Fungi

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function of mannan in the cell wall of dermatophytes

(-) immune response

where is cryptococcus gattii native to

Australia and part of South America

does aspergillus reproduce sexually or asexually

asexually

what does amphotericin B do

binds to ergosterol and makes a WS pore in the plasma membrane

spores that are easy to breathe in from aspergillus

conidiophores

where is ergosterol found in the fungal cell

it makes up the fungal plasma membrane

2 main forms of dimorphic yeasts, which is more pathogenic?

1. Yeast (Y) form - this is more pathogenic 2. Mycelia (M) form

2 main pathogenic yeast species

1. candida species (candida albicans) 2. cryptococcus neoformans

2 overarching concepts that are targeted by antifungals

1. fungal cell wall 2. nucleic acid synthesis

3 types of dimorphic yeasts

1. histoplasma 2. blastomyces 3. coccidioides

3 major components of the fungal cell wall and their functions

1. mannan - outermost protective layer 2. glucan - acts as the scaffold 3. chitin - rigid to give the cell wall strength

what 3 diseases does candida albicans cause

1. oral candidiasis (thrush) 2. diaper rash 3. vulvovaginal candidiasis

cytosine analog that (-) DNA and RNA synthesis and takes up cytosine permease, which converts the drug to 5-FU

5-flucytosine

are fungi usually aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic, although some yeasts are fermentative

tumor made of fungus that is found in pts with previous lung damage (usually TB pts)

aspergilloma

species of fungi that is associated with seasonal allergies and lung infections that can become invasive if previous lung damage exists

aspergillus

how long do we usually treat cryptococcus neoformans for, why?

at least 6 months due to slow replication of the yeast

tinea pedia

athlete's foot

dimorphic yeast that is found in moist soil with decomposing leaves and organic matter native to the Southeast and Midwest

blastomyces

the most common candida species that is part of the normal flora

candida albicans

candida species that is MDR and has therefore caused numerous outbreaks in healthcare facilities

candida auris

candida species that is seen in pediatric pts with bloodstream infections and is increasing in resistance to azoles

candida glabrata

candida species that has inherent resistance to fluconazole and acquired resistance to other antifungals

candida krusei

candida species with a high mortality rate and is seen in pts with blood cancers and prolonged azole tx

candida krusei

common cause of local infections, although some can get into the bloodstream and cause serious illness

candida species

candida species that forms biofilms and is resistant to fluconazole

candida tropicalis

common infection in immunocompromised pts and is the most common cause of nosocomial candidiaemia

candida tropicalis

which component of the fungal cell wall makes up the majority of it

chitin

what does nikkomycin target

chitin synthesis

dimorphic yeast that is found in the Southwest US and Washington state because it is kicked up during dust storms

coccidioides

new strain of cryptococcus that causes lethal disease in healthy people

cryptococcus gattii

is able to cause meningitis and pneumonia and is increasing in prevalence among HIV pts and those on immunosuppressive meds

cryptococcus neoformans

cause of common superficial skin infections because they thrive in warm and moist areas

dermatophytes

describe phase transition for dimorphic yeasts

dimorphic fungi can move back and forth between both the yeast (Y) form and mycelial (M) form

main target for antifungals that is a part of the cell wall

ergosterol

what do the azoles target

ergosterol synthesis

is the structure of fungal cells more eukaryotic or prokaryotic

eukaryotic - they have a nucleus, mitochondria, and linear chromosomes

t/f: aspergillus is easy to dx

false - it is hard to dx because sx are not specific

t/f: tinea infections can be invasive if left untreated

false - these are not invasive :)

where is cryptