breaths/min and shallow. Which of the following injuries should you suspect?

simple pneumothorax

Polypharmacy is defined as the:

simultaneous use of multiple medications

An attack on an abortion clinic would MOST likely be carried out by a/an:

single-issue group

After being struck by an automobile, the area of greatest injury in the child depends on the:

size of the child and the height of the bumper upon impact.

Which of the following muscles is attached to the skeleton and forms the bulk of tissue of the arms and legs?

skeletal

The primary route of exposure of vesicant agents is the:

skin

The primary clinical feature associated with exposure to phosgene oxime is:

skin blistering

Early sings and symptoms of smallpox include all of the following, EXCEPT:

skin blisters

When being tailgated by another vehicle while responding to an emergency call, you should:

slow down and allow the driver to pass you.

The corpus luteum is a/an:

small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle.

A 52-year-old male presents with a fever of 102.5 and a severe headache. As you assess him you note the presence of multiple blisters on his face and chest, which are all identical in shape and size. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

smallpox

Which of the following senses declines at the slowest rate?

smell

___________ muscle is a component of body systems, including the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

smooth

The ability to consciously flex a muscle in an extremity is a function of the:

somatic nervous system

Common associated conditions in patients with spina bifida include all of the follwoign​, EXCEPT:

spastic limb movement.

An important aspect in the assessment of a patient who experienced a previous brain injury involves:

speaking with the patient and family to establish what is considered normal for the patient.

General safety guidelines to follow when caring for a patient with a behavioral emergency include all of the following EXCEPT:

spending as little time as possible at the scene.

General safety guidelines to follow when caring for a patient with a behavioral emergency include all of the following, EXCEPT:

spending as little time as possible at the scene.

Significant trauma to the face should increase the AEMT's index of suspicion for a(n):

spinal cord injury.

Significant trauma to the face should increase the AEMT's index of suspicion for a/an:

spinal cord injury.

The _____ area is where incoming ambulances meet and await further instructions at the scene of a mass-casualty incident.

staging

Frequent reassessments of the patient with face or neck injuries are MOST important because:

such injuries can affect the respiratory system.

A 30-year-old female was assaulted by a gang as she was leaving a nightclub. She has massive facial trauma and slow, gurgling respirations. As your partner manually stabilizes her head, you should:

suction her oropharynx for 15 seconds.

Following severe maxillofacial trauma, a 16-year-old male presents with oropharyngeal bleeding and poor respiratory effort. You should:

suction the oropharynx.

You are dispatched to the scene of a shooting. Upon arrival, you are directed by law enforcement to the patient, a 44-year-old male, who is unconscious. He is lying in an impressive pool of blood and you can hear gurgling from his mouth when he breathes. After your partner assumes C-spine control and opens the patient's airway, you should:

suction the patient's oropharynx

You are dispatched to the scene of a shooting. Upon arrival, you are directed by law enforcement to the patient, a 44-year-old male, who is unconscious. He is lying in an impressive pool of blood and you can hear gurgling from his mouth when he breathes. After your partner assumes c-spine control and opens the patient's airway, you should:

suction the patient's oropharynx

Signs of an impending lightning strike include all of the following, EXCEPT:

sudden tachycardia

A thermal burn involving the epidermis that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a:

superficial burn

A thermal burn involving the epidermis that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a:

superficial burn.

Following a motor-vehicle crash in which his truck struck a utility pole, a 56-year-old male complains of pain to the mid-chest and difficulty breathing. Your assessment reveals an ecchymotic area over the mid-sternum. His blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 120 and irregular, and respirations are 24 breaths/min with adequate depth. In addition to spinal immobilization, appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

supplemental oxygen and a large-bore IV set to keep the vein open.

To align a severe deformity associated with a humeral shaft fracture, you should:

support the fracture site with one hand and apply gentle traction by grasping the humeral condyles.

General treatment for a small child with a fever of 102.5 and no other symptoms includes

supportive care and transport

Patients with internal bleeding are in MOST need of:

surgical intervention.

A 48-year-old male fell approximately 20' from his roof. As you approach him, you note that his eyes are closed and that he is not moving. His respirations are gurgling and you see blood draining from his mouth. You should

take proper standard precautions.

When managing a patient with severe bleeding, it is important to:

take standard precautions.

Violent or dangerous individuals who do not require medical care should be:

taken into police custody.

Which of the following terrorist groups poses the LEAST threat to a person's physical safety?

technology terrorists

Airway management can be challenging in patients with Down syndrome because their:

teeth are misaligned and they have a large tongue

When caring for a patient who is visually impared, it is imporanta​​n​t to:

tell him or her what is happening, identify noises, and describe the situation and surroundings.

Syncope in an elderly person is the result of a/an:

temporary interruption of cerebral blood flow

Tough, cord-like structures that are extensions of the fascia covering all skeletal muscles are known as:

tendons

A patient with developing compartment syndrome following a fracture typically complains of or presents with:

tension or pressure in the affected extremity.

When assessing a patient who has fractured his or her midshaft clavicle, you should expect to find swelling, point tenderness, and:

tenting over the fracture site.

At present, the likelihood of a nuclear attack against the United States is very low because:

terrorist nations do not have the ability to deliver a nuclear weapon via missile or bomb

Thoracic barotrauma can occur in an infant or small child when:

the AEMT provides overzealous ventilatory assistance

Situational awareness is MOST accurately defined as

the ability to recognize any possible issues once you arrive at the scene and act proactively to avoid a negative impact

Delivery of an infant at the scene should occur in all of the following situations, EXCEPT when:

the amniotic sac ruptured within the last 60 minutes.

A unique consideration when dealing with a hybrid vehicle is that:

the battery has higher amperes than a traditional vehicle battery

Blunt or penetrating trauma can be especially lethal in pregnant patients because:

the gravid uterus is highly vascular.

As the baby begins to deliver, you note that it presents in a vertex position. This means that:

the head is the presenting part

Compression fractures of the spine occur more frequently in elderly patients because:

the intervertebral discs atrophy and the vertebrae become brittle

Initially, following submersion in fresh water, the lungs are not inundated with fluid because:

the larynx spasms and protects the airway

Initially, following submersion in fresh water, the lungs are not inundated with fluid because:

the larynx spasms and protects the airway.

The mediastinum encompasses all of the structures within the thoracic cavity EXCEPT:

the lungs

You are dispatched to a local golf course, where 3 people were struck by lightning. After ensuring your own safety, you begin triaging the patients. The first patient is conscious and has an apparent closed femur fracture. The second patient is conscious, confused, and complaining of hearing loss. The third patient is unconscious, pulseless, and apneic. You should focus your resuscitative efforts on the cardiac arrest patient because:

the other patients are less likely to develop cardiac arrest.

You are dispatched to a local golf course, where three people were struck by lightning. After ensuring your own safety, you begin triaging the patients. The first patient is conscious and has an apparent closed femur fracture. The second patient is conscious, confused, and complaining of hearing loss. The third patient is unconscious, pulseless, and apneic. You should focus your resuscitative efforts on the cardiac arrest patient because:

the other patients are less likely to develop cardiac arrest.

Manual C-spine stabilization should continue until:

the patient is fully secured to a long backboard.

Manual c-spine stabilization should continue until:

the patient is fully secured to a long backboard.

When assessing the skin temperature of a patient with a cold-related emergency, you should feel the skin closest to the core of the body because:

the patient may be hemodynamically stable even if his or her extremities are cold.

Palpating for a pulse in a near-drowning victim may be difficult to assess because:

the peripheral vessels are constricted and cardiac output is low

You are dispatched to a drug rehabilitation center for a 27-year-old pregnant female with vaginal bleeding and a tearing sensation in her abdomen. When you arrive at the scene and begin to assess the patient, you note the presence of dark red vaginal bleeding, hypotension, and tachycardia. The individual responsible for the patient states that she is 36 weeks' pregnant and is in the rehabilitation center for frequent cocaine use. This patient's clinical presentation and history suggests that:

the placenta has separated from the uterine wall

In the prehospital setting, the end of the first stage of labor is typically determined by:

the presence of crowning

After primary triage, the triage supervisor should communicate all of the following information to the medical branch officer, EXCEPT:

the recommended transport destination for each patient.

If a person places his or her hand on a hot stove:

the sensory nerve will bypass the brain and send a message directly to the motor nerve.

After being struck by an automobile, the area of greatest injury in the child depends on:

the size of the child and the height of the bumper on impact

Factors that should be considered when assessing a patient who has fallen include all of the following, EXCEPT:

the speed of the fall.

Compared to over-the-needle catheters, butterfly catheters are associated with a higher rate of vein infiltration in children because the:

the stainless steel needle lies directly in the vein

The level of force used to restrain a violent patient is dependent upon all of the following factors EXCEPT:

the type and dosage of medications the patient is taking.

The Adam's apple is:

the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage.

Vaginal yeast infections develop when:

the vaginal environment becomes less acidic.

Subluxation of the spine occurs when:

the vertebrae are no longer aligned.

When the shoulder girdle is aligned over the pelvis during lifting:

the weight is exerted straight down the vertebrae.

When caring for patients with cerebral palsy, it is important to remember that:

their limbs are often underdeveloped and are prone to injury.

A patient in respiratory arrest at the scene of a mass-casualty incident would typically be classified as a fourth priority (black tag; expectant) patient, unless:

there are enough resources to provide care for him or her.

A frostbitten extremity should never be rewarmed if:

there is a chance that it may refreeze.

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause injury:

there must be a complete circuit between the electrical source and the ground

Internal heat production is called:

thermogenesis

Infants and children are highly susceptible to hypothermia because:

they have limited stores of glycogen

Elderly patients are at a higher risk for food poisoning because:

they may unknowingly eat contaminated food due to sensory decline

Passengers who are seated in the rear of a vehicle and are wearing only lap belts have a higher incidence of injuries to the:

thoracic and lumbar spine

Following delivery of an infant that is 34 weeks' gestation, you should:

thoroughly dry and warm the newborn

The esophagus enters the thorax via the thoracic inlet and travels:

through the posterior thorax.

Compartment syndrome is caused by:

tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space

Compartment syndrome is caused by:

tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space.

When assessing an unresponsive 20-year-old male with a traumatic brain injury, you note that his left pupil is fully dilated and nonreactive. This indicates injury:

to the left cerebral hemisphere.

By the time a person reaches the age of 65 years:

total body water has decreased by 30%

Death immediately following a burn is MOST commonly the result of:

toxic chemical inhalation.

Tracheal tugging, a sign of respiratory distress, is more prominent in children because the:

trachea is very narrow and is easily collapsible

Fracture of the first and second ribs following severe blunt trauma would MOST likely result in a:

tracheobronchial injury

According to the Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS), you should consider air medical transport of a trauma patient if:

traffic conditions hamper the ability to get the patient to a trauma center by ground within the ideal time frame for the best clinical outcome.

The small, rounded, fleshy bulge immediately anterior to the ear canal is called the:

tragus.

When assessing and treating a female patient with a sexually transmitted disease, it is important to:

treat the patient without moral judgment.

Command functions under the ICS include all of the following, EXCEPT:

triage officer

A 70-year-old male companies of shortness of breath. During your assessment, you note that he has bilateral hearing aids. When you ask him questions related to his chief complaint, he does not answer you. You can hear a whistling sound coming from his hearing aids. You should:

try repositioning the hearing aid or remove it and turn down the volume.

You are dispatched to a residence for a patient with chest pain; however, you are unfamiliar with the address and cannot find the location in your map book. A nearby police officer radios and tells you that he knows how to get to the scene. You should:

turn off your lights and carefully follow the police officer to the scene

You are transporting an immobilized patient with severe facial trauma. As you are preparing to give your radio report to the hospital, the patient begins vomiting large amounts of blood. You should:

turn the backboard onto its side.

The level of force used to restrain a violent patient is dependent upon all of the following factors, EXCEPT the:

type and dosage of medications he or she is taking.

An infant born with a nuchal cord has:

umbilical cord wrapped around the neck

Common clinical findings in a patient with a suspected myocardial contusion include all of the following EXCEPT:

unilaterally diminished or absent breath sounds.

Common clinical findings in a patient with a suspected myocardial contusion include all of the following, EXCEPT:

unilaterally diminished or absent breath sounds.

In the absence of obvious external trauma, an abdominal injury would be MOST difficult to assess for in a(n):

unresponsive patient.

Radiation is released into the atmosphere when:

unstable atoms emit excess energy in an attempt to stabilize.

The MOST appropriate location to park your ambulance at a HazMat incident is:

upwind at least 100' from the incident.

You are treating a patient who experienced a significant exposure to cyanide. He is semiconscious and is breathing inadequately. The MOST appropriate method of providing assisted ventilations to this patient is to:

use a bag-mask device

Your unit and a fire department vehicle are responding to the scene of a patient in cardiac arrest. As you approach an intersection that is highly congested, you should:

use a different siren tone than the fire department vehicle.

When assessing a patient with a grossly deformed humerus, you note that the radial pulse is absent and the extremity is becoming cyanotic. You should:

use constant, gentle manual traction to align the humerus.

In order to facilitate a safe and coordinated move, the team leader should:

use preparatory commands to initiate any moves.

To facilitate a safe and coordinated move, the team leader should:

use preparatory commands to initiate any moves.

The main objective of traffic control at the scene of a motor vehicle crash is to:

warn oncoming traffic and prevent another crash.

A 30-year-old female with abdominal pain would be LEAST likely to answer your questions if she:

was sexually abused

The process performed to artificially maximize the target population's exposure to a biologic agent, thereby exposing the greatest number of people and achieving the desired effect, is called:

weaponization

When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the AEMT must:

wear gloves and facial protection.

In determining the potential for a terrorist attack, you should routinely observe all of the following on every call, EXCEPT:

weather conditions

All of the following signs are indicative of upper airway burns due to an inhalation injury, EXCEPT:

wheezing or rhonchi.

As soon as you leave the hospital and are en route back to your station, you should inform the dispatcher:

whether you are back in service

If you properly assess and stabilize a patient at the scene, driving to the hospital with excessive speed:

will decrease the drivers reaction time

The release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland:

will help contract the uterus and slow postpartum bleeding.

The extremity lift would NOT be appropriate to use on a patient:

with a deformed humerus

An intracerebral hematoma is the result of bleeding:

within the brain tissue itself.

Force acting over a distance defines the concept of:

work.

A 40-year-old female, who is conscious and alert with mild hypothermia, should receive active external rewarming. This involves:

wrapping her in blankets and applying heat packs to her groin

A patient who has experienced a back injury, with or without spinal cord damage, should be triaged with a __________ tag during a mass-casualty incident.

yellow

Burn patients without airway compromise and patients with multiple bone or joint injuries should be marked with a __________ triage at a mass-casualty incident.

yellow

A violent patient should never be restrained in a prone position because:

you cannot effectively monitor the patient's airway.

The index of suspicion is MOST accurately defined as:

your concern for potentially serious underlying injuries.

Which of the following represents the correct formula for estimating the weight, in kilograms, in a child over 1 year of age?

(Age [in years] x 2) + 8

The mastoid process is located approximately:

1" posterior to the external opening of the ear.

Level ___ hazardous materials would cause irritation on contact but only mild residual injury, even without treatment

1

Significant vital signs changes, including increased heart and respiratory rates and a decreasing blood pressure, would likely occur if an 80-kg adult patient acutely loses as little as _____ L of blood.

1

A disposable oxygen humidifier should be considered for ambulance derives that often transport patients on runs longer than:

1 hour

When administering IV crystalloid boluses to a patient with an electrical injury, you should give enough fluid to maintain a urine output of:

1 mL/kg per hour.

When using a Sager traction splint, you should apply traction that is approximately ____% of the patient's body weight to a maximum of ____ pounds.

10-15

Trench collapses usually involve large areas of falling dirt that weigh approximately _______ per cubic foot.

100

Following a severe injury, a 9-month-old infant opens his eyes in response to painful stimuli, moans when you palpate areas of suspected injury, and pulls his hand away when you touch it. You should assign a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of:

8

When assessing the 1-minute Apgar score, you note that the newborn's hands and feet are cyanotic; it has weak muscle tone, a strong cry, a heart rate of approximately 120 beats/min, and irregular respirations of approximately 40 breaths/min. What is this infant's Apgar score?

8

Your patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 11, a systolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min, his Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is:

8

Your patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 11, a systolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min. His Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is:

8

On the basis of the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid should you administer per hour to a 70-kg patient with severe burns to 50% of his BSA?

800-900 mL

A 45-year-old hiker was lost in the woods for approximately 24 hours. When he is rescued, you find that he is unresponsive; has profoundly slow respirations; and a weak, irregular pulse. This clinical presentation is MOST suggestive of a core body temperature of:

80°F to 88°F.

A 57-year-old male was struck in the head by a falling object. He opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is using inappropriate words, and withdraws from painful stimuli. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is:

9

When performing CPR at a 3:1 compression to ventilation ratio on a newborn in cardiac arrest, you should deliver ____ compressions and ____ breaths each minute.

90, 30

An individual is considered to be hypothermic when his or her core body temperature falls below:

95°F

Which of the following pediatric patients with respiratory distress is MOST likely experiencing bronchiolitis?

A 20-month-old child with low-grade fever and wheezing

Which of the following patients has signs and symptoms that are MOST indicative of heatstroke?

A 31-year-old male with hot and moist skin, tachycardia, and confusion

Which of the following patients has experienced the MOST significant fall?

A 4'-6" patient who fell 13'

Which of the following patients is LEAST prone to a local cold injury?

A 45-year-old male with hypertension

Which of the following situations is NOT an example of a patient with a mental illness?

A 55-year-old male who experiences a panic attack after being diagnosed with cancer

Which of the following patients has experienced a critical burn?

A 65-year-old with 18% partial-thickness burns to both upper extremities

Which of the following individuals would be at GREATEST risk for developing hypothermia?

A 68-year-old female with a generalized infection

Which of the following patients would require the MOST structured and comprehensive dependent living facility?

A 69-year-old male with Alzheimer disease

Which of the following emotionally disturbed patients could legally refuse EMS treatment and transport?

A 77-year-old male who is severely depressed over the death of his wife

Of the following, which is the LEAST common sign or symptom of a head injury?

A cardiac rhythm disturbance

Which of the following describes an injury caused by indirect force?

A fall on an outstretched hand with a fractured wrist and a dislocated elbow

Which of the following statements regarding the scoop stretcher is NOT correct?

A scoop stretcher will provide adequate immobilization of a patient's spinal column

Which of the following represents the correct formula for estimating the weight, in kilograms, in a child over 1 year of age? A. (Age [in years] x 2) + 8 B. (Age [in years] x 2) - 8 C. (Age [in years] - 2) + 4 D. (Age [in years] ÷ 4) + 4

A. (Age [in years] x 2) + 8

Despite 100% oxygen and the administration of a beta-2 agonist, a conscious 9-year-old female still has diffuse expiratory wheezing and respiratory distress. Medical control or local protocol will MOST likely dictate the administration of: A. 1:1,000 epinephrine SC. B. 0.01 mL/kg of epinephrine 1:10,000 IV. C. nebulizer treatments every 3 minutes. D. 0.02 mg/kg of albuterol.

A. 1:1,000 epinephrine SC

The length-based resuscitation tape is accurate for estimating the weight of children up to: A. 34 kg. B. 42 kg.

A. 34 kg

Which of the following pediatric patients with respiratory distress is MOST likely experiencing bronchiolitis? A. A 20-month-old child with low-grade fever and wheezing B. A 30-month-old afebrile child with inspiratory stridor C. A 42-month-old afebrile child with expiratory wheezing D. A 36-month-old child with high fever and drooling

A. A 20-month-old child with low-grade fever and wheezing

Children under 5 years of age who drown most commonly due so as a result of: A. falling into swimming pools. B. diving or boating accidents. C. abuse by a parent or caregiver. D. immediate pulmonary edema.

A. falling into swimming pools

Which of the following is considered a critical burn in an infant or small child? A. Any full-thickness burn B. Fifteen percent partial thickness burn C. Ten percent superficial burn D. Burns to the arms

A. Any full-thickness burn

Which of the following questions is the MOST important to ask the parent or caregiver of a child with an acute asthma attack? A. Has your child ever been intubated or in the ICU? B. When did your child last have an asthma attack? C. How often does your child experience an attack? D. When was your child diagnosed with asthma?

A. Has your child ever been intubated or in the ICU?

Which of the following signs is MOST indicative of a severe upper airway obstruction? A. Ineffective coughing B. Conscious but anxious C. Loud inspiratory stridor D. Muffled or hoarse voice

A. Ineffective coughing

At approximately 6:20 a.m., you receive a call to a residence for an "unconscious baby that is not breathing." When you arrive at the scene, you find the mother holding her baby, a 4-month-old male, in her arms. She tells you that she found her son face down in his crib. Your assessment reveals that the infant is pulseless and apneic and has cool, pale skin. How should you manage this situation? A. Initiate CPR and contact medical control.

A. Initiate CPR and contact medical control.

Which of the following is the LEAST common cause of shock in infants and children? A. Primary cardiac event B. Profound hypovolemia C. Severe allergic reaction D. Massive sepsis

A. Primary cardiac event

Decompensated shock in a 2-year-old child is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT: A. a systolic BP of 80 mm Hg. B. weak and rapid central pulses. C. a decreased mental status. D. marked tachypnea or bradypnea.

A. a systolic BP of 80 mm Hg

In addition to supplemental oxygen, treatment for a child who is experiencing an acute asthma attack includes: A. albuterol. B. antibiotic therapy. C. a beta-1 agonist. D. epinephrine 1:10,000

A. albuterol

When dealing with a suspected case of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in which the infant is obviously dead, it is important for the AEMT to: A. appreciate his or her own feelings regarding the event. B. leave the family alone so they can deal with the situation. C. thoroughly document that child abuse cannot be ruled out. D. begin full resuscitative efforts in the infant's best interest.

A. appreciate his or her own feelings regarding the event

A 6-year-old unresponsive male presents with respiratory distress, profound cyanosis, and a weak heart rate of 70 beats/min. You should: A. assist ventilations with 100% oxygen. B. give 100% oxygen and attach an AED. C. apply a pediatric nonrebreathing mask. D. administer blow-by oxygen and reassess.

A. assist ventilations with 100% oxygen

A 4-year-old male is found unresponsive by his father. When you arrive at the scene, you perform a primary assessment, which reveals that the child is unresponsive and breathing shallowly. He is also tachycardic and diaphoretic. You obtain a blood glucose reading of 38 mg/dL. Treatment for this child should include: A. assisted ventilation and 1 to 2 mL/kg of 50% dextrose IV. B. 1 mg of glucagon via IV push, followed by a reassessment. C. oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and 1 tube of oral glucose. D. assisted ventilation and immediate transport to the hospital.

A. assisted ventilation and 1 to 2 mL/kg of 50% dextrose IV

When suctioning the oropharynx of a 3-year-old child, you should: A. closely monitor the child for heart rate changes. B. decrease suction pressure to less than 150 mm Hg. C. limit your suction attempts to less than 15 seconds.

A. closely monitor the child for heart rate changes

When administering multiple IV fluid boluses to an infant or small child, it is important to: A. frequently assess breath sounds. B. obtain two large-bore IV lines. C. use an 18- or 20-gauge IV catheter. D. assess the BP every 3 to 5 minutes.

A. frequently assess breath sounds

During the postictal period following a generalized seizure, you would expect a child to experience all of the following, EXCEPT: A. hyperactivity. B. rapid, deep breathing. C. extreme fatigue. D. unresponsiveness.

A. hyperactivity

Immediate transport for a child with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is critical because: A. insulin can only be given at the hospital. B. airway management is often difficult. C. the child will require IV rehydration. D. he or she desperately needs glucose.

A. insulin can only be given at the hospital

During the secondary assessment of a child with vomiting and diarrhea, you should assess his or her: A. level of hydration. B. breathing adequacy.

A. level of hydration

A 7-year-old child who presents with a high fever, an altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity, should be suspected of having: A. meningitis. B. ketoacidosis. C. dehydration. D. head trauma.

A. meningitis

During respiratory distress, infants and children are highly susceptible to hypoxia because their: A. metabolic oxygen demand is doubled, compared to an adult's. B. respiratory rate must remain faster than an adult's. C. hemoglobin level is proportionately lower than an adult's. D. functional residual capacity is larger than an adult's.

A. metabolic oxygen demand is doubled, compared to an adult's

By 2 years of age, a child should be able to: A. name a common object when you point to it. B. provide specific details about his or her pain. C. differentiate physical from psychological pain. D. pronounce approximately 300 words.

A. name a common object when you point to it

When positioning and managing the airway of a small child, it is important to remember that the child's: A. occipital skull is proportionately larger and rounder than an adult's. B. epiglottis is relatively stiff and is more oval shaped than an adult's.

A. occipital skull is proportionately larger and rounder than an adult's

To obtain a sniffing position in a child under 3 years of age, you should: A. place a folded sheet or towel under the child's occiput. B. place a thin layer of padding under the child's back. C. place a small pillow in between the child's scapulae. D. place a folded sheet or towel behind the child's neck.

A. place a folded sheet or towel under the child's occiput

A weak femoral pulse in an 8-month old infant with a 2-day history of vomiting and diarrhea indicates: A. severe hypotension and decompensated shock. B. mild volume depletion and decreased perfusion. C. a need to begin immediate chest compressions. D. compensated shock with decreased perfusion.

A. severe hypotension and decompensated shock

You are suctioning the airway of a 2-year-old child when your partner advises you that the child's heart rate has dropped from 120 beats/min to 80 beats/min. You should: A. stop suctioning immediately and oxygenate the child. B. stop suctioning and insert an advanced airway device. C. administer free-flow oxygen and continue suctioning. D. start an IV of normal saline and give a 20 mL/kg bolus.

A. stop suctioning immediately and oxygenate the child

Thoracic barotrauma can occur in an infant or small child when: A. the AEMT provides overzealous ventilatory assistance. B. positive-pressure breaths are delivered over 1 second. C. his or her respiratory muscles fatigue and he or she tires. D. tidal volume is markedly reduced during ventilations.

A. the AEMT provides overzealous ventilatory assistance

Which of the following is the MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries?

Airway compromise

Treatment of injuries involving the external male genitalia includes:

All of these are correct.

_________ takes place in the solid organs.

All of these are correct.

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Allows movement of the head

The LEAST harmful form of ionizing radiation is:

Alpha

Of the following clinical findings, which one would you MOST likely encounter during the early phase following a fracture of the basilar skull?

Altered mental status

When assessing a patient with a heat-related emergency, which of the following clinical signs would indicate thermolytic inadequacy?

Altered mental status

Which of the following conditions would NOT cause acute delirious behavior?

Alzheimer disease

Which of the following statements regarding an emergency patient move is correct?

An emergency move is performed before the primary assessment and treatment.

A 19-year-old male sustained major head trauma following a motorcycle crash. During your assessment, you note the presence of blood draining from his left ear. What is the MOST important reason for not attempting to control the flow of this bleeding?

An increase in intracranial pressure may occur.

A 34-year-old male experienced an abduction injury to his right arm. He is found in extreme pain, holding his injured arm in a fixed position away from the chest wall. Your assessment reveals a bulge through the pectoralis major muscle and a squared off appearance of the shoulder. What has MOST likely occurred?

Anterior dislocation of the humeral head

Which of the following medications would interfere with the body's hemostatic effect?

Anticoagulants

Which of the following is considered a critical burn in an infant or small child?

Any full-thickness burn

Which of the following injuries would MOST likely occur as a direct result of the third collision in a motor vehicle crash?

Aortic Rupture

Under what circumstances is a left ventircular assist device used?

As a bridge to heart transplantation while a donor heart is being located

In which of the following situations should you perform CPR? A. A 3-year-old unconscious, apneic male with a rapid, irregular pulse B. A10-month-old unconscious male with weak breathing and a heart rate of 50/min C. A 2-year-old unconscious, apneic female with a heart rate of 90/min D. A 5-year-old unconscious male with severely labored breathing and tachycardia

B. A10-month-old unconscious male with weak breathing and a heart rate of 50/min

Which of the following statements regarding febrile seizures is correct? A. Febrile seizures are common in children older than 7 years of age. B. An abrupt rise in body temperature may cause a febrile seizure. C. A temperature of greater than 102.5°F will cause a seizure. D. Febrile seizures are not associated with tonic-clonic movement.

B. An abrupt rise in body temperature may cause a febrile seizure

Which of the following statements regarding shock in pediatric patients is correct? A. The primary compensatory mechanism for shock in children is increased contractility. B. Children can compensate for shock longer than adults but deteriorate more quickly. C. Anaphylaxis is the most common form of shock seen in the pediatric population. D. Hypotension is an earlier sign of shock in children than it is in the adult population.

B. Children can compensate for shock longer than adults but deteriorate more quickly

_____________, an abnormal sound heard during exhalation, reflects a child's attempt to keep the alveoli open. A. Wheezing B. Grunting C. Stridor D. Crowing

B. Grunting

A 4-year-old child presents with intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, a heart rate of 160 beats/min, and a fever of 101.5ºF. Which of the following clinical signs would indicate that this child's cardiopulmonary status is deteriorating? A. Retractions become more prominent. B. Heart rate decreases to 100 beats/min. C. Nasal flaring becomes less prominent. D. Fever gradually increases to 102.2ºF.

B. Heart rate decreases to 100 beats/min

Which of the following signs or symptoms is more common in children with a head injury than an adult? A. Decorticate posturing B. Nausea and vomiting C. Decerebrate posturing

B. Nausea and vomiting

Abnormalities in normal bone growth and development will MOST likely occur in children when: A. the diaphysis of the bone is damaged. B. a fracture occurs at the epiphyseal plate. C. he or she experiences a greenstick fracture. D. an IO needle punctures the medial tibia.

B. a fracture occurs at the epiphyseal plate

Signs of clinical improvement in a child who is receiving assisted ventilations includes: A. an oxygen saturation of ≥85% B. an increasing heart rate. C. irritability or anxiety. D. a decreasing heart rate.

B. an increasing heart rate

Signs of increased work of breathing in a child include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. sternal retractions. B. bradypnea C. tracheal tugging. D. preferential positioning.

B. bradypnea

Appropriate management for an unresponsive 6-month-old infant with a severe foreign body airway obstruction includes: A. back slaps and chest thrusts. B. chest compressions. C. subdiaphragmatic thrusts. D. blind finger sweeps.

B. chest compressions

Because a child's ribs are softer and more flexible than an adult's: A. they are easily fractured and absorb much of the trauma. B. compression injuries can occur without external trauma. C. the incidence of sternal fractures is much higher in children. D. internal thoracic injuries are an uncommon occurrence.

B. compression injuries can occur without external trauma

At 11:50 p.m., you are dispatched to a residence for a 3-year-old female with respiratory distress. The child's mother tells you that her daughter has had symptoms of a cold for the past few days. Your assessment reveals that the child is tachycardic, has nasal flaring, a low-grade fever, and a harsh cough. You should suspect: A. bronchiolitis. B. croup. C. epiglottitis. D. asthma.

B. croup

During your assessment of a 2-year-old male in respiratory distress, you find that he is conscious and his airway is patent. You should: A. assess the quality of his pulses. B. determine his breathing adequacy. C. apply blow-by oxygen with a mask. D. auscultate his lungs for abnormal sounds.

B. determine his breathing adequacy

After you have completed the primary assessment and initiated any required treatment for a 2-year-old child, you should: A. begin rapid transport to an appropriate medical facility. B. determine if immediate transport is needed.

B. determine if immediate transport is needed

After performing the jaw-thrust maneuver on a semiconscious child with a traumatic injury, you should: A. insert the appropriately-sized airway adjunct. B. ensure that the airway is clear of obstructions. C. assess the rate and regularity of respirations. D. immediately assist his or her ventilations.

B. ensure that the airway is clear of obstructions

During shock due to blood loss, children can maintain their blood pressure for longer periods of time than adults can because they: A. have a greater ability to increase myocardial contractility. B. have a proportionately larger circulating blood volume. C. rely exclusively on their heart rate to maintain perfusion. D. have a smaller absolute blood volume than do adults.

B. have a proportionately larger circulating blood volume

Children vigorously compensate for shock by: A. increasing their heart rate and increasing glycogen conversion in the liver. B. increasing their heart rate and increasing peripheral vascular resistance.

B. increasing their heart rate and increasing peripheral vascular resistance

When assessing a child who has potentially been abused, you should: A. assess for yellowish bruises to the shins. B. look for bruises to the face or buttocks. C. repeatedly question the child's parents. D. report the case only if abuse is confirmed.

B. look for bruises to the face or buttocks

During the first month of life, a pediatric patient is MOST appropriately referred to as a/an: A. child. B. neonate. C. infant.

B. neonate

A 5-year-old male with a history of recent bronchitis presents with fever, weakness, and difficulty breathing. Your assessment reveals diminished breath sounds in the left lower lobe of the lung and localized rhonchi. You should suspect: A. bronchiolitis. B. pneumonia.

B. pneumonia

You are triaging children who were injured when the school bus they were riding in collided with another vehicle. The first child you triage is unresponsive and apneic. According to the JumpSTART triage system, you should: A. give 5 rescue breaths. B. position the upper airway. C. assign him as a low priority. D. assess for a palpable pulse.

B. position the upper airway

When assessing or performing a procedure on a toddler, you should expect him or her to: A. remain reserved when being restrained. B. resist separation from his or her parents. C. localize any areas of pain or discomfort.

B. resist separation from his or her parents

After being struck by an automobile, the area of greatest injury in the child depends on the: A. age of the child and the height of the bumper upon impact. B. size of the child and the height of the bumper upon impact. C. size of the child and the speed of the vehicle upon impact. D. age of the child and the speed of the vehicle upon impact.

B. size of the child and the height of the bumper upon impact

General treatment for a small child with a fever of 102.5°F and no other symptoms includes: A. administering oral glucose. B. supportive care and transport. C. rapid cooling with cold water. D. IV crystalloid fluid boluses.

B. supportive care and transport

When assessing an injured child, you should be MOST suspicious for child abuse if: A. the injury is consistent with the child's physical abilities. B. the injury is inconsistent with the mechanism described. C. the parents seem overly worried about the child's injury.

B. the injury is inconsistent with the mechanism described

Which of the following sets of vital signs is MOST indicative of Cushing's triad?

BP, 190/100 mm Hg; pulse, 68 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min and irregular

Mastoid bruising is also referred to as:

Battle's sign

A 29-year-old male was robbed and struck in the chest by an assailant with a steel pipe. Your assessment reveals severe pain and crepitus to the right upper chest, at and below the clavicle. What is MOST significant about the location of this patient's injury?

Because they are protected by the bony girdle of the clavicle and scapula, upper rib fractures may indicate severe internal injuries.

Other than personal safety equipment, with of the following should be the MOST readily accessible item in the back of an ambulance?

Bleeding control supplies

A 24-year-old female, in her second trimester of pregnancy, presents with what she describes as "mild" contractions. After further questioning, she tells you that there is no regular pattern to the contractions and that they have not increased in intensity since they began. She denies vaginal bleeding or any other symptoms. This patient is MOST likely experiencing:

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Under which circumstances is it necessary to insert your gloved fingers into the mother's vagina?

Breech position and prolapsed umbilical cord

Which of the following findings is LEAST suggestive of a head injury?

Briskly constricting pupils when exposed to light

Immediately following delivery, which of the following findings would necessitate further assessment and potential treatment of the newborn?

Brown amniotic fluid

The purpose of a jump kit is to:

Contain anything that you might need during the first 5 minutes of patient care

A 20 kg conscious male presents with acute respiratory distress. Your assessment reveals expiratory wheezing and tachycardia. Appropriate treatment for this child includes: A. 100% oxygen and 2.5 to 5 mg of nebulized albuterol. B. ventilatory assistance and epinephrine 1:10,000. C. 100% oxygen and 1 to 2 mL of nebulized albuterol.

C. 100% oxygen and 1 to 2 mL of nebulized albuterol

What is the lower limit of normal for a 5-year-old child's systolic blood pressure? A. 70 mm Hg B. 100 mm Hg C. 80 mm Hg

C. 80 mm Hg

Which of the following clinical findings is NOT an indicator of an abnormal level of consciousness in an infant or small child? A. Poor muscle tone B. Decreased interactiveness C. Bradycardia D. Poor eye contact

C. Bradycardia

Which of the following respiratory diseases is characterized by respiratory distress, high fever, and drooling? A. Acute asthma B. Croup C. Epiglottitis D. Bronchiolitis

C. Epiglottitis

ou are dispatched to the city park for a 9-year-old female with difficulty breathing. When you arrive at the scene and assess the child, you note that she is anxious, and that she has a generalized rash, facial swelling, and marked respiratory distress. Her radial pulses are weak and rapid. You should: A. insert a multilumen airway device before her airway swells, and transport at once. B. start an IV, administer diphenhydramine, and give her oxygen via nasal cannula. C. administer 100% oxygen, start an IV line, and administer epinephrine 1:10,000.

C. administer 100% oxygen, start an IV line, and administer epinephrine 1:10,000

Components of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) include: A. level of consciousness, breathing effort, and heart rate. B. appearance, capillary refill, and breathing effort. C. appearance, work of breathing, and skin circulation. D. level of consciousness, gross bleeding, and heart rate.

C. appearance, work of breathing, and skin circulation

According to the JumpSTART triage system, if an injured child has a respiratory rate of 50 breaths/min, you should: A. give oxygen via nonrebreathing mask. B. determine his level of consciousness. C. assign him an immediate category.

C. assign him an immediate category

A 7-year-old male presents with severe diarrhea and vomiting of 3 days' duration. He is anxious, tachypneic, and has a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg. Further assessment reveals that he has weak and rapid radial pulses, but a strong carotid pulse. This child's clinical condition is MOST consistent with: A. irreversible shock. B. decompensated shock. C. compensated shock. D. cardiopulmonary failure.

C. compensated shock

Capillary refill time (CRT) is used to assess _______________ and is MOST reliable in children younger than ____________. A. central perfusion, 6 years of age B. cardiac function, 4 years of age C. end-organ perfusion, 6 years of age D. cerebral perfusion, 4 years of age

C. end-organ perfusion, 6 years of age

The "G" in the GEMS diamond recognizes the patient as a geriatric patient and serves as a reminder for the AEMT to:

C. gear his or her thought process to the potential problems of an aging patient

A 4-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. His mother tells you that she saw him put a small toy in his mouth shortly before the episode began. The child is conscious and alert, crying, and has good skin color. You should: A. perform abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled. B. allow the mother to transport the child to the hospital. C. give supplemental oxygen as tolerated, and transport. D. sweep the mouth with your finger to attempt removal.

C. give supplemental oxygen as tolerated, and transport

When caring for a 4-month-old infant, it is MOST important to keep his or her nares clear of mucus because: A. the nares are inherently narrow and easily obstructed. B. nasal occlusion is the most common cause of hypoxia. C. infants may not have the intuition to mouth breathe.

C. infants may not have the intuition to mouth breathe

A 6-year-old female is unconscious and in severe hypovolemic shock. Three attempts at obtaining intravenous access have been unsuccessful. You should: A. place an intraosseous catheter in the epiphyseal plate. B. transport at once and continue IV attempts en route. C. insert an intraosseous catheter in the proximal tibia. D. continue IV attempts using a larger sized catheter.

C. insert an intraosseous catheter in the proximal tibia

A 12-year-old female complains of nausea and abdominal pain. When assessing and treating her, you should: A. treat her as an adult and allow her to answer all of your questions. B. reward her if she holds out her arm to let you start an IV line. C. obtain as much of the medical history from her as possible. D. ask her simple questions but turn to the parent for answers.

C. obtain as much of the medical history from her as possible

When assessing a child in compensated shock, you would MOST likely find: A. weak central pulses. B. central cyanosis. C. pallor or mottling. D. severe bradycardia.

C. pallor or mottling

The nasopharyngeal airway is: A. not well tolerated in children with a gag reflex. B. not used in children with an altered mental status. C. rarely used in infants younger than 1 year of age.

C. rarely used in infants younger than 1 year of age

According to the JumpSTART triage system, an injured child should be assigned a "deceased" category if he or she: A. is breathing fewer than 15 times/min. B. does not have palpable peripheral pulses. C. remains apneic after 5 rescue breaths. D. is not breathing upon initial contact.

C. remains apneic after 5 rescue breaths

When assessing a conscious 4-year-old child in the early stages of respiratory distress, you would expect the child to exhibit: A. poor muscle tone. B. central cyanosis. C. restlessness. D. bradypnea.

C. restlessness

Compared to over-the-needle catheters, butterfly catheters are associated with a higher rate of vein infiltration in children because the: A. catheter is shorter and moves around easily. B. butterfly catheter is very difficult to secure. C. stainless steel needle lies directly in the vein.

C. stainless steel needle lies directly in the vein

Infants and small children are referred to as "belly breathers" because: A. the skin covering the abdomen is thicker than the chest wall. B. the diaphragm is less developed than the intercostal muscles. C. their intercostal muscles are weak and not well developed. D. gastric distention interferes with diaphragmatic movement.

C. their intercostal muscles are weak and not well developed

The MOST effective method for delivering the highest concentration of oxygen and adequate tidal volume is the: A. pocket mask with oxygen. B. one-rescuer bag-mask technique. C. two-rescuer bag-mask technique. D. nonrebreathing mask.

C. two-rescuer bag-mask technique

When providing emotional support to the family of an infant who suddenly and unexpectedly died, you should: A. tell the parents that you know how they feel. B. provide detailed information about the event. C. use the infant's first name whenever possible. D. avoid using the words "dead" or "died".

C. use the infant's first name whenever possible

Proper insertion of an intraosseous (IO) catheter involves: A. pushing the catheter straight down until you meet sudden resistance. B. locating the flat plate of the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia. C. using a twisting motion and inserting the catheter at a 90° angle. D. inserting the catheter at a 45° angle while using a twisting motion.

C. using a twisting motion and inserting the catheter at a 90° angle

Appropriate management for an unresponsive 6-month-old infant with a severe foreign body airway obstruction includes:

Chest compressions

Which of the following statements regarding shock in pediatric patients is correct?

Children can compensate for shock longer than adults but deteriorate more quickly.

Which of the following statements regarding blood loss and shock in the pediatric patient is correct?

Children can tolerate a lower proportional blood loss than adults, before developing shock.

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely cause of mental incapacitation?

Chronic hyperthyroidism

A small compact car was involved in a rollover crash. As you are approaching the vehicle, you note that the roof is significantly collapsed. The patient, a 29-year-old male, is complaining of severe pain in his neck and to the top of his head as well as numbness and tingling in his extremities. Witnesses who removed the patient from the vehicle state that he was wearing his seatbelt. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition?

Compression of the head against the roof

Which of the following statements regrind cerebral palsy is correct?

Conditions such as brain injury at birth, postpartum infections, and fetal hypoxia can cause cerebral palsy.

In which of the following situations would it NOT be appropriate to splint a patient's fractures before moving him or her?

Confused patient with tachycardia and shallow breathing

Which of the following interventions should be carried out on every newborn, regardless of his or her appearance at birth?

Drying, warming, and suctioning

What is the rationale for restricting IV fluid boluses in patients with a pulmonary contusion?

Fluids may cause pulmonary edema or increased bleeding

Both the anterior and posterior fontanelles are usually fused by the age of: A. 16 months. B. 14 months. C. 12 months. D. 18 months.

D. 18 months

Which of the following statements regarding blood loss and shock in the pediatric patient is correct? A. Infants and children have a proportionately smaller volume of circulating blood than do adults. B. Infants and children are better tolerant of blood loss overall than are adults with regard to shock. C. Hypotension occurs more quickly in children with severe blood loss than it does in adults. D. Children can tolerate a lower proportional blood loss than adults, before developing shock.

D. Children can tolerate a lower proportional blood loss than adults, before developing shock

According to the JumpSTART triage system, what should you do after delivering 5 rescue breaths to an unresponsive, apneic child? A. Reposition his airway B. Assign him a high priority C. Assess for a pulse D. Reassess breathing

D. Reassess breathing

Which of the following factors would be of LEAST pertinence when determining whether or not to immediately transport a sick or injured child? A. Transport time to the hospital B. The type of clinical problem C. The AEMT's comfort level D. The age and sex of the child

D. The age and sex of the child

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A. Sudden death of an infant in which an autopsy reveals the cause of death. B. Sudden death of an infant or child in which there is no obvious cause. C. Unexpected death of an infant secondary to a terminal disease process D. Unexpected death of an infant that cannot be explained after an autopsy.

D. Unexpected death of an infant that cannot be explained after an autopsy

A nonrebreathing mask is ONLY effective if a child has: A. respiratory failure. B. shallow respirations. C. reduced minute volume. D. adequate tidal volume.

D. adequate tidal volume

A 5-year-old male presents with respiratory distress. He is conscious, clinging to his mother, has an oxygen saturation of 94% on room air, and will not tolerate a nonrebreathing mask. You should: A. transport him to the hospital without further intervention. B. deliver low-flow oxygen with a pediatric nasal cannula. C. separate him from his mother and assist his ventilations. D. allow his mother to hold blow-by oxygen near his face.

D. allow his mother to hold blow-by oxygen near his face

You receive a call for a 4-year-old female with severe dehydration. When you assess her, you note that she is semiconscious, has a weak and rapid carotid pulse, and rapid respirations with reduced tidal volume. The MOST appropriate treatment for this child includes: A. 100% oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and a 20 mL/kg bolus of normal saline. B. assisted ventilation, insertion of an IO catheter, and a 500 mL fluid bolus. C. blow-by oxygen with a facemask and rapid transport with IV therapy en route. D. assisted ventilation and rapid transport with IV therapy en route to the hospital.

D. assisted ventilation and rapid transport with IV therapy en route to the hospital

A 4-year-old female presents with tachypnea, intercostal retractions, and nasal flaring. Several minutes after applying 100% oxygen via pediatric nonrebreathing mask, you note that her respirations have slowed and her retractions have become less prominent. You should: A. recognize that her condition is improving. B. protect her airway with an advanced device. C. apply a nasal cannula and reassess her condition. D. be prepared to perform ventilatory assistance.

D. be prepared to perform ventilatory assistance

You respond to the scene of an "injured child". When you arrive, you find a 4-year-old male lying next to a ladder that is leaning against his house. He is semiconscious, but has no external signs of trauma. As you are maintaining stabilization of his head, he begins to vomit. On the basis of this child's age, clinical presentation, and mechanism of injury, you should be MOST suspicious for: A. blunt thoracic trauma. B. a spinal cord injury. C. intraabdominal bleeding. D. closed head trauma.

D. closed head trauma

Signs of peripheral vasoconstriction in children under 6 years of age include: A. weak central pulses. B. cyanotic extremities. C. bounding radial pulses. D. delayed capillary refill.

D. delayed capillary refill

Insertion of an intraosseous (IO) catheter is contraindicated: A. if the upper extremities are fractured. B. in children younger than 6 years of age. C. when large fluid volumes are needed. D. if peripheral venous access is available.

D. if peripheral venous access is available

You respond to a motor-vehicle crash in which a child is apparently injured. Upon arrival, you assess the child, a 2-year-old male who is still restrained in his carseat. He is conscious and has a small abrasion to his forehead, but is otherwise uninjured. You should: A. remove him from the carseat at once. B. immobilize him on a short board. C. allow his mother to hold him. D. immobilize him in his carseat.

D. immobilize him in his carseat

Blood pressure is usually not assessed in children younger than 3 years of age because: A. it is very dynamic and can only be assessed by palpation. B. blood pressure cuffs are not available for this age group. C. their blood pressure is usually low and difficult to obtain. D. it provides little information about the circulatory status.

D. it provides little information about the circulatory status

You receive a call to a residence for a "sick child." Upon arrival, the mother states that her child, a 3-year-old male, has been experiencing vomiting and diarrhea for the past 24 hours. Your assessment reveals that the child is conscious, but has a decreased level of activity. His pulse rate is 150 beats/min, capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds, and his mucous membranes are dry. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with: A. severe dehydration. B. hypovolemic shock. C. mild dehydration. D. moderate dehydration.

D. moderate dehydration

A 5-year-old female presents with an altered mental status. Her mother states that her daughter did not eat lunch and has been playing outside all day. After ensuring a patent airway and administering oxygen, you should: A. apply an AED and continue to assess. B. start an IV and administer Narcan. C. administer 4 mL/kg of 25% dextrose. D. obtain a blood glucose reading.

D. obtain a blood glucose reading

When obtaining vascular access in a semiconscious child with hypovolemic shock, you should use a/an _____________ and insert it in the ______________. A. butterfly catheter, dorsal vein of the hand B. over-the-needle catheter, dorsal hand vein C. angiocath, greater saphenous vein in the leg D. over-the-needle catheter, antecubital vein

D. over-the-needle catheter, antecubital vein

You have administered 25% dextrose to an 18-month-old infant with a documented blood glucose reading of 40 mg/dL. Ten minutes later, you reassess the child's blood glucose level and note that it reads 70 mg/dL. You should: A. administer the appropriate dose of oral glucose. B. give half of the original dose of 25% dextrose. C. repeat the 25% dextrose at the same dose and reassess. D. reassess the child to determine if he is symptomatic.

D. reassess the child to determine if he is symptomatic

You are transporting a 6-year-old female with respiratory distress when you note that she is developing cyanosis. You should: A. reassess her blood pressure. B. assess her oxygen saturation. C. perform a rapid assessment. D. repeat the primary assessment.

D. repeat the primary assessment

Cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is MOST often the result of: A. accidental electrocution. B. blunt head trauma. C. a cardiac dysrhythmia. D. respiratory failure.

D. respiratory failure

Your MOST immediate action when caring for a child who is experiencing a grand mal seizure should be to:

D. secure and protect the airway

Your MOST immediate action when caring for a child who is experiencing a grand mal seizure should be to: A. call for paramedic backup. B. administer 100% oxygen. C. begin ventilatory assistance. D. secure and protect the airway.

D. secure and protect the airway

You are dispatched to a daycare center for a 4-year-old male who is unresponsive. Your primary assessment reveals that the child is semiconscious, breathing deeply, and has warm and dry skin. You administer 100% oxygen and obtain several blood glucose readings, but consistently receive an "error" message. You should: A. give 20 mL/kg saline boluses and transport. B. administer 1 to 2 tubes of oral glucose. C. transport and monitor the child en route. D. start an IV and administer 50% dextrose.

D. start an IV and administer 50% dextrose

When assessing a 70-year-old male with suspected internal bleeding, which of the following findings would be MOST pertinent?

Dizziness or syncope upon standing

What is the MOST appropriate method to use when moving a patient from his or her bed to the wheeled stretcher?

Draw sheet method

Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is correct?

Early-onset schizophrenia may be associated with brain damage.

In which of the following circumstances should you remove an impaled object?

Metal shard in the cheek and inadequate respiratory effort

The reference used as a base for your initial actions at a HazMat incident is/are:

Emergency Response Guidebook

A 12-year-old male jumped approximately 12' from a tree and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his lower back. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for his back pain?

Energy transmission to the spine

A 12-year-old male jumped approximately 12¢ from a tree and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his lower back. Which injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for his back pain?

Energy transmission to the spine

Which layer of the skin contains cells that are replaced with new cells that are formed in the germinal layer?

Epidermis

Which of the following hormones, produced by the ovary, stimulate the uterine lining at different stages during the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen and progesterone

You are approaching an overturned tanker truck to assess the driver, who appears to be unconscious. As you get closer to the vehicle, you note the smell of noxious fumes and find that you are in the midst of a vapor cloud. What should you do?

Exit the area immediately and gather information for the HazMat team.

Which of the following duties or responsibilities does NOT fall within the realm of the EMS branch of the ICS?

Extrication

Superficial abdominal injuries usually produce significant external bleeding.

False

You should immediately remove any impaled object and apply direct pressure to the wound.

False

Which of the following is an example of a developmental disability?

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which of the following statements regarding hearing aids is correct?

Hearing aids cannot restore hearing to normal levels.

A 4-year-old child presents with intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, a heart rate of 160 beats/min, and a fever of 101.5ºF. Which of the following clinical signs would indicate that this child's cardiopulmonary status is deteriorating?

Heart rate decreases to 100 beats/min

Which of the following statmetns regarding storage containers and hazardous materials is correct?

In most cases, there is no correlation between the color of the container and the possible contents.

Which of the following assessment findings would you expect to see in a patient with a posterior hip dislocation and sciatic nerve involvement?

Inability to dorsiflex the foot

Which of the following statements regarding a newborn's initial respiratory effort is correct?

Inadequate respiratory effort may be managed with brief tactile stimulation.

What is the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes?

Increased insulin secretion and decreased cellular sensitivity to insulin.

In contrast to typical wheeled ambulance stretchers, features of a bariatric stretcher include:

Increased stability due to a wider wheelbase

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the position of the cerebellum within the skull?

Inferoposterior to the cerebrum

A 50-year-old male fell approximately 20 feet and landed on his side. He is conscious and alert and denies loss of consciousness. During your assessment, you note pain and crepitus when palpating the iliac crests. In addition to the potential for spinal injury, you should be MOST concerned about:

Internal hemorrhaging

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct?

Internal injury caused by an electrical burn is usually more severe than the external burns indicate.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax?

Intrapleural pressure with progressive pulmonary collapse

Your work uniform is an example of what level of protection?

Level D protection

The proper technique for using the power grip is to:

Lift with palms up

Which of the following is the MOST reliable means of assessing the potential for abdominal injuries following a motor vehicle crash?

Lifting a deployed airbag and assessing the steering wheel

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a reduction in the center of vision and is especially common in older diabetics?

Macular degeneration

Which of the following injuries would pose the LEAST threat to the patient?

Major sprains at a major joint

Which of the following chest injuries would be the LEAST likely to present with jugular venous distention?

Massive hemothorax

immediately upon arriving at the scene of an emergency call involving a traumatic injury, you should notify the dispatcher of your arrival and then:

Observe the scene for safety hazards

A trauma patient who presents with shock, jugular venous distention, and bilaterally equal breath sounds has MOST likely experienced a:

Pericardial tamponade

Which of the following is the MOST reliable sign of a potentially violent patient?

Physical activity

Which of the following is an example of physical abuse?

Poor personal care

By what mechanism is a person injured when he or she falls from a significant height?

Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

By which mechanism is a person injured when he or she falls from a significant height?

Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

Which of the following statements regarding anthrax is correct?

Pulmonary anthrax is the most deadly form

Which of the following would be the LEAST reliable assessment parameter or treatment tool for a patient with significant hypothermia?

Pulse oximetry

Which of the following is a significant risk factor that affects mortality in elderly patients?

Recent death of a spouse

Which of the following statements regrind the elderly patinet's​ nervous system is correct?

Reduction in brain size increases the risk of significant head trauma

General guidelines for safe ambulance driving include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Regularly using the siren as much as possible.

When interviewing a 70-year-old male with a headahce, you ask him when the headahc​e began. What should you do if he does not answer your question immediately?

Remain patient and give him time to comprehend and answer your question

What is the pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis?

Replacement of normal vaginal bacteria by an overgrowth of other bacterial forms

Which of the following situations dictates removal of a football or motorcycle helmet?

Respirations of 24 breaths/min and reduced tidal volume

Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is correct?

Skeletal muscle is highly vascular and bleeds significantly when injured.

Which of the following organs or systems can survive the longest without oxygen?

Skeletal muscles

Which of the following is the MOST effective method of immobilizing a fractured clavicle?

Sling and swathe

Which of the following is an example of region equipment or supplies?

Snake bite kit

Which of the following statements regarding blast injuries is correct?

Solid organs are relatively protected from shock wave injury but may be injured during the secondary or tertiary blast phase.

Which of the following chemicals is a nerve agent?

Soman

Which of the following findings would be MOST suggestive that an elderly patient who fell has been lying on the gorund for a long period of time?

The call is recieved in the morning and cold uneaten dinner is found on the table.

Which of the following statements regarding the neonatal isolette is correct?

The isolette serves to keep the neonate warm and protects from excess handling

Which of the following statements regarding patient weight distribution is correct?

The majority of a horizontal patient's weight is in the torso

In which of the following situations would a baby MOST likely be born with respiratory depression and require aggressive resuscitation?

The mother recently ingested narcotics.

A 22-year-old male, who was trapped in a confined space during a structural fire, is conscious and alert and refuses EMS treatment and transport. He is breathing without difficulty, but has singed nasal hair and facial redness. Which of the following statements regarding this patient is correct?

The patient may die several hours later due to pulmonary complications

For every emergency request, the dispatcher should routinely gather and record all of the following information, EXCEPT the:

The patient's medical history

Which of the following statements regarding vision in the older patient is correct?

The pupils require more time to adjust to changes in light.

Which of the following statements regarding the rapid extrication technique is correct?

The rapid extrication technique is indicated if the scene is unsafe and the patient is not entrapped in his or her vehicle

Which of the following statements regarding gunshot wounds is correct?

The speed of a bullet has a greater impact on causing injury than the mass.

Which of the following statements regarding the umbilical cord is correct?

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the fetus.

Which of the following is NOT a major physiologic change that occurs during the fetal transition process?

The umbilical vessels are clamped and cut, which removes the high-resistance placental circuit.

Which of the following clinical or historical findings would be the LEAST likely to increase a woman's risk of an ectopic pregnancy?

Two spontaneous abortions

Which of the following statements regarding the united command system is correct?

Under the unified command system, plans are drawn up in advance by all cooperating agencies that assume a shared responsibility for decision making.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Unexpected death of an infant that cannot be explained after an autopsy

Which of the following head-injured patients should be hyperventilated at a rate of 20 breaths/min with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen?

Unresponsive 21-year-old male with slow, irregular breathing, fixed and dilated pupils, and extensor posturing

Which of the following patients would benefit MOST from the application and inflation of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG)?

Unstable pelvis with a BP of 80/50 mm Hg

Which of the following statements regarding the persistency and volatility of a chemical agent is correct?

VX, a highly persistent nerve agent, can remain in the environment for weeks to months.

Which of the following physiologic responses occurs initially following a burn injury?

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the burned area

What physiologic response may occur when a head-injured patient is hyperventilated with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen?

Vasoconstriction and decreased cerebral perfusion

Which of the following is a reason why the prevalence of elder abluse is not fully known?

Victims are often hesitant to report the crime.

Which of the following signs or symptoms would you MOST likely encounter in a patient who was struck in the back of the head?

Visual disturbances

A 21-year-old male has lost approximately 35% of his blood volume following a penetrating injury to the chest. Which of the following signs or symptoms would you NOT expect to see?

Widened pulse pressure

Which of the following findings would fall into the "E" category of the GEMS dimond?

You slip on a throw rug upon entering the home of an elderly patient who fell.

Assessment findings related to the "S" in the GEMS diamond include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a 68-year-old female who does not have access to a telephone

A fracture involving the nasal bone and inferior maxilla, which separates the nasal bone and lower maxilla from the facial skull and remainder of the cranial bones describes:

a Le Fort II fracture.

Spina bifida is MOST accurately defined as:

a birth defect caused by incomplete closure of the spinal column.

While stacking wood on a woodpile, a 60-year-old male experienced immediate, severe pain on the back of his hand. He complains of abdominal pain, nausea, and dizziness. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert, but has an extremely rigid abdomen. You should suspect a/an:

a black widow spider bite

A 22-year-old female was involved in a traumatic incident. She is exhibiting signs of shock, but there are no obvious external signs of trauma. You should suspect bleeding within the:

abdominal cavity.

When the core body temperature falls below 95°F, the patient's:

ability to regulate body temperature is lost.

Which of the following conditions or situations presents the MOST unique challenge to the AEMT when immobilizing an elderly patient on a long backboard?

abnormal spinal curvature

When performing CPR on a newborn, the chest should be compressed to a depth that is:

about one-third the anterior-posterior depth of the chest.

A 25-year-old female, who is in the third trimester of pregnancy, was involved in a motor-vehicle crash and was not wearing a seatbelt. She complains of severe, tearing abdominal pain. She is experiencing dark red vaginal bleeding, and is exhibiting signs of shock. On the basis of the mechanism of injury and her clinical presentation, you should be MOST suspicious for:

abruptio placenta.

Equipment and supplies that are carried on an ambulance should be stored:

according to the urgency and frequency of their use.

During a hockey game, a 19-year-old male player was pushed and he landed on his left shoulder. He complains of pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals an anterior bulge of the lateral clavicle. This patient has MOST likely experienced a/an:

acromioclavicular separation

General management for a moderately hypothermic patient with a decreased level of consciousness may include all of the following, EXCEPT:

active internal rewarming.

In addition to appropriate airway management and high-flow oxygen, the MOST appropriate care for a pregnant woman in shock includes:

adequate fluid resuscitation and immediate transport.

A nonrebreathing mask is ONLY effective if a child has:

adequate tidal volume.

You are dispatched to the city park for a 9-year-old female with difficulty breathing. When you arrive at the scene and assess the child, you note that she is anxious, and that she has a generalized rash, facial swelling, and marked respiratory distress. Her radial pulses are weak and rapid. You should:

administer 100% oxygen, start an IV line, and administer epinephrine 1:10,000

A 37-year-old semiconscious male sustained a stab wound lateral to the left side of the sternum. He presents with signs of shock, engorged jugular veins, and a weakened radial pulse during inspiration. After administering 100% supplemental oxygen, you should:

administer 20 mL/kg boluses of an isotonic crystalloid

A 22-year-old male has sustained full-thickness burns to approximately 55% of his BSA. You are appropriately managing his airway and are administering 100% oxygen. You note that the patient's heart rate is 140 beats/min and thready and his blood pressure is 78/58 mm Hg. You should:

administer 20 mL/kg crystalloid boluses to maintain perfusion

You have just delivered a major trauma patient to the hospital. Shortly after departing the hospital, dispatch advises you of another call. The back of the ambulance is contaminated with bloody dressings and is in disarray, and you are in need of airway equipment and numerous other supplies. You should:

advise the dispatcher that you are out of service and to send another unit.

After providing 30 seconds of positive-pressure ventilations to a premature newborn, your partner assesses the infant's heart rate and finds that it is 50 beats/min. You should:

advise your partner to initiate chest compressions

When functioning at the scene of a motor vehicle crash in which a patient will require complex extrication, you should enter the vehicle and provide care to the patient:

after receiving approval from the extrication officer

Shortly after returning to the surface of the water, a scuba diver experiences an acute onset of pleuritic chest pain and difficulty breathing. He is tachycardic and his pulse is irregular. You should suspect:

air embolism

When percussing the chest of a patient who experienced blunt chest trauma, you note hyperresonance on the left side of his chest. This suggests:

air in the pleural space

If a child does not appear to be critically ill or injured, you should

allow the child to sit on a caregiver's lap

The function of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves is to:

allow transmission of sensations directly to and from the brain

Signs of a blocked ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunt include:

altered mental status and projectile vomiting

Positive-pressure ventilations may be difficult to perform on a premature infant because:

alveolar surface tension is increased due to surfactant deficiency

You are transporting an 80-year-old male who is hearing impared. When sepaking​ to the patient, you should:

always attempt to position yourself on the patient's "good" side.

The presence of a pulsating mass near the umbilicus is indicative of:

an AAA.

Cross-contamination occurs when:

an AEMT is exposed to a victim who has not yet been decontaminated.

You are assessing a 4-year-old male who was electrocuted when he stuck a pin into an electrical socket. He is conscious and alert and complains of pain to his left hand, where you find a small entrance wound. When treating this child, you should:

anticipate extensive internal injuries.

Points of distribution (PODs) are strategically placed facilities where:

antidotes, antibiotics, and vaccines are distributed.

Which of the following types of medications would increase a person's risk of developing a heat-related illness?

antihistamines

weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is most accurately defined as:

any agent used to bring about mass death, casualties, or massive infrastructural damage.

After stopping the ambulance en route to the hospital to assist your partner with the delivery of an infant, you should resume transport after delivery has occurred and:

any needed newborn resuscitation has occurred.

Components of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) include:

appearance, work of breathing, and skin circulation

In addition to 100% oxygen, appropriate management for a patient with a suspected pelvic fracture, who is conscious and alert with stable vital signs includes:

application of a pelvic binder, immobilization on a long backboard, at least one large-bore IV set to keep the vein open, and transport.

A 28-year-old female was the unrestrained driver of a car that struck the rear end of another car while traveling at 35 mph. She is conscious and alert and complains of pain to the anterior chest. During your assessment, you note a large ecchymotic area over the superior aspect of the anterior chest. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of her head, you should:

apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

A 28-year-old female was the unrestrained driver of a car that struck the rear end of another car while traveling at 35 mph. She is conscious and alert and complains of pain to the anterior chest. During your assessment, you note a large ecchymotic area over the superior aspect of the anterior chest. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of the patient's head, you should:

apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

A 37-year-old male was struck on the driver side of his vehicle by another car traveling at 45 mph. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is semiconscious and in respiratory distress. When extricating this patient from his car, you should:

apply a C-collar and rapidly remove him on a long backboard

A 37-year-old male was struck on the driver side of his vehicle by another car traveling at 45 mph. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is semiconscious and in respiratory distress. When extricating this patient from his car, you should:

apply a c-collar and rapidly remove him on a long backboard.

An unrestrained patient is sitting in his car after an automobile crash. He is conscious and alert, has no visible trauma, and is complaining of neck and back pain. Before removing him from his car, you should:

apply a cervical collar and immobilize him with a vest-style device

A patient has severe bleeding from a large laceration to the anterior forearm. Direct pressure and a pressure dressing are not immediately effective in controlling the bleeding. You should:

apply a tourniquet above the level of the bleeding.

You are dispatched to a convenience store, where the clerk sustained a laceration to the side of his neck during a robbery attempt. During your assessment, you note bright red blood spurting from the laceration. You should:

apply direct pressure above and below the wound.

You are dispatched to a local nightclub for a patient who has been stabbed. After arriving at the scene and ensuring you and your partner's safety, you find the patient sitting on the ground. He is conscious, screaming in pain, and attempting to control bright red blood that is spurting from his groin area. After taking standard precautions, you should:

apply direct pressure to control the bleeding.

A young female was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She complains of pain to her left eye, which appears to have a piece of glass impaled in it. Further assessment reveals a large laceration to her left forearm with heavy bleeding. As your partner manually stabilizes the patient's head, you should:

apply direct pressure to her arm wound.

A 29-year-old male was involved in a rollover motor-vehicle crash. The patient was removed from his vehicle prior to your arrival. During your general impression, you note that he is conscious, yelling in pain, and has an actively bleeding open fracture of his left leg. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of the patient's head and communicates with him, you should:

apply direct pressure to his leg

During your initial attempt to control severe external bleeding from an extremity, you should:

apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing.

You arrive at the scene of a residential fire where the occupant, a 48-year-old male, has sustained partial- and full-thickness burns to his lower extremities and lower torso. Firefighters removed the patient's smoldering clothing and stopped the burning process prior to your arrival. The patient is conscious, but restless, and complains of intense pain to the burned areas. After taking the standard precautions, you should:

apply supplemental oxygen and monitor his airway.

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her face and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, a pulse of 110 beats/min, and respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. You should:

apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

A utility worker was trimming branches away from a high power line when he accidentally cut the power line. He is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should begin CPR and then:

apply the AED as soon as possible

When dealing with a suspected case of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in which the infant is obviously dead, it is important for the AEMT to:

appreciate his or her own feelings regarding the event

Common activities that occur while you and your partner are en route to the scene of an emergency call include all of the following, EXCEPT:

apprising the medical director of the nature of the call

When a helicopter must land on a grade (uneven ground), you should:

approach the aircraft from the downhill side

When evaluating the mechanism of injury of a car-versus-pedestrian collision, you should first:

approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian.

The skin lesions associated with smallpox:

are identical in there development

Unlike viruses and bacteria, neurotoxins:

are not contagious

Because delirium and dementia can present in a similar manner, an important part of the assessment process of an elderly patient with an altered mental status is to:

ascertain the patient's baseline mental status

You arrive at the scene of a 29-year-old woman in active labor. She tells you that her amniotic sac broke about 2 hours ago. You should:

ask her if the fluid was clear or if it was dark and odorous.

A 31-year-old man has signs and symptoms of excited delirium. When assessing his orientation, memory, and ability to concentrate, you should:

ask him simple questions, such as "When did you first notice these feelings?"

Your unit has been dispatched to stand by at the scene of a structure fire. There are no injuries of which you are aware. Upon arriving at the scene, you should:

ask the incident commander where the ambulance should be staged.

If your assessment of a patient with a possible musculoskeletal injury reveals no external signs of injury, it would be appropriate to:

ask the patient to move each extremity carefully.

When interacting with a developmentally disabled patient, the best approach is to:

ask your team members to wait until you can establish a rapport with the patient.

It is MOST important to suction the newborn's mouth before the nose because:

aspiration may occur if the newborn gasps when the nose is suctioned.

During your primary assessment of a 33-year-old male with severe hypothermia, you find that he is unresponsive and has agonal breathing. You should:

assess his carotid pulse for 30 to 45 seconds

During your primary assessment of a 33-year-old male with severe hypothermia, you find that he is unresponsive and has agonal breathing. You should:

assess his carotid pulse for 30 to 45 seconds.

Prior to initiating CPR on an apneic, hypothermic patient, you should:

assess the carotid pulse for up to 45 seconds.

You and your partner arrive at the scene where a truck has crashed into a small building, injuring eight people. You immediately request additional ambulances and begin the triage process. The first patient that you triage is a young female who is unconscious and apneic. She has an open head injury and her pulse is weak and thready. You should:

assign her a low priority and continue triaging.

A 37-year-old male sustained blunt trauma to the left anterolateral chest. He is conscious, but confused, and complains of pain during inspiration; his respirations are shallow. Your assessment reveals crepitus to the area of impact. Breath sounds, although weakly audible, are bilaterally equal. The pulse oximeter reads 89% on room air. You should:

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

You are transporting a 40-year-old male who experienced blunt trauma to the side of his head. At the scene, he was conscious and alert and refused oxygen; however, you note that his mental status has deteriorated and his respirations have become irregular and shallow. You should:

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

A 21-year-old female was sexually assaulted with a glass bottle. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious with shallow breathing. The bottle is still inside her vagina. You should:

assist ventilations, perform a head-to-toe assessment, and stabilize the bottle in place.

A 29-year-old female in her second trimester of pregnancy is found semiconscious by her sister. The patient is diaphoretic and breathing shallowly at a rate of 28 breaths/min. Her blood glucose level reads 40 mg/dL. You should:

assist ventilations, start an IV of normal saline, and give 25g of dextrose slowly.

A 4-year-old male is found unresponsive by his father. When you arrive at the scene, you perform a primary assessment, which reveals that the child is unresponsive and breathing shallowly. He is also tachycardic and diaphoretic. You obtain a blood glucose reading of 38 mg/dL. Treatment for this child should include:

assisted ventilation and 1 to 2 mL/kg of 50% dextrose IV

A 40-year-old female is semiconscious following blunt head trauma. Your assessment reveals that her respirations are slow and shallow, her pulse is slow, and her blood pressure is elevated. Her pupils are bilaterally dilated and sluggishly reactive. Appropriate management for this patient includes:

assisted ventilation at a rate of 10 breaths/min.

A 52-year-old female was brutally assaulted by several perpetrators. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious, is breathing shallowly, and has a rapid heart rate. You note that there is blood in the region of her vagina. Appropriate management for this patient includes:

assisted ventilations, an absorbent pad over her vagina, and a head-to-toe assessment.

You and your partner are caring for a 30-year-old female who sustained extensive partial- and full-thickness burns when she was near a gas heater that exploded. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is semiconscious with profoundly labored and stridorous respirations. Immediate management of this patient should include:

assisting her breathing with a bag-mask device and oxygen

When assessing a 14-year-old male with an injured arm, you note gross deformity just distal to the elbow. Distal neurovascular functions are grossly intact. You should:

assume that growth plate damage has occurred

Minimum staffing in the patient compartment of a basic life support (BLS) ambulance includes:

at least one EMT

Decrease in the size of a muscle and its inherent ability to function is called:

atrophy

An AEMT may injure his or her back, even if it is straight, if the:

back is bent forward at the hips.

The MOST appropriate carrying device to use when moving a patient across rough or uneven terrain is the:

basket strecher

While assessing a patient with blunt head trauma, you note an unstable segment of the skull and a large laceration to the scalp. You should control active bleeding, administer 100% oxygen, and:

be alert for increased intracranial pressure

A 29-year-old male was struck in the upper back by a solid object. During your assessment, you note ecchymosis, pain, and crepitus to the left scapula. His blood pressure is 124/68 mm Hg, pulse is 110 and strong, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. You should provide supplemental oxygen, immobilize his spine, and:

be alert for intrathoracic injuries

After determining that a newborn's airway is patent and breathing is adequate, you assess the heart rate and find that it is 90 beats/min. You should:

begin assisting ventilations with a bag-mask device.

Following proper decontamination, a 30-year-old male is brought to you. He is semiconscious and has rapid, shallow respirations. A quick visual assessment reveals no obvious bleeding. You should:

begin some form of positive-pressure ventilation.

When rapidly cooling a semiconscious patient with heatstroke, you must stop the cooling process if the patient:

begins to shiver.

A subdural hematoma is an accumulation of blood:

beneath the dura mater but outside the brain

Which of the following medications or medical devices may inhibit the body's tachycardic response during shock?

beta blocker

While stacking wood on a woodpile, a 60-year-old male experienced immediate, severe pain on the back of his hand. He complains of abdominal pain, nausea, and dizziness. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert, but has an extremely rigid abdomen. You should suspect a(n):

black widow spider bite

A major benefit of using a Sager traction splint is that it:

can be applied effectively by one AEMT if necessary.

You are dispatched to the scene of a building explosion. Upon arrival, you see people frantically fleeing the building, screaming, "everyone is passing out!" You should:

carefully assess the situation and ensure your own safety.

A 56-year-old male caught the foreskin of his penis in a long segment of the zipper of his pants. He is in extreme pain, his blood pressure is 150/88 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. The closest hospital is 40 miles away. You should:

carefully cut the zipper out of the pants, control any bleeding, and transport

While using lights and siren, most state laws permit an ambulance to:

carefully exceed the posted speed limit.

A 50-year-old male was splashed in the eyes with radiator fluid when he was working on his car. During your assessment, he tells you that he wears soft contact lenses. You should:

carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

You respond to a domestic dispute, where a middle-aged male was stabbed in the chest by his wife. Your assessment reveals that the patient is pulseless and apneic. The knife is impaled in the center of his chest. You should:

carefully remove the knife, control the bleeding, and perform CPR.

The phenomenon of pressure waves emanating from the bullet, causing damage remote from its path, is known as:

cavitation.

A 19-year-old male was struck by a baseball in the occipital region of the skull. Witnesses report that the patient was briefly unconscious following the incident. He is now conscious and alert, but cannot remember the events immediately following the injury. He is breathing without difficulty and his vital signs are stable. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with a/an:

cerebral concussion

A 19-year-old male was struck by a baseball in the occipital region of the skull. Witnesses report that the patient was briefly unconscious following the incident. He is now conscious and alert, but cannot remember the events immediately following the injury. He is breathing without difficulty and his vital signs are stable. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with a(n):

cerebral concussion.

The two MOST common causes of secondary brain injury are:

cerebral hypoxia and hypotension.

The largest portion of the brain, which controls a wide variety of functions, is the:

cerebrum

The largest portion of the brain, which controls a wide variety of functions, is the:

cerebrum.

You respond to the scene of an "injured child". When you arrive, you find a 4-year-old male lying next to a ladder that is leaning against his house. He is semiconscious, but has no external signs of trauma. As you are maintaining stabilization of his head, he begins to vomit. On the basis of this child's age, clinical presentation, and mechanism of injury, you should be MOST suspicious for:

closed head trauma

You are caring for a 59-year-old male involved in a motor-vehicle crash. During your assessment, you note that his pelvis is unstable, he is pale and diaphoretic, and his blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Use of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) would be absolutely contraindicated if further assessment of this patient revealed:

coarse crackles in the lungs

You are caring for a 59-year-old male involved in a motor vehicle crash. During your assessment, you note that his pelvis is unstable, he is pale and diaphoretic, and his blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Use of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) would be absolutely contraindicated if further assessment of this patient revealed:

coarse crackles in the lungs.

The skin of an elderly person is more susceptible to injury from even minor trauma because of a decrease in:

collagen

Melanin granules, which are contained within the deeper cells in the germinal layer, are responsible for:

color of skin

A surgical procedure that creates an opening between the intestine and the surface of the body that allows for elimination of waste products is called a/an:

colostomy

Historically, the weak point at most major incidents has been:

communication

A 34-year-old male twisted his lower leg and ankle while skiing. He complains of severe pain and swelling to the area. When assessing for deformity, you should:

compare the injured extremity to the uninjured extremity.

Heat that is generated by an electrical injury can cause coagulation and vascular occlusion, resulting in:

compartment syndrome

The central nervous system (CNS) is:

composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord.

If fetal distress occurs in utero, it is usually caused by:

compromised blood flow in the placenta or umbilical cord.

When a warm hand touches a cold object, heat passes directly from the body to the colder object. This is an example of:

conduction

You are dispatched to an apartment complex for a young male experiencing an "emotional problem." Law enforcement is at the scene when you arrive. You should:

confer with a police officer before making patient contact.

Two thirds of children born with Down syndrome have:

congenital heart disease

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the:

conjunctiva.

A 30-year-old female presents with redness, inflammation, and pain to her left eye. During your assessment, you note that she is having difficulty keeping her eyes open. You should suspect that she is experiencing:

conjunctivitis.

A 77-year-old female fell and experienced a possible hip francture. She complains of pain to the left hip area. Your assessment reveals that she is conscious and alert with stable vital signs; there is no deformity or gross bleeding to the injured area. You should:

consider an underlying medical cause that resulted in her fall

When assessing a patient with bizarre behavior, it is important to ensure your own safety and then:

consider that a medical illness may be an underlying etiology.

You are treating a 55-year-old male with heatstroke when he suddenly becomes unresponsive and stops breathing. Assessment of his carotid pulse reveals that it is weak and rapid. You should:

continue cooling measures, maintain his airway, ventilate him with a bag-mask device, transport, and request a paramedic intercept

During your assessment of a 43-year-old male with suicidal thoughts, he becomes agitated and appears uncomfortable. You should:

continue talking to him while your partner requests police backup.

While ventilating an apneic newborn, your partner assesses the heart rate and tells you that it is 80 beats/min. You should:

continue ventilations and reassess in 30 seconds.

Upon delivery of the baby's head, you note the presence of meconium on its face. After suctioning the mouth and nose, you complete the delivery. Your assessment reveals that the infant is vigorous, crying loudly, and has good muscle tone. Appropriate management includes:

continuing your assessment as usual and providing prompt transport.

Priority treatment for a patient with an open soft-tissue injury includes:

control of active bleeding.

A 34-year-old male was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. During the crash, his vehicle caught fire. Bystanders removed the patient from his vehicle prior to your arrival. The patient is conscious with adequate breathing. He has partial-thickness burns to his face and neck, and an open femur fracture with severe bleeding. Immediate management for this patient should include:

controlling the bleeding from his leg

Following delivery of the placenta, your patient continues to experience vaginal bleeding. She is becoming diaphoretic and her pulse is weak and rapid. In addition to administering 100% oxygen and providing rapid transport, you should:

cover the vagina with a sanitary pad, keep her warm, and infuse 20 mL/kg boluses of an isotonic crystalloid to maintain perfusion.

When caring for an open wound that has small pieces of glass and other debris inside of it, you should:

cover the wound with a sterile dressing

When caring for an open wound that has small pieces of glass and other debris inside of it, you should:

cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

A 31-year-old man was stabbed in the chest during an altercation at a bar. He is semiconscious and has shallow breathing. As your partner assists the patient's ventilations, you perform a rapid assessment and find a single stab wound to the left anterior chest with minimal bleeding. Breath sounds on the side of the injury are markedly diminished. You should:

cover the wound with an occlusive dressing and continue your assessment.

A 29-year-old male has sustained a large laceration across the lower abdomen and has a loop of bowel protruding through the wound. To minimize the amount of body heat that radiates from the open wound, you should:

cover the wound with moist sterile dressings.

Treatment for a patient with a pit viper bite to an extremity and no signs of envenomation includes oxygen, as well as:

covering the area with a sterile dressing, splinting the extremity, and transporting.

Articular cartilage functions by:

covering the bone ends and cushioning them from damage and wear.

Appropriate management of a patient with an abdominal evisceration includes:

covering the exposed organs with a moist, sterile dressing and securing the dressing in place with a dry, sterile dressing

Most acts of terror are:

covert

A 62-year-old female with a history of type 2 diabetes has sustained partial-thickness burns to 27% of her body surface area (BSA). This burn should be classified as a:

critical burn.

At 11:50 p.m., you are dispatched to a residence for a 3-year-old female with respiratory distress. The child's mother tells you that her daughter has had symptoms of a cold for the past few days. Your assessment reveals that the child is tachycardic, has nasal flaring, a low-grade fever, and a harsh cough. You should suspect:

croup

A 49-year-old man has been removed from his overturned tanker, which was carrying a hazardous material. The tank ruptured and he was exposed to the material. When rescue personnel bring him to the decontamination area, they note that he is unconscious and has slow, shallow berthing. They should:

cut away all of the patient's clothing and do a rapid rinse to remove as much of the contaminating matter as they can.

The energy needed for muscular contraction is derived from the metabolism of ___________ and results in the production of:

glucose; lactic acid

A 19-year-old female has just been extricated from her severely damaged car. She is on a long backboard and has been moved to a place of safety. As your partner maintains manual stabilization of her head, you perform a rapid assessment. The patient is unconscious, has slow and shallow respirations, and has bilaterally closed femur deformities. You should:

direct your partner to begin ventilatory assistance

Upon arriving at the scene of a motorcycle crash, you find the patient, a young male, lying supine approximately 10 feet from his bike. An emergency medical responder is manually stabilizing the patient's head. You note an obvious open injury to the patient's left lower leg with severe bleeding. Your MOST appropriate initial action should be to:

direct your partner to control the bleeding as you assess the patient's airway

A 13-year-old child is on a home ventilator. The parents called because the ventilator is malfunctioning and the child has increasing respiratory distress. You should:

disconnect the ventilator and use a bag-mask device.

After 30 seconds of positive-pressure ventilations and chest compressions on a depressed newborn, your reassessment reveals that the infant's heart rate is 80 beats/min. You should:

discontinue chest compressions and continue positive-pressure ventilations.

A 49-year-old female was the victim of a sexual assault. Your assessment reveals that she is conscious and alert and is breathing adequately. There is no gross external bleeding and her vital signs are stable. You should:

discourage her from showering or douching.

Following blunt force trauma to the elbow, a 40-year-old female complains of severe pain and the feeling that her elbow is "locked." Your assessment reveals marked deformity and swelling. This patient has MOST likely experienced a(n):

dislocation

Following blunt force trauma to the elbow, a 40-year-old female complains of severe pain and the feeling that her elbow is "locked". Your assessment reveals marked deformity and swelling. This patient has MOST likely experienced a/an:

dislocation.

The means by which a terrorist will spread a particular agent is called:

dissemination

A Colles fracture is caused by injury to the:

distal radius

A 38-year-old male committed suicide by hanging himself. This mechanism of injury MOST likely resulted in:

distraction of the upper cervical spine.

The Centennial Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics is an example of:

domestic terrorism

When a driver is in a car equipped with an air bag, but is not wearing a seatbelt, he or she will MOST likely strike the __________ when the air bag deploys upon impact.

door

In an attempt to minimize the pain associated with abdominal trauma, the patient will typically:

draw his or her knees into the abdomen and tense the abdominal muscles

In addition to controlling bleeding and immobilizing the spine as needed, appropriate care for a patient with a penetrating abdominal wound and signs of shock includes:

ensuring adequate ventilation, maintaining adequate perfusion with IV fluids, and transporting to the most appropriate facility

An umbilical catheter that is inserted too far may:

enter the portal venous system and injure the liver.

What layer of the skin contains cells that are replaced with new cells that are formed in the germinal layer?

epidermis

A patient with closed head trauma would MOST likely deteriorate rapidly following a/an:

epidural hematoma

Which of the following respiratory diseases is characterized by respiratory distress, high fever and drooling?

epiglottis

A fracture that occurs in the growth section of a child's bone, which may lead to bone growth abnormalities, is called a(n) __________________ fracture.

epiphyseal

A fracture that occurs in the growth section of a child's bone, which may lead to bone growth abnormalities, is called a/an __________________ fracture.

epiphyseal

Small muscles within the dermis that pull the hair into an erect position when you are cold or frightened are called the:

erector pili

When caring for a morbidly obese patient, you should:

establish his or her chief complaint and then communicate your plan to help.

As the baby's head delivers, you note that the umbilical cord is loosely wrapped around its neck. You should:

gently slip the cord over the infant's head or shoulder.

Your assessment of a newborn reveals signs of hypovolemia. In addition to providing appropriate airway management, you should obtain vascular access and:

give 10 mL/kg of an isotonic crystalloid over 5 to 10 minutes.

You are assessing an 18-month-old female who, according to her mother, tells you that her daughter has been ill recently, but denies vomiting or diarrhea. The child is lethargic and her blood glucose level reads 65 mg/dL. After administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

give 2 to 4 mL/kg of 25% dextrose.

Placards and labels on a storage container are intended to:

give a general idea of the hazard inside that particular container.

A 4-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. His mother tells you that she saw him put a small toy in his mouth shortly before the episode began. The child is conscious and alert, crying, and has good skin color. You should:

give supplemental oxygen as tolerated, and transport

Delivering a patient to the hospital involves all of the following activitites, EXCEPT:

giving a verbal report to the triage clerk.

The eyeball itself is called the:

globe.

