Fundamentals Exam #5 Growth and Development

Who created the concept of the unconscious mind? 1. Sigmund Freud 2. Robert Havighurst 3. Robert Peck 4. Arnold Gesell

1. Sigmund Freud

Explain school age significant characteristics

1. 6 - 12 years 2. peer group increasingly influences behavior; physical, cognitive, and social development increases and communication skills improve

Explain young-old adulthood significant characteristics

1. 65 - 74 years 2. adaptation to retirement and changing physical abilities is often necessary; chronic illness may develop

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for early adulthood (20 to 35 yrs)?

1. include support from client's partner or significant other 2. assist with rehabilitation needed before returning to work

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for middle adulthood (65 yrs to death)?

1. listen to your patient 2. assist with making changes to living arrangements

Arnold Resell claimed that child development is a process of __________? 1. maturation 2. retrogression 3. exploration 4. environmental factors

1. maturation

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for late childhood (3 to 6 yrs)?

1. offer medical equipment for play 2. accept the child's choices and expressions of feelings

What are Freud's five stages of development?

1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital

Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, at what age is pleasure directed in the development of sexual relationships? 1. puberty and after 2. 1 1/2 - 3 yrs 3. birth - 1 1/2 yrs 4. 4 - 6 yrs 5. 6 yrs - puberty

1. puberty and after

Identify which contains the conscious and the ego ideal. 1. superego 2. id 3. ego

1. superego

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for adolescence (12 to 20 yrs)?

1. take the health history and perform examinations without parents present 2. introduce the adolescent to other teens with the same health condition

Explain infancy significant characteristics

1. 1 month - 1 year 2. physical growth is rapid

Explain toddlerhood significant characteristics

1. 1 year - 3 years 2. motor development permits increased physical autonomy. Psychosocial skills increase

Explain adolescence significant characteristics

1. 12 - 20 years 2. self-concept changes with biologic development; values are tested; physical growth accelerates; stress increases esp. in face of conflicts

Explain young adulthood significant characteristics

1. 20 - 40 years 2. a personal lifestyle develops; person establishes a relationship with a significant other and a commitment to something

Explain preschool significant characteristics

1. 3 - 6 years 2. the preschooler's world is expanding; new experiences and the preschooler's social role are tried during play; physical growth is slower

Explain middle adulthood significant characteristics

1. 40 - 65 years 2. lifestyle changes due to other changes; for example: children leave home; occupational goals change

A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to be: 1. Identify vs. Role Confusion 2. Generativity vs. Stagnation 3. Ego Integrity vs. Despair 4. Industry vs. Inferiority

2. Generativity vs. Stagnation

You are doing a demonstration with Stella, who is three years old. You have two equal-sized glasses, filled to the top with the same volume of water. You ask her whether there is more water in one glass than the other, or the same, and she responds, "The same." Now, you pour the entire contents of one of these glasses into a tall, thin glass, and the entire contents of the other into a short, but very wide, glass. You ask her which glass contains more water, and she points to the tall glass. Which of Piaget's cognitive stages of development is Stella in? 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preconceptual phase 3. Concrete operations phase 4. Formal operations phase

2. Preconceptual phase

The nurse instructor asks a nursing student to describe the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement? 1. The child has the ability to think abstractly 2. The child begins to understand the environment 3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts 4. The child learns to think in terms of past, present, and future

2. The child begins to understand the environment

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 18 months to 3 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with attachment to the mother. 2. This stage is characterized by gaining some basic control over self and environment. 3. This stage is characterized by becoming purposeful and directive. 4. This stage is associated with developing social, physical, and learning skills.

2. This stage is characterized by gaining some basic control over self and environment.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 65 to death. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with developing sense of identity 2. This stage is characterized by looking back over one's life and accepting its meaning. 3. This stage is characterized by fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society. 4. This stage is associated with establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.

2. This stage is characterized by looking back over one's life and accepting its meaning.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's psychosexual stages of development, specifically the oral stage. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with toilet training. 2. This stage is characterized by the gratification of self. 3. This stage is characterized by a tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges. 4. This stage is associated with pleasurable and conflicting feelings about the genital organs.

2. This stage is characterized by the gratification of self.

Identify who seeks immediate pleasure. 1. superego 2. id 3. ego

2. id

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Kohlberg's Moral Development, specifically the conventional level. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this level of development? 1. I must follow the rules as there are reasonable laws for it. 2. I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished. 3. I must follow the rules so I will be accepted.

3. I must follow the rules so I will be accepted.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 35 to 65 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with developing sense of identity 2. This stage is characterized by looking back over one's life and accepting its meaning. 3. This stage is characterized by fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society. 4. This stage is associated with establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.

