Fundamentals of nursing Ch. 1,11,12
A health care facility determined that a nurse employed on a medical unit was documenting care that was not being given, and subsequently reported the action to the state board of nursing. How will this affect the nurse's license to practice?
CH.1 PG. 18 The nurses license may be revoked or suspended
A nurse is working in community-based nursing. Which competency is priority for this nurse?
Caregiver First and foremost is the role of caregiver. While collaborator, change agent, and case manager are important, they are not the priority.
Teaching a woman about breast self-examination is an example of what broad aim of nursing?
Ch. 1 PG 12-13 Preventing illness, Nurses prevent illness by teaching.
An oncology nurse with 15 years of experience, certification in the area of oncology nursing, and a master's degree is considered to be an expert in her area of practice and works on an oncology unit in a large teaching hospital. Based upon this description, which of the following career roles best describes this nurse's role, taking into account her qualifications and experience?
Ch. 1 PG. 16 Clinical nurse specialist
The U.S. system of health care is based on an ability to pay for care, which leaves millions of people uninsured or underinsured, with inadequate access to health care. Nurses are often presented with ethical dilemmas when caring for patients and families. Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma?
Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analyze Page: 260 Feedback: Only answer D suggests an ethical dilemma for which there is no easy answer. Answer A is an assumption that many have about health care. Answer B is a fact, as some health insurance programs charge more for those who smoke. Answer C is an opinion, as although there are some clinics for the poor, health care access is limited.
A nurse at a healthcare facility provides information, assistance, and encouragement, to clients during the various phases of nursing care. In which activity does the nurse use counseling skills?
Educating a group of young girls about AIDS. CH. 1 PG. 11 This is an example of the nurse using counseling skills.
A health care facility determined that a nurse employed on a medical unit was documenting care that was not being given, and subsequently reported the action to the State Board of Nursing. How might this affect the nurse license to practice nursing?
The nurses license may be revoked or suspended. Chapter Number: 1 Introduction to Nursing Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analyze Page: 18 Feedback: The license and the right to practice nursing can be denied, revoked, or suspended for professional misconduct, such as a crime. Other areas of professional misconduct which can be charged as committing a felony include incompetence, negligence, and chemical impairment. Committing a felony does affect the legal right to practice nursing, does not allow the nurse to practice at a lower level, and is not attached to the license but the licensee.
The community health nurse is administering flu shots to children at a local playground. What is the rationale for this nurse's action?
To prevent community outbreak of illness The nurse is trying to prevent a community outbreak of illness. By focusing on subpopulations (children), the community health nurse cares for the community as a whole and considers the individual or the family as only one member of a group at risk. Community-based nursing, as opposed to community health nursing, focuses on the needs of the individual or family. Public health nursing focuses on meeting the population groups' needs.
A man is scheduled for hospital outpatient surgery. He tells the nurse, I don't know what that word, outpatient, means. How would the nurse respond?
You will have surgery and go home that same day. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 252 Feedback: In addition to providing acute care, hospitals have many services for outpatients (those who require health care but do not need to stay in the facility). Clients who have outpatient surgery have the procedure, return to their hospital room for recovery, and then are discharged home on the same day. The surgeon does not come to the client home to perform the surgery. Telling a client not to worry about it is an inappropriate message for a nurse.
Nursing continues to recognize and participate in providing appropriate, uninterrupted care and facilitate clients' transitions between different settings and levels of care. What would be an example of this continuity of care?
the nurse collaborating with other members of the health care team Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 269 Feedback: Continuity of care is a process by which health care providers give appropriate, uninterrupted care and facilitate a client transition between different settings and levels of care. To do this, the nurse must, along with other responsibilities, collaborate with other members of the health care team in meeting all the needs of each client. The other answers are not examples of the idea of the continuity of care.
A client is diagnosed with mild dementia while in the hospital. In preparing for discharge, what should the nurse discuss with the family?
the possible need for home care Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 280 Feedback: The needs of the client should be considered when making discharge plans. Common risk factors associated with the need for home care include limited social, mental, or physical functioning. Legal issues, long-term care, and free resources are not indicated in this situation.
A home health client requires intravenous (IV) antibiotics every 4 hours. The client's spouse asks to be taught how to administer the medication. Which nursing response is indicated?
"Let me teach you how to give this medication."
A nurse hears a co-worker state that anybody could be a nurse since it is so automated with infusion devices and electronic monitoring; technology is doing the work. What is the nurse's best response?