Minimum standard precautions when delivering a baby include:

gloves, gown, and facial protection.

Common safety equipment carried on the ambulance includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

hazardous materials gear

You are caring for an 11-month-old male who fell from a second-story window and landed on his head. While assessing him, it is important to remember that:

he could develop hypovolemic shock from intracranial bleeding

An 82-year-old man experienced a minor facial injury when he tripped and fell. He is conscious and alert and complains of slight pain to his cheekbones. His medical history includes hypertension, blood clots in his legs, hypothyroidism, and type 2 diabetes. During your assessment, it is important to remember that:

he is at an increased risk for severe posterior epistaxis.

Initial signs and symptoms associated with viral hemorrhagic fevers include:

headache and sore throat

The cervical spine is MOST protected from whiplash-type injuries when the:

headrest is appropriately positioned.

A 30-year-old female presents with signs of dehydration, generalized weakness, and cool, clammy skin. She is conscious and alert and has an oral temperature of 101.5°F. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

heat exhaustion

Common signs of a chest injury include all of the following EXCEPT:

hyperpnea

Common signs of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hyperpnea

When assessing a 30-year-old female in her second trimester of pregnancy, the MOST important clinical sign of preeclampsia for the AEMT to recognize is:

hypertension

Following a traumatic brain injury, a patient presents with Cushing's triad, which consists of:

hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations.

Common physical signs and symptoms of agitated delirium include:

hypertension, tachycardia, and diaphoresis.

You are dispatched to a construction site, where a 30-year-old male fell approximately 30 feet and landed on his head. He is unresponsive, has respirations of 38 breaths/min and irregular, and decerebrate posturing. Further assessment reveals that his pupils are fixed and dilated and his blood pressure is 190/120 mm Hg. In addition to spinal immobilization, the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

hyperventilation at a rate of 20 breaths/min with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen, followed by insertion of an advanced airway device

When caring for a patient with a behavioral crisis, you should ensure your own safety and then:

identify any life-threatening conditions.

Evaluation of the interior of a crashed motor vehicle during extrication will allow the AEMT to:

identify contact points and predict potential injuries.

The two goals to achieve when assessing a patient with a behavioral emergency are to:

identify life-threats and reduce the stress of the situation.

When assessing a patient with multiple gunshot wounds, you should:

identify the number and location of all wounds

Commotio cordis is a condition in which:

immediate cardiac arrest occurs when the chest is impacted during the heart's repolarization period.

According to the JumpSTART triages system, if a pediatric patient is not breathing, you should:

immediately check for a pulse

Severe, persistent pain caused by a jellyfish sting should be treated by:

immersing the affected area in hot water for 30 minutes.

A 58-year-old woman fell and landed face-first on a concrete sidewalk. She is conscious, but confused. Her skin is pale, cool, and clammy; her radial pulses are weak and rapid; and her blood pressure is 72/54 mm Hg. Further assessment reveals crepitus to her left cheekbone. After administering high-flow oxygen, you should:

immobilize her entire spine, establish at least one large-bore IV line, and give a 20-mL/kg crystalloid bolus.

A 39-year-old female struck a tree while her car was traveling approximately 40 mph. When you arrive at the scene, the patient is out of her vehicle and walking around. You should:

immobilize her in a standing position to a long backboard.

A 39-year-old female struck a tree while traveling approximately 40 mph. When you arrive at the scene, the patient is out of her vehicle and walking around. You should:

immobilize her in a standing position to a long backboard.

During a motor vehicle crash, a 3-year-old female, who was properly restrained in her car seat, is crying and asking for her mommy. There is no obvious injury to the child and she is breathing without difficulty. You should:

immobilize her in the car seat and apply padding as needed.

During a motor-vehicle crash, a 3-year-old female, who was properly restrained in her car seat, is crying and asking for her mommy. There is no obvious injury to the child and she is breathing without difficulty. You should:

immobilize her in the car seat and apply padding as needed.

In the process of applying a splint on a 21-year-old female with an apparent dislocated patella, the patella spontaneously returns to its normal position. You should:

immobilize her knee with a long board splint

A young male has experienced a possible neck injury. When you attempt to place his head in a neutral in-line position, he complains of a severe spasm in his neck. You should:

immobilize him in the position in which you found him

A 55-year-old male fell from the roof of his house and sustained a closed, displaced femur fracture. He is restless, diaphoretic, and tachycardic. After appropriately managing his ABCs and performing a rapid head-to-toe assessment, you should:

immobilize him on a long backboard, transport, and start a large-bore IV en route.

A football player sustained a possible spinal injury when he was tackled. He is conscious and alert, complains of pain to the mid-cervical spine region, and has stable vital signs. You should:

immobilize him with his helmet on unless it is not tight-fitting.

A football player sustained a possible spinal injury when he was tackled. He is conscious and alert, complains of pain to the midcervical spine region, and has stable vital signs. You should:

immobilize him with his helmet on unless it is not tight-fitting.

A hiker was injured when he fell approximately 20′ from a cliff. When you arrive at the scene, a member of the technical rescue group escorts you to the patient, who is positioned on a steep incline. The MOST appropriate method of immobilizing and moving the patient to the ambulance is to:

immobilize his spine with a long backboard and place him in a basket stretcher

A 38-year-old female sustained a high-velocity injury to her pelvis. Your assessment reveals severe pain and crepitation upon palpation of the iliac crests. Her blood pressure is 84/54 mm Hg, pulse is 120 and weak, and respirations are 26 breaths/min and unlabored. In addition to administering 100% oxygen, the MOST appropriate management should include:

immobilizing her spine, applying a pelvic binder device, transporting, and administering 20 mL/kg normal saline boluses en route.

Gangrene and subsequent amputation of a frostbitten extremity will MOST likely occur if it:

is rewarmed and then refreezes.

Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, may occur in the hypothermic patient if he or she:

is rewarmed too quickly.

By placing one hand on top of your head and the other hand over your abdomen, you are asking a hearing-impaired patient if he or she:

is sick

The cricoid cartilage:

is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea.

Agressive ambulance driving my have a negative effect on other motorists because:

it may not allow for their reaction time to respond to your vehicle

Blood pressure is usually not assessed in children younger than 3 years of age because:

it provides little information about the circulatory status

When a light is shone into the pupil:

it should become smaller in size.

The superficial temporal artery can be palpated:

just anterior to the tragus.

An elderly female with a history of osteoarthritis has sustained an apparent dislocation of her left knee. She is conscious and in severe pain. Her knee is flexed and distal neurovascular functions are grossly intact. When splinting her injury, you should:

keep her knee flexed and apply board splints secured at the hip and ankle.

When carrying a patient on a backboard up or down stairs:

keep the head end elevated

During a breech delivery, the baby's legs and trunk deliver; however, the head does not deliver spontaneously. You should:

keep the infant's mouth and nose away from the vaginal wall.

In addition to moving the presenting part of the baby off a prolapsed umbilical cord, you should:

keep the protruding cord moist and give the mother high-flow oxygen.

In order to accomplish the goal of primary triage, it is important to:

keep the triage assessment brief and the patient categories basic.

To minimize the risk of injuring yourself when lifting or moving a patient, you should:

keep the weight as close to your body as possible.

The FIRST rule of safe lifting is to:

keep your back in a straight, vertical position.

Maintaining a cushion of safety when operating an ambulance means:

keeping a safe distance between your ambulance and the vehicles in front of you and remaining aware of vehicles potentially hiding in your mirror's blind spots.

In addition to splinting the injured extremity, appropriate management for a patient with suspected compartment syndrome includes:

keeping the limb at the level of the heart, transporting, and frequently assessing distal pulses.

Upon returning to your station following a run, you should disinfect the ambulance as needed. Disinfection is MOST accurately defined as:

killing pathogenic agents with a chemical made for that purpose.

The energy contained in a moving object is called:

kinetic energy.

When using a body drag to pull a patient who is on the ground, you should:

kneel to minimize the distance that you will have to lean over

As you and your partner report for duty, you check your ambulance and begin talking about the possibility of a terrorist attack. The MOST effective and appropriate way to determine the likelihood of this happening is to:

know the current threat level issued by the Department of Homeland Security.

The conjunctiva are kept moist by fluid produced by the:

lacrimal glands.

Major events that typically occur during the first trimester of pregnancy include all of the following EXCEPT:

notable movement of the fetus by the mother.

Major events that typically occur during the first trimester of pregnancy include all of the following, EXCEPT:

notable movement of the fetus by the mother.

When treating a woman with vaginal bleeding and signs of shock, you must:

observe standard precautions.

A 5-year-old female presents with an altered mental status. Her mother states that her daughter did not eat lunch and has been playing outside all day. After ensuring a patent airway and administering oxygen, you should:

obtain a blood glucose reading.

When positioning and managing the airway of a small child, it is important to remember that the child's:

occipital skull is proportionately larger and rounder than an adult's.

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with a severe head injury, you note that her left pupil is dilated and unreactive to light. This suggests pressure on the:

oculomotor nerve

Facial injuries must be identified and treated as soon as possible because:

of the risk for airway problems.

Alzheimer disease is an example of a(n):

organic psychiatric disorder.

Alzheimer disease is an example of a/an:

organic psychiatric disorder.

When assessing an elderly patient who fell, it is important to remember that:

osteoporosis can cause a fracture that may have resulted in the fall.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when an ovum develops:

outside of the uterus.

A 44-year-old male sustained a laceration to his left ear during a minor car accident. Your assessment reveals minimal bleeding. Appropriate care for this injury includes:

padding between the ear and the scalp.

The major complaint of patients with abdominal injury is:

pain

After administering 30 seconds of free-flow oxygen to a newborn with central cyanosis, you note that the cyanosis is not improving. You should:

perform positive-pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen.

The presence of gastric juices and bacteria in the abdominal cavity causes an intense inflammatory reaction called:

peritonitis

Autism is most accurately defined as a:

pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction.

When multiple patients present with an acute onset of difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and hoarseness or stridor, you should be MOST suspicious of exposure to:

phosgene or chlorine

You are assessing a 76-year-old female who complains of chest pressure and shortness of breath. During your assessment, the patient tells you that her daughter has not refilled her prescribed medications in over a week. This is an example of:

physical abuse

During early infancy, infants respond mainly to:

physical stimuli such as hunger.

Appropriate stabilization of an anterior shoulder dislocation includes:

pillow or towel under the arm and a sling and swathe.

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are key hormones in the development of a mature egg. On a monthly basis, FSH and LH are released by the:

pituitary gland

A 31-year-old female complains of heavy vaginal bleeding and generalized weakness. She is conscious and alert; however, her blood pressure is 88/56 mm Hg and her pulse is 120 beats/min and weak. You should apply 100% oxygen and then:

place absorbent dressings over the vagina and administer 20 mL/kg boluses of an isotonic crystalloid to maintain perfusion.

When transporting a patient who is secured to a backboard, it is important to:

place deceleration straps over the patient's shoulders

During your visual inspection of a 30-year-old female in labor, you see the infant's leg protruding from the vagina. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen to the mother and transporting immediately, you should:

place the mother supine with her head down and hips elevated

When moving a conscious, weak patient down a flight of stairs, you should:

place the wheeled stretcher at the bottom of the stairs and carry the patient down the stairs with a stair chair.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 33-year-old pregnant female with vaginal bleeding. The patient's husband tells you that she is 37 weeks' pregnant and has not had any problems with this pregnancy. Your assessment reveals the presence of bright red vaginal bleeding and mild abdominal cramping. The patient is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 94/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 110 beats/min. You should be MOST suspicious for a:

placenta previa

A 32-year-old female complains of acute lower abdominal pain that began approximately 1 week after her menstrual period ended. Her blood pressure is 116/66 mm Hg, heart rate is 96 beats/min, and respirations are 14 breaths/min with adequate depth. Further assessment reveals that she is running a fever of 101.6°F. Treatment for this patient should include:

placing her in a position of comfort, starting an IV line at a KVO rate, and transporting to an appropriate hospital.

An 80-year-old male tripped and fell and complains of pain to his left hip. Your assessment reveals that his knee is flexed and his left leg is shortened and medially rotated. Distal neurovascular functions are grossly intact. You should immobilize this patient's injury by:

placing him on a scoop stretcher and padding the injury with pillows.

In most cases, care for a patient who presents with a complaint that is related to a sexually transmitted disease (STD) involves:

placing the patient in a position of comfort and providing supportive care.

When collecting potential evidence at the scene of a sexual assault, you should place any items in paper bags, because:

plastic bags may develop condensation and could destroy the evidence.

When assessing a 40-year-old female with an injury to her left wrist, you should recall that the MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is:

point tenderness

You are triaging children who were injured when the school bus they were riding in collided with another vehicle. The first child you triage is unresponsive and apnea. According to the JumpSTART triage system, you should:

position the upper airway

General techniques for communicating with hearing-impaired patients include:

positioning yourself approximately 18″ directly in front of the patient.

During a track and field event, a 25-year-old female sustained an injury to her left arm. She complains of severe pain and an inability to extend her elbow. Upon inspection, you note that the olecranon process is more prominent than it is on the uninjured arm. These findings are MOST characteristic of:

posterior radius/ulna displacement

A 30-year-old male sustained a stab wound to the neck when he was attacked outside a nightclub. During your assessment, you should be MOST alert for:

potential airway compromise.

The quickest and most effective way to prevent newborn hypothermia in the prehospital setting is to:

preheat the back of the ambulance and quickly dry the newborn after birth.

As an AEMT, you may legally restrain a patient if he or she:

presents harm to you, your partner, or bystanders.

A young female has a closed, unstable deformity to her left femur. In this situation, the primary reason for applying a splint is to:

prevent conversion to an open fracture

The purpose of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is to:

prevent excess cerebrospinal fluid from accumulating in the brain.

During an explosion, a metal worker sustained a large laceration to the left side of his neck by flying debris. He is conscious, but restless; the wound is moderately bleeding. Appropriate care for this patient's injury includes:

preventing air from entering the wound and applying a pressure dressing.

Pathologic fractures are typically caused by all of the following, EXCEPT:

previous fractures

Pulmonary hemorrhage and inner ear damage are examples of __________ blast injuries.

primary

When assessing a patient who experienced a blast injury, it is important to remember that:

primary blast injuries are the most easily overlooked.

Oogenesis is defined as the:

process that results in a mature egg

Oogenesis is defined as the:

process that results in a mature egg.

In addition to providing the framework for the human body, bones also:

produce blood cells in the marrow.

In addition to providing the framework for the human body, bones:

produce blood cells in the marrow.