3. This stage is characterized by fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society.

Mary and Fred have one child and want to adopt a second. Since their first child's infancy had been extremely difficult on Mary, she was excited at the possibility of adopting an older child, perhaps a well-behaved, toilet-trained 3 year-old, and skipping the infancy period entirely. Fred, on the other hand, had serious misgivings not knowing about the quality of care giving and relationships in this child's early life. In a 3 year-old's case, he felt that inadequate care and improper resolution of what Ericksonian stage could lead to irreparable damage in later development, such as: 1. Intimacy vs. Isolation 2. Identity vs. Role Confusion 3. Trust vs. Mistrust 4. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

3. Trust vs. Mistrust Rationale: If an infant's needs for nourishment, stimulation, affection, and attention are not met during this stage from 0-1 year-old, infants will fail to establish basic trust or to feel valuable, carrying "mistrust" with them into the next stage of development. Mistrust in others and self will make it more difficult to successfully achieve a sense of autonomy.

The id resides where? 1. conscious 2. preconscious 3. unconscious

3. unconscious

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's psychosexual stages of development, specifically the phallic stage. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with toilet training. 2. This stage is characterized by the gratification of self. 3. This stage is characterized by a tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges. 4. This stage is associated with pleasurable and conflicting feelings about the genital organs.

4. This stage is associated with pleasurable and conflicting feelings about the genital organs.

Identify which theory refers to the development of personality. 1. spiritual 2. moral 3. biophysical 4. psychosocial 5. cognitive

4. psychosocial

Growth generally takes place during the first ____________ of life. 1. 3 months 2. 7 years 3. 13 years 4. 20 years

4. 20 years

Who is the "father of child development"? 1. Sigmund Freud 2. Robert Havighurst 3. Robert Peck 4. Arnold Gesell

4. Arnold Gesell

According to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, the stage in which a child needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence is the ____ stage. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Identity vs. Role Confusion 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority

4. Industry vs. Inferiority Rationale: If children accomplish competence in this stage, they will see themselves as contributing to their social context. If, however, they do not develop competence in this stage, feelings of incompetence and inadequacy will develop and children will feel inferior in their social context.

The clinic nurse is preparing to discuss the concepts of Kohlberg's theory of moral development with a parent. What motivates good and bad actions for the child at the pre conventional level? 1. peer pressure 2. social pressure 3. parents' behavior 4. punishment and reward

4. punishment and reward In the pre conventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by punishment and reward. If the child is obedient and is not punished, then the child is being moral. The child sees actions as good and bad. If the child's actions are good, the child is praised. If the child's actions are bad, the child is punished.

Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, at what age is pleasure directed by focusing on relationships with same sex peers and the parent of the same sex? 1. puberty and after 2. 1 1/2 - 3 yrs 3. birth - 1 1/2 yrs 4. 4 - 6 yrs 5. 6 yrs - puberty

5. 6 yrs - puberty

When the child about to undergo amputation of the left leg to treat bone cancer comments, "I'll probably fall a lot until I get used to my fake leg," the child is demonstrating which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget? 1. sensorimotor phase 2. pre conceptual phase 3. intuitive thought phase 4. concrete operations phase 5. formal operations phase

5. formal operations phase

The nurse is assessing a four-month-old infant. The nurse would anticipate finding that the infant would be able to A. Hold a rattle B. Bang two blocks C. Drink from a cup D. Wave "bye-bye"

A. Hold a rattle

The nurse is planning care for an 18 month-old child. Which of the following should be included the in the child's care? A. Hold and cuddle the child often B. Encourage the child to feed himself finger food C. Allow the child to walk independently on the nursing unit D. Engage the child in games with other children

B. Encourage the child to feed himself finger food According to Erikson, the toddler is in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. The nurse should encourage increasingly independent activities of daily living.

Which of the following is the most appropriate activity for a 5-year-old child? A. Squeeze toy. B. Board games. C. Play-Doh. D. Computer games.

C. Play-Doh. In the preschooler, play is simple and imaginative and includes activities such as puppets, play-doh, and coloring book. Option A: Squeeze toys are appropriate for infants. Option B: Board games are appropriate for the school-age child. Option D: Computer games are appropriate for an adolescent.

The nurse is observing children playing in the hospital playroom. She would expect to see 4-year-old children playing: A. Competitive board games with older children B. With their own toys along side with other children C. Alone with hand held computer games D. Cooperatively with other preschoolers

D. Cooperatively with other preschoolers

What are the methods the ego uses to fulfill the needs of the id in a socially acceptable manner?

defense mechanisms or adaptive mechanisms

What is the underlying psychic energy, motivation to human development?

libido

What does Arnold Gesell's theory state?

that development is directed by genetics

Explain middle-old adulthood significant characteristics

1. 75 - 84 years 2. adaptation to decline in speed of movement; reaction time, and increasing dependence on others may be necessary

Explain old-old adulthood significant characteristics

1. 85 and over 2. increasing physical problems may develop

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for early childhood (18 mos to 3 yrs)?