"Technology use has to be combined with nursing judgment."
The nurse is identifying needs of the client and family during the initial home visit. Which question would be inappropriate for the nurse to ask?
"What do you believe is causing your illness?" Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Analyze Page: 288 Feedback: When identifying needs of the client and family the nurse needs to consider the culture of the family unit. Information regarding the responsibilities of each family member, cultural foods important to the family, and the family members' perceptions of what is causing the illness can assist the nurse in providing culturally sensitive care. The nurse also needs to assess the physical environment of the home. However, referring to the home as cluttered is a judgmental statement that will cause the family to become defensive and will prevent the development of a trusting relationship.
What are healthy self-care practices that the nurse can utilize for herself? Select all that apply.
+ Engage in an activity, such as painting, that she enjoys. *Practice meditation for 5 minutes on a regular basis. *Attend a continuing education class on assertiveness.
Which of the following clients is the most appropriate candidate for receiving outpatient care?
A client whose complaints of irregular bowel movements have necessitated a colonoscopy. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 252 Feedback: Outpatient services are appropriate for clients who are medically stable but who require diagnostic testing, such as a colonoscopy. Clients in active labor and clients who are actively septic or suicidal require close monitoring and frequent interventions, which can only be safely provided on an inpatient basis.
Which finding indicates the best quality improvement process? Correct! A. Staff identifies the wait time in the emergency department is too long. B. Administration identifies the design of the facility's lobby increases patient stress. C. Director of the hospital identifies the payment schedule does not pay enough for overtime. D. Health care providers identify the inconsistencies of some of the facility's policy and procedures.
A. Staff identifies the wait time in the emergency department is too long.
A nurse assess a patient's fluid status and decides that the patient needs to drink fluids. The nurse then encourages the patient to drink more fluids. Which concept is the nurse demonstrating?
Autonomy Autonomy is essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders.
A nurse in a walk-in health care setting provides technical services (e.g., administering medications), determines the priority of care needs, and provides client teaching on all aspects of care. Which of the following terms best describes this type of health care setting?
Ambulatory center Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 253 Feedback: Nurses in ambulatory care centers (walk-in clinics) provide technical services (e.g., administering medications), determine the priority of care needs, and provide teaching about all aspects of care. Nurses employed in hospitals have many roles, including manager of other members of the health care team providing client care, administrator, nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, patient educator, in-service educator, and researcher. In physician's offices, advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), nurse practitioners, midwives, or clinical nurse specialists work independently or collaboratively with physicians to make assessments and care for clients who require health maintenance or health promotion activities. Long-term care provides medical and nonmedical care for people with chronic illnesses or disabilities.
An older adult patient has extensive wound care needs after discharge from the hospital. Which facility should the nurse discuss with the patient?
An intermediate care or skilled nursing facility offers skilled care from a licensed nursing staff. This often includes administration of IV fluids, wound care, long-term ventilator management, and physical rehabilitation. A hospice is a system of family-centered care that allows patients to live with comfort, independence, and dignity while easing the pains of terminal illness. Respite care is a service that provides short-term relief or "time off" for people providing home care to an individual who is ill, disabled, or frail. Assisted living offers an attractive long-term care setting with an environment more like home and greater resident autonomy.
What must a nurse do before altering the arrangement of furniture in the home to facilitate care?
Ask the client permission to move the furniture. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 288 Feedback: The nurse may believe the furniture in the client home needs to be rearranged to allow the use of equipment and to remove safety hazards, but the client should give permission before any changes are made. It is not necessary to document the need to move furniture.
A nurse has accepted a new position as a nurse navigator, which has been created to address the fragmentation in the health care system. What issues in this role does the nurse anticipate addressing? Select all that apply.
Assist clients to understand about their prescribed treatment. Decreasing the incidence of medication errors.
The nurse manager from the oncology unit has had two callouts; the orthopedic unit has had multiple discharges and probably will have to cancel one or two of its nurses. The orthopedic unit has agreed to "float" two of its nurses to the oncology unit if oncology can "float" a nursing assistant to the orthopedic unit to help with obtaining vital signs. Which concepts does this situation entail? (Select all that apply.)
Autonomy Accountability
The nurse is administering immunizations to a group of teens in a county health clinic. The nurse correctly identifies this action as?
CH.1 PG. 12 illness prevention THE AIM OF ILLNESS PREVENTION IS TO REDUCE THE RISK FOR ILLNESS.
After graduation from an accredited program in nursing and successfully passing the NCLEX, what gives the nurse a legal right to practice?
Being licensed by the State Board of Nursing. Chapter Number: 1 Introduction to Nursing Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 14 Feedback: The Board of Nursing in each state has the legal authority to allow graduates of approved schools of nursing to take the licensing examination. Those who successfully meet the requirements for licensure are given a license to practice nursing in the state. It is illegal to practice nursing without a license issued by the State Board of Nursing. A nurse does not have the legal right to practice nursing by enrolling in an advanced degree program, filing NCLEX results, or having a letter confirming graduation.
After graduating from an accredited program in nursing and successfully passing the NCLEX, what gives the nurse a legal right to practice?
Being licensed by the state board of nursing. CH. 1 PG 14 The board of nursing in each state has the legal authority to allow graduates of approved schools to sit for the NCLEX exam.
One of the newest concepts in providing long-term care is called aging in place; What is the best description of this type of care?
Clients move to an independent living apartment or home, then have access to increasing health care services as needed, provided within the health care community where they live. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 254 Feedback: The best description of this is the type of care where the client moves into an independent living space, and then has access to more services, such as assisted living and/or skilled care, that are part of the health care community in which they live.
The nurse is assessing the birth rates and death rates of the local municipality and comparing these rates to those of the nation and the world. Which type of nursing is this nurse practicing?
Community health nursing Examining birth rates and death rates of a community is the focus of community health nursing, also known as public health nursing. Community health nursing focuses on the health of populations in the community. Research nursing is more comprehensive than just the gathering of data and would involve analyzing the data obtained. Home health nursing focuses on the care of the individual client and family in the home environment, performing a skilled nursing service as a registered nurse. Parish nursing is a form of community health nursing but does not include the gathering of data regarding populations.
A nurse is making a visit to a client in the home. As a home health care nurse you may be expected to accomplish which of the following? Select all that apply.
Complete an assessment on each visit. Provide support to the client and family. Administer treatments and medications. Document actions regarding patient, activities, and progress. Communicate and collaborate with other members of the health team. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 253 Feedback: All of the above. Home health care nurses may provide all of these activities in the home setting.
A nurse manager is reviewing the facility's policies for IV therapy with the members of his team. The nurse manager should remind the team that which of the following techniques helps minimize the risk of catheter embolism? A. Performing hand hygiene before and after IV insertion B. Rotating IV sites at least every 72 hr C. Minimizing tourniquet time D. Avoiding reinserting the needle into an IV catheter
D. Avoiding reinserting the needle into an IV catheter
A nurse has been hired to work as an occupational health nurse. In this position as a registered nurse, what will this nurse provide?
Education and safety programs in industrial settings. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 255 Feedback: Industrial settings is the best answer to define/describe occupational health nursing, which focuses on employee safety and health-promotion programs. The other options do not address health needs in an employment setting.
When the nurse begins the entry phase of the home visit, what is the most important nursing action ?
Evaluating safety issues. During the entry phase of the home visit, the nurse develops rapport with the client and family. Therefore, use of therapeutic communication is essential. The nurse should gather as much client information (e.g., diagnoses, surgical experience, socioeconomic status, and treatments ordered) and evaluate safety issues during the pre-entry phase of the home visit. The nurse must first assess the needs of the client and the abilities of the caregiver before delegating any treatments to the caregiver; therefore, it is not the most important nursing action during the start of the entry phase. Chapter 12: Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings - Page 288
A nurse is working as a community health nurse. Which action is a priority for this nurse?
Focus on the needs of the ill individual. Community health nursing is nursing practice in the community, with the primary focus on the health care of individuals, families, and groups within the community. In addition, the community health nurse provides direct care services to subpopulations within a community. Community-based nursing centers function as the first level of contact between members of a community and the health care system. Community-based nursing focuses on providing care in various community settings, such as the home or a clinic and involves acute and chronic care.
A client who requires treatment for breast cancer is referred to an oncologist. She is receiving chemotherapy at a hospital and interacts with many other health care providers in the course of her treatment. The confusion that might arise concerning her treatment and care is a problem known as.
Fragmentation of care Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 247-249 Feedback: A client with cancer may be cared for by the family physician, an oncologist, and other health care staff. Hospitalized clients not only come in contact with many different health care providers (e.g., RNs, LPNs, nursing assistants, nurse specialists, PTs, RDs, and students), but also are frequently seen by other physician specialists who are called in on consultation or to do surgery. This can cause clients to become confused about care and treatments. This fragmentation of care can lead to a loss of continuity of care, resulting in conflicting plans of care, too much or too little medication, and higher health care costs.