Two of the meningeal layers that protect the central nervous system are the arachnoid and pia mater which:

produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Functions of the ovaries include:

production of oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone.

A patient with a core body temperature of 85°F would be expected to present with:

profoundly slow respirations

As soon as the entire infant is born, you should:

provide warmth, maintain a patent airway, and resuction.

An individual who poses a threat to the safety of his or her family, friends, or the AEMT is experiencing a/an:

psychiatric emergency.

If used, inflation of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) should continue until the:

radial pulses return.

Because heat always travels from a warm object to a cooler one, a person standing in a cold room will lose heat by:

radiation

Which of the following does NOT usually contrite to or cause obesity?

rapid metabolism

When managing a critically-burned patient, it is important to:

rapidly estimate the burn's severity and then cover with dry, sterile dressings.

When managing a critically burned patient, it is important to:

rapidly estimate the burns' severity and then cover them with dry, sterile dressings.

The pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) is designed to:

rapidly identify the general category of a child's physiologic condition

A 6-year-old female was riding her bicycle and struck a clothesline with her throat. She is breathing, but with obvious difficulty. Your assessment reveals a crackling sensation in the soft tissues of her neck and facial cyanosis. In addition to the appropriate airway management, the intervention that will MOST likely improve her chance of survival is:

rapidly transporting her to the hospital.

The ability of a person to effectively compensate for acute blood loss is MOST directly related to the:

rate of blood loss.

If the AEMT is called to a scene in which death of a terminally ill patient is imminent, it is important for him or her to:

realize that his or her actions will have a lasting effect on the family

A burn occurs when the soft tissue of the skin:

receives more energy than it can absorb without injury

Near-drowning is MOST accurately defined as:

recovery that lasts for at least 24 hours following submersion in water

During times of decreased perfusion, the autonomic nervous system:

redirects blood to the most vital organs of the body.

Goals of in-line traction for musculoskeletal injuries in the prehospital setting include all of the following, EXCEPT:

reduction of the fracture.

When interviewing a patient with an emotional crisis, you repeat the patient's words back to him or her, and encourage him or her to expand on these thoughts. This is an example of:

reflective listening.

In contrast to an automated implanted cardioverter/defibrillator, an internal cardiac pacemaker:

regulates the patient's heart rate if it falls below a preset value.

You are assisting in the delivery of a baby in a patient's residence. In between uterine contractions, you should encourage the mother to:

relax and breathe deeply.

Massaging the uterine fundus, or having the infant breastfeed following birth, may slow post-partum bleeding by:

releasing oxytocin and promoting contraction of the uterus.

During your rapid assessment of a patient with a gunshot wound to the chest, you located an open wound to the right anterior chest and sealed it with the appropriate dressing. A few minutes later, the patient's respirations are increasingly labored and his heart rate has significantly increased. You should:

relieve pleural tension by lifting a corner of the dressing.

If an incident increases in scope and complexity, the IC should consider:

relinquishing command to someone with more experience.

Certain medications must be given in reduced doses to elderly patients becuase:

renal function decline may result in toxic drug levels

Chest trauma is a common cause of respiratory acidosis, and rapidly leads to death because the:

renal system cannot compensate quickly enough.

You are transporting a 6-year-old female with respiratory distress when you note that she is developing cyanosis. You should:

repeat the primary assessment

You and your partner respond to the scene of a 49-year-old male with acute abdominal pain. As you enter his residence, you find him lying on the floor in severe pain. He is conscious and alert. The patient appears to weigh in excess of 350 lb. Your FIRST action should be to:

request additional personnel before making any attempts to lift him.

Most terrorist attacks:

require multiple terrorists working together

Regardless of the cause, hyperventilation causes:

respiratory alkalosis.

During pregnancy, the mother may experience a relative respiratory alkalosis when her:

respiratory rate increases

Once the gravid uterus grows superiorly and puts pressure on the diaphragm, the mother's:

respiratory rate increases to compensate for decreased tidal volume

An appropriately sized cervical collar should:

rest on the shoulder and provide support under the mandible

A 30-year-old male fell while rollerblading and landed on his right arm. There is obvious deformity to the elbow and the patient complains of severe pain. The patient's hand is cool and pale and his radial pulse is difficult to palpate. The hospital is approximately 10 minutes away. You should:

splint the arm in the position found and then transport immediately.

A 21-year-old male presents with a severely angulated forearm and extreme pain. Distal sensory, motor, and circulatory functions are intact. You should:

splint the forearm in the position of deformity.

A 26-year-old female, who is at the end of her first trimester of pregnancy, complains of vaginal bleeding. She denies abdominal pain, and states that her last menstrual cycle was approximately 2 months ago. She is conscious and alert and her vital signs are stable. You should be MOST suspicious for:

spontaneous abortion.

In addition to causing local tissue destruction, the venom from a pit viper also causes:

spontaneous bleeding due to interference with the blood-clotting mechanisms.

Shortly after arriving home from the airport, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of sharp chest pain and difficulty breathing. He denies a history of trauma. Your assessment reveals that he is in moderate distress and is tachycardic. Breath sounds are diminished over the apex of the right lung. You should suspect a/an:

spontaneous pneumothorax

An injury that may result in complete separation of a joint due to stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments is called a:

sprain

A 15-year-old female was struck by a small car while riding her bicycle. She was wearing a helmet and was thrown to the ground, striking her head. In addition to managing problems associated with airway, breathing, and circulation, it is MOST important for you to:

stabilize her entire spine.

A middle-aged male is found unconscious at the base of the steps to his house. There is no evidence of trauma and there were no witnesses to the event. You should:

stabilize his head and open his airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver

You arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle crash in which a 30-year-old male was ejected from his truck. As you approach the patient, who is not moving, you can see that he has gross deformity to both of his femurs and an angulated left humerus. You should:

stabilize his head and open his airway.

You arrive at the scene of a motor-vehicle crash in which a 30-year-old male was ejected from his truck. As you approach the patient, who is not moving, you can see that he has gross deformity to both of his femurs and an angulated left humerus. You should:

stabilize his head and open his airway.

During your rapid assessment of a semiconscious 44-year-old female with blunt thoracic trauma, you detect an area on the left anterior chest that bulges during exhalation. Your partner is assisting her ventilations with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen. You should:

stabilize the chest wall deformity and continue your assessment.

In addition to providing 100% oxygen and controlling external bleeding, the MOST appropriate management for a patient with a knife impaled in the abdomen includes:

stabilizing the knife in place and infusing crystalloids to maintain adequate perfusion.

A 29-year-old female has experienced a spontaneous abortion during the latter part of her first trimester. She is conscious and alert, with a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg and a heart rate of 100 beats/min and strong. In addition to providing emotional support and administering oxygen, you should:

start a large-bore IV of normal saline and transport

You are treating a 40-year-old female who is experiencing severe heat cramps. You have moved her to a cooler environment, applied oxygen, and are giving her Gatorade to drink. When you reassess her, you find that her condition has not improved. You should:

start an IV of normal saline and transport her.

You are treating a 40-year-old female, who is experiencing severe heat cramps. You have moved her to a cooler environment, applied oxygen, and are giving her Gatorade to drink. When you reassess her, you find that her condition has not improved. You should:

start an IV of normal saline and transport her.

When determining whether or not prehospital delivery of an infant will occur, you should time the patient's contractions from the:

start of one contraction until the start of the next.

A 55-year-old male sustained partial-thickness burns to his face and neck when he opened the hot radiator cap on his car. He is conscious and alert, but complains of dyspnea and difficulty swallowing. His oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. You should be MOST concerned about the:

status of his airway

While en route to a call for a patient in cardiac arrest, you approach a stopped school bus with its red warning lights flashing. You should:

stop and wait until the warning lights stop flashing.

After the baby's head delivers, you should tell the mother to:

stop pushing so you can suction the infant's mouth and nose.

You are suctioning the airway of a 2-year-old child when your partner advises you that the child's heart rate has dropped from 120 beats/min to 80 beats/min. You should:

stop suctioning immediately and oxygenate the child.

As you and your partner are carrying a stable patient down a flight of stairs in a stair chair, you feel a sudden, sharp pain in your lower back. You should:

stop the move and request additional lifting assistance.

A 24-year-old male was pulled from the water following submersion for an unknown length of time. There were no witnesses to the patient's submersion. When you arrive at the scene, you determine that he is in cardiac arrest. Routine management for this patient should include all of the following, EXCEPT:

subdiaphragmatic thrusts.

If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the AEMT should:

suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

A 23-year-old male was involved in a motor-vehicle crash and has an obviously depressed skull fracture. His pulse is rapid and weak, his skin is cool and clammy, and his blood pressure is low. You should:

suspect that he has internal bleeding and administer crystalloid fluid boluses

Clinical signs of fetal distress include:

sustained bradycardia

Clinical signs of fetal distress include:

sustained bradycardia.

The two MOST effective mechanisms for thermolysis are:

sweating and peripheral vasodilation

The physiologic response that occurs when a person is exposed to a stressful stimulus is initiated by the:

sympathetic nervous system

Joints are bathed and lubricated by:

synovial fluid

The most common sign of significant abdominal injury is:

tachycardia

You are triaging patients at the scene of a multiple vehicle crash when you encounter a young male who is unresponsive and not breathing. After you open his airway, he begins to breathe at a rapid rate. According to the START triage system, you should:

tag him as immediate (red), place him in the recovery position, and move to the next patient.

After recognizing that an incident involves a hazardous material, you should contact the hazardous materials team and then:

take measures to ensure the safety of yourself and others.

Internal injuries caused by gunshot wounds are difficult to predict because:

the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body.

Patients with multiple rib fractures may develop significant hypoxia because of a ventilation/perfusion mismatch, which occurs when:

the circulatory system is intact but the amount of available oxygen is diminished.

Any injury at the nipple line should be considered a thoracic and abdominal injury because:

the diaphragm may elevate as high as the nipple line upon exhalation

Patients who are struck by lightning rarely sustain full-thickness burns because:

the duration of the lightning strike is short.

Cardiac arrest following an electrical burn would MOST likely occur if:

the electricity flows from arm to arm.

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves serve all of the following functions EXCEPT:

transmitting sensations directly to and from the brain.

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should:

transport her to the emergency department.

A 54-year-old male convenience store clerk was shot in the left anterior chest during an attempted robbery. After ensuring that the scene is safe, you enter the store and perform a primary assessment. The patient is semiconscious, is in severe respiratory distress, and is pale. Further assessment reveals absent breath sounds on the left side of his chest, collapsed jugular veins, and a blood pressure of 70/44 mm Hg. In addition to managing his airway, you should:

transport immediately and perform invasive procedures en route.

A 22-year-old male with blunt thoracic trauma presents with severely labored respirations. His level of consciousness is decreased and his heart rate is 140 beats/min and thready. Further assessment reveals absent breath sounds on the entire left side of his chest and jugular venous distention. After appropriately managing his airway and immobilizing his spine, you should:

transport immediately, start a large-bore IV en route, and request a paramedic rendezvous.

When caring for a patient with significant thoracic trauma and signs of shock, it is MOST important to:

transport promptly to a trauma center.

You receive a call to a residence for an apneic 2-month-old male. When you arrive at the scene, the infant's mother tells you that her son was born prematurely and that his apnea monitor has alarmed 4 times in the past 30 minutes. Your assessment of the infant reveals that he is conscious and active. His skin is pink and dry, and he is breathing at an adequate rate and with adequate depth. His oxygen saturation reads 98% on room air. You should:

transport the infant to the hospital and bring the apnea monitor with you.

The MOST important prehospital treatment for an abnormal fetal presentation is to:

transport the mother as soon as possible

A sport utility vehicle lost control and struck a utility pole head-on. The driver was killed instantly. The passenger, a young female, is conscious and alert and has several small abrasions and lacerations to her left forearm. Treatment for the passenger should include:

transport to a trauma center.

A 54-year-old male impacted the steering wheel with his chest when his truck struck another vehicle head-on. He complains of retrosternal chest pain, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Although his blood pressure is 160/90, his femoral pulses are weakly palpable. You should suspect:

traumatic aortic disruption

When providing emotional support to the family of an infant who suddenly and unexpectedly died, you should:

use the infant's first name whenever possible.

Following a rapid delivery, your 28-year-old patient's uterus has inverted. The MOST appropriate initial management for this condition is to:

use the palm of your hand and make one attempt to replace the uterus.

The AEMT should consult medical control when caring for a terminally ill patient who:

uses a self-administered pain medication device.

Which of the following would be the MOST practical method of communicating with a hearing-impaired patient until his or her hearing aids can be located?

using a piece of paper and writing utensil to ask questions

When carrying a patient up or down stairs, you should avoid:

using a wheeled stretcher whenever possible

A linear skull fracture:

usually does not present with deformity of the skull

A 21-year-old female in her third trimester of pregnancy was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. She was unrestrained and struck a telephone pole while traveling approximately 40 MPH. She complains of severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding and has signs of shock. While palpating her abdomen, you can feel a fetal body part through the abdominal wall. On the basis of the mechanism of injury and the patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect a/an:

uterine rupture

High-voltage burn injuries occur MOST frequently in:

utility workers.

When caring for a premature newborn, it is important to:

utilize a neonatal transport team if possible.

You are caring for a young female who experienced blunt head trauma and is unresponsive. You have inserted a King LT airway and are providing mild hyperventilation because she has signs of brain herniation. In doing this, you should:

utilize capnography and ensure that her end-tidal CO2 does not fall below 30 mm Hg.

Vigorous or deep oropharyngeal suctioning of the newborn immediately following birth may result in:

vagal-induced bradycardia and apnea.

The _____________ is the outermost cavity of a woman's reproductive system and forms the lower portion of the birth canal.

vagina

The tip of a central venous catheter rests in the:

vena cava

A 40-year-old patient has sustained circumferential burns to the chest. The MOST serious complication associated with this type of burn injury is:

ventilatory insufficiency

When treating an unconscious, breathing patient with moderate to severe hypothermia, you must avoid rough handling in order to avoid inducing:

ventricular fibrillation.

Blood leaves the capillary beds and is returned to the right side of the heart by the:

venules and veins.

The chemical attacks that occurred in Tokyo between 1994 qnd 1995 were carried out by a?

violent religious group

While assessing a patient with an apparent behavioral crisis, he tells you that he sees a pink elephant in the corner of the room. This is an example of a(n):

visual hallucination.

Following a minor head injury, which of the following occurs more commonly in children than adults?

vomiting

The external female genitalia are referred to as the:

vulva