1. allow self feeding opportunities 2. encourage child to remove and put on own clothes 3. allow for choice

Explain neonatal significant characteristics

1. birth - 28 days 2. behavior is largely reflexive and develops to more purposeful behavior

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for middle adulthood (35 to 65 yrs)?

1. encourage social activites

List some interventions regarding Erikson's stages of development when caring for a school aged child (6 to 12 yrs)?

1. encourage the child to continue school work while hospitalized 2. encourage the child to bring favorite pastimes to the hospital

The subconscious includes ___________________ (4 things) that might not be in immediate awareness but can be recalled to consciousness.

1. experiences 2. thoughts 3. feelings 4. desires

What are the factors that can influence growth and development?

1. genetics 2. temperament 3. family 4. nutrition 5. environment 6. health 7. culture

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Kohlberg's Moral Development, specifically the pre conventional level. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this level of development? 1. I must follow the rules as there are reasonable laws for it. 2. I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished. 3. I must follow the rules so I will be accepted.

2. I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished.

The mother of an 8 year old child tells the clinic nurse that she is concerned about the child because the child seems to be more attentive to friends than anything else. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse should make which response? 1. You need to be more concerned 2. You need to monitor the child's behavior closely 3. At this stage the child is developing his own personality 4. You need to provide more praise to the child to stop this behavior

3. At this stage the child is developing his own personality

The nurse instructor asks a nursing student to describe the concrete operations stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement? 1. The child has the ability to think abstractly 2. The child begins to understand the environment 3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts 4. The child learns to think in terms of past, present, and future

3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts

Then nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's psychosexual stages of development, specifically the latency stage. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with toilet training. 2. This stage is characterized by the gratification of self. 3. This stage is characterized by a tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges. 4. This stage is associated with pleasurable and conflicting feelings about the genital organs.

3. This stage is characterized by a tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 3 to 6 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with attachment to the mother. 2. This stage is characterized by gaining some basic control over self and environment. 3. This stage is characterized by becoming purposeful and directive. 4. This stage is associated with developing social, physical, and learning skills.

3. This stage is characterized by becoming purposeful and directive.

The superego that is part of the psyche is best represented by which of the following: 1. Uses defensive function for protection. 2. Is impulsive and without morals. 3. Determines the circumstances before making decisions. 4. The censoring portion of the mind.

4. The censoring portion of the mind. Rationale: The critical censoring portion of one's personality; the conscience. 1. This refers to the ego function that protects itself from anything that threatens it.. 2. The Id is composed of the untamed, primitive drives and impulses. 3. This refers to the ego that acts as the moderator of the struggle between the id and the superego.

Identify which theory describes the development of the physical body; how it grows and changes. 1. spiritual 2. moral 3. biophysical 4. psychosocial 5. cognitive

3. biophysical

Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, at what age is pleasure accomplished by exploring the mouth and by sucking? 1. puberty and after 2. 1 1/2 - 3 yrs 3. birth - 1 1/2 yrs 4. 4 - 6 yrs 5. 6 yrs - puberty

3. birth - 1 1/2 yrs

The maternity nurse is providing instructions to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse instructs the mother to take which measure? 1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need 2. Anticipate all the needs of the newborn infant 3. Attent to the newborn infant immediately when crying. 4. Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying.

1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Kohlberg's Moral Development, specifically the postconventional level. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this level of development? 1. I must follow the rules as there are reasonable laws for it. 2. I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished. 3. I must follow the rules so I will be accepted.

1. I must follow the rules as there are reasonable laws for it.

A 10 month old baby is at the clinic to get a shot. As a nurse, how would you educate the mother when the baby gets the shot, according to Erikson's stages of development? 1. Offer comfort to the baby 2. Ignore the baby when crying 3. Let the baby cry for a few minutes and the offer comfort 4. Walk out of the room

1. Offer comfort to the baby

A parent of a 3 year old tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling constantly and having temper tantrums. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which instruction should the nurse provide to the parent? Select all that apply. 1. Set limits on the child's behavior 2. Ignore the child when this behavior occurs 3. Allow the behavior, because this is normal at this age period 4. Provide a simple explanation of why the behavior is unacceptable 5. Punish the child every time the child says "no" to change the behavior

1. Set limits on the child's behavior 4. Provide a simple explanation of why the behavior is unacceptable

The nurse instructor asks a nursing student to describe the intuitive thought stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement. Select all that apply? 1. The child egocentric thinking diminishes 2. The child begins to understand the environment 3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts 4. The child thinks of one idea at a time

1. The child egocentric thinking diminishes 4. The child thinks of one idea at a time

The nurse instructor asks a nursing student to describe the formal operations stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement? 1. The child has the ability to think abstractly 2. The child begins to understand the environment 3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts 4. The child learns to think in terms of past, present, and future

1. The child has the ability to think abstractly

The nurse instructor asks a nursing student to describe the pre conceptual stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement. Select all that apply. 1. The child uses an egocentric approach 2. The child believes everything relates to them 3. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts 4. The child's language development is rapid

1. The child uses an egocentric approach 2. The child believes everything relates to them 4. The child's language development is rapid

The nurse is assessing a six-month-old child. Which developmental skills are normal and should be expected? A. Speaks in short sentences. B. Sits alone. C. Can feed self with a spoon. D. Pulling up to a standing position.

B. Sits alone. Option A: The child develops language skills between the ages of one and three. Option C: The child begins to use a spoon at 12-15 months of age. Option D: The baby pulls himself to a standing position about ten months of age.

The nurse is caring for residents in a long-term care setting for the elderly. Which of the following activities will be MOST effective in meeting the growth and development needs of a person in this age group? A. Aerobic exercise classes B. Transportation for shopping trips C. Reminiscence groups D. Regularly scheduled social activities

C. Reminiscence groups According to Erikson"s theory, older adults need to find and accept the meaningfulness of their lives, or they may become depressed, angry, and fear death. Reminiscing contributes to successful adaptation by maintaining self-esteem, reaffirming identity, and working through loss.

While teaching a 10-year-old child about their impending heart surgery, the nurse should A. Provide a verbal explanation just prior to the surgery B. Provide the child with a booklet to read about the surgery C. Introduce the child to another child who had heart surgery three days ago D. Explain the surgery using a model of the heart

D. Explain the surgery using a model of the heart According to Piaget, the school-age child is in the concrete operations stage of cognitive development. Using something concrete, like a model will help the child understand the explanation of the heart surgery.

What is the immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety?

Fixation

Explain the difference between growth and development.

Growth is a physical change (i.e height and weight) and development is the behavioral aspect of growth (i.e a person develops the ability to walk, talk, run, and think)

Liza says, "Give me 10 minutes to recall the name of our college professor who failed many students in our anatomy class." She is operating on her: 1. Subconscious 2. Conscious 3. Unconscious 4. Ego

1. Subconscious Rationale: Subconscious refers to the materials that are partly remembered partly forgotten but these can be recalled spontaneously and voluntarily. 2. This functions when one is awake. One is aware of his thoughts, feelings actions and what is going on in the environment. 3. The largest potion of the mind that contains the memories of one's past particularly the unpleasant. It is difficult to recall the unconscious content. 4. The conscious self that deals and tests reality.

The mother of a 4 year old child calls the clinic nurse and expresses concern because the child has been masturbating. Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the nurse should make which response? 1. This is normal behavior at this age. 2. Children usually begin this behavior at age 8 years. 3. The child is very young to begin this behavior and should be brought to the clinic. 4. This is not normal behavior and the child should be seen by the health care provider.

1. This is normal behavior at this age.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the infancy stage. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with attachment to the mother. 2. This stage is characterized by gaining some basic control over self and environment. 3. This stage is characterized by becoming purposeful and directive. 4. This stage is associated with developing social, physical, and learning skills.

1. This stage is associated with attachment to the mother.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 12 to 20 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with developing sense of identity 2. This stage is characterized by looking back over one's life and accepting its meaning. 3. This stage is characterized by fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society. 4. This stage is associated with establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.

1. This stage is associated with developing sense of identity

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's psychosexual stages of development, specifically the anal stage. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with toilet training. 2. This stage is characterized by the gratification of self. 3. This stage is characterized by a tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges. 4. This stage is associated with pleasurable and conflicting feelings about the genital organs.

1. This stage is associated with toilet training.

Identify what is the realistic part of the person that balances demands of id with limitations of social, physical circumstances. 1. superego 2. id 3. ego

3. ego

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 6 to 12 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with attachment to the mother. 2. This stage is characterized by gaining some basic control over self and environment. 3. This stage is characterized by becoming purposeful and directive. 4. This stage is associated with developing social, physical, and learning skills.

4. This stage is associated with developing social, physical, and learning skills.

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Erikson's stages of development, specifically the ages between 20 to 35 years. The student plans the conference, knowing that which characteristic relates to this stage of development? 1. This stage is associated with developing sense of identity 2. This stage is characterized by looking back over one's life and accepting its meaning. 3. This stage is characterized by fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society. 4. This stage is associated with establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.

4. This stage is associated with establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.