A nurse, preparing for a client discharge after surgery, is teaching the client wife to change the dressing. How can the nurse be certain the wife knows the procedure?
Have the wife demonstrate the procedure. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 283 Feedback: All steps of a procedure should be demonstrated, practiced, and provided in writing. The client or caregiver should then perform the procedure in the presence of the nurse to demonstrate understanding. Simply stating the information, providing information about supplies, or asking another nurse to reinforce education does not mean the caregiver knows the information.
A nurse, preparing for a client's discharge after surgery, is teaching the client's wife to change the dressing. How can the nurse be certain the wife knows the procedure?
Have the wife demonstrate the procedure. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 283 Feedback: All steps of a procedure should be demonstrated, practiced, and provided in writing. The client or caregiver should then perform the procedure in the presence of the nurse to demonstrate understanding. Simply stating the information, providing information about supplies, or asking another nurse to reinforce education does not mean the caregiver knows the information.
The nurse is planning the discharge of a client who had surgery for a left hip replacement. The client is being discharged from the hospital to the home and requires a walker and high-rise toilet seat. Which type of home health care service does the client require?
Home medical services Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 284 Feedback: Home medical services provide durable medical equipment, such as walkers, canes, crutches, wheelchairs, high-rise toilet seats, commodes, beds, and oxygen. Custodial services include homemaking and housekeeping services, as well as companionship and live-in services. Hospice services provide pain management, physician services, spiritual support, respite care, and bereavement counseling. High- technology pharmacology services provide intravenous therapy, home uterine monitoring, ventilator management, and chemotherapy.
A registered Nurse assigns the task of tracheostomy suctioning of a client. The LPN informs the RN that he has never done this before. What should the RN say to the LPN?
I will help you with performing the procedure on the client. CH. 1 PG. 17-18 Even though the RN has assigned a task to the LPN, It is the responsibility of the RN.
The nurse is discharging a client from the hospital following orthopedic surgery with a referral for home health. What action by the nurse would be performed during the entry phase of the home visit for this client? Select all that apply.
Make an initial and thorough assessment Negotiate time for the next home visit
A nurse prepares a budget and policies for an intensive care unit. Which role is the nurse implementing?
Manager the manager coordinates the activities of members of the nursing staff, budgets, policy, and personnel.
An experienced medical-surgical nurse chooses to work in obstetrics . Which level of proficiency is the nurse upon initial transition to the obstetrical floor?
Novice A beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which there is no previous level of experience is example of novice nurse.
A client admitted to the hospital is diagnosed with cancer. The client is assigned a nurse who will be the central point of contact for all of the client care. Which role is the nurse filling?
Nurse navigator Although the nurse may be acting as a case manager or care coordinator, the nurse is filling the role of a nurse navigator, a clinically trained nurse responsible for the identification and removal of barriers to timely and appropriate cancer treatment. The nurse navigator guides the client through the cancer care continuum from diagnosis through survivorship and acts as a central point of contact for a client, coordinating all components involved in cancer care. A client navigator may be a nurse, a social worker, or a lay person. The primary distinction is that the client navigator (1) does not necessarily have a clinical background and (2) focuses on the support aspects of care. A care coordinator is the care provider (nurse case manager, social worker, community health worker, or lay person) who is responsible for identifying a client's health goals and coordinating services and providers to meet those goals. A nursing case manager or discharge planner is often responsible for discharge planning for clients in acute care settings and may follow a care plan or a critical path established for the client. Chapter 12: Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings - Page 274- 275
Hospice nurses provide care in a variety of settings, including clients homes, long-term-care facilities, and hospice residences. After the client dies, what happens next?
Nurses assist the family to work through their grief during the period of mourning. Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity Cognitive Level: Analyze Page: 256 Feedback: After the death of the patient, the hospice nurse continues to care for the client's family during the bereavement period for up to one year. Nurses help the family to work through their loss.
The Joint Commission is one agency that accredits health care institutions. The nurse understands that the Joint Commission has mandated the use of which national safety practice to protect clients admitted to a health care facility?
Nurses use the Rights checklist prior to administering medications. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 288 Feedback: The Joint Commission accredits health care organizations and has required that to maintain client safety the wristband with the identification number/bar-code, client's name, physician's name, and other important identifying information be worn by the client. It does not require clients to sign advanced directives, and does not regulate nursing practice regarding medications and standard precautions.
