Fundamentals Of Speech

Introduction

1. Get the attention & interest of your audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility & goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

Methods of Delivery

1. Reading from a manuscript 2. Reciting from memory 3. Speaking Impromptu 4. Speaking Extemporaneously

Types of Attention Getters

1. Relate the topic to the audience 2. State the importance of your topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the Audience 6. Begin with a quotation 7. Tell a story (brief)

Extempraneous

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a belief set of notes.

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Crescendo Ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds up to a zenith of power and intensity.

Dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False Cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Vocalized pauses

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as 'uh,' 'er,' and 'um.'

Question of value

A question about worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of Fact

A question bout the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Persuasion

A speech designed to change, create or reinforce the audience's attitudes, beliefs or actions.

Dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Inflection

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

Conclusion

Major Functions: 1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a topic

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Pitch

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Denotative Meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Volume

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

Connotative Meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Lagos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional support.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, desirable.

Tone

a particular quality, way of sounding, modulation, or intonation of the voice as expressive of some meaning, feeling, spirit.

Abstract Words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete Words

words that refer to tangible objects