A nurse is caring for a client with a Hernia. Which statement should the nurse use while counseling the client about his condition?
Open and laparoscopic hernioplasty are available. CH 1. PG 11 A counselor should provide a client with unbiased information to choose from. The nurse should refrain from giving personal opinions.
A patient is scheduled for surgery. When getting ready to obtain the informed consent, the patient tells the nurse, "I have no idea what is going to happen. I couldn't ask any questions." The nurse does not allow the patient to sign the permit and notifies the health care provider of the situation. Which role is the nurse displaying?
Patient advocate As a patient advocate, the nurse protects the patient's human and legal rights, including the right of the patient to understand procedures before signing permits.
What technique should the nurse use to implement infection control in the home?
Practice hand hygiene when beginning and ending the home visit. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 286 Feedback: Of all the methods used to prevent infection, hand hygiene is the most important and is necessary before and after treating the client (i.e., when beginning and ending the home visit). It would be difficult for a nurse to not touch anything in the client's home. Wearing gloves in a home visit can make a client feel uncomfortable.
Teaching a woman about breast self-examination is an example of what broad aim of nursing?
Preventing illness Chapter Number: 1 Introduction to Nursing Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 12-13 Feedback: Nurses primarily prevent illness by teaching and personal example. Illness- prevention activities focus on avoiding illness or achieving early detection of an illness, such as breast cancer. Treating illness involves nursing interventions for people who have surgery or are ill. Facilitating coping is involved with easing transitions to new states of being.
An older adult woman has total care of her husband, who suffers from debilitative rheumatoid arthritis. The couple voices concern over the pain and stress associated with the condition. What type of care might the nurse suggest to help the couple?
Primary care Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 256 Feedback: The goal of palliative care is relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness, and to improve the quality of life for both the client and the family. The main purpose of respite care is to give the primary caregiver some time away from the responsibilities of day-to-day care. Primary care is found in acute care settings and physicians' offices. Bereavement care is provided to families following the death of a family member.
After a stroke, a client is having difficulty swallowing. The nurse may make a referral to what member of the health care team?
Speech therapist Chapter Number: 11 The Healthcare Delivery System Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 258 Feedback: In addition to providing services to improve oral communication, a speech therapist may also diagnose and treat swallowing problems in clients who have had a head injury or stroke. A physical therapist assists with musculoskeletal and neurological impairments, a social worker is educated to help clients with economic and social issues, and a respiratory therapist provides treatments to improve breathing.
The nurse has performed an assessment of a client scheduled for discharge to be cared for by the family. Which situation would the nurse question regarding discharge of this client to be cared for by the family?
The client and family lack knowledge of the treatment regimen. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Apply Page: 280 Feedback: With earlier hospital discharges, clients often are still acutely ill when they go home and many require complicated treatment and care by family members. It is no longer unusual for family members to change sterile dressings, administer tube feedings, monitor intravenous medications, manage high-technology equipment, give complete physical care, and prepare special diets. Clients who lack knowledge of the treatment plan need a formal discharge plan and referral to another agency.
A bill has been submitted to the State House of Representatives that is designed to reduce the cost of health care by increasing the patient-to-nurse ratio from a maximum of 2:1 in intensive care units to 3:1. What should the nurse realize?
The individual nurse can influence legislative decisions. Nurses can influence policy decisions at all governmental levels. One way is to get involved by participating in local and national efforts.
The nurse is admitting a client to the acute care facility. What actions by the nurse will assist in establishing an effective nurse-client relationship? Select all that apply
anticipating the patient's anxiety and response to strangers. determining the patient problems and expectations after discharge. Chapter Number: 12 Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination across Settings Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity Cognitive Level: Analyze Page: 277 Feedback: The nurse-patient relationship is always of concern for the nurse. It is encouraged by the friendly and caring manner of the nurse that respects the individuality and needs of the patient. The nurse should address patient's problems and assess needs for discharge during the hospitalization. The nurse should help to allay anxiety and assess for needs the patient or family may have in adjusting to the role of the hospitalized patient. Goals should always be set mutually with the patient and nurse. The nurse should involve the client and family in the plan of care and regarding all health care decisions.
The nurse working in the hospital understands the changes that have resulted in shorter hospital stays, with a focus on acute care needs of the client. Which factors influence shorter hospital stays? Select all that apply.
increased emphasis on preventive care improvement in treatment of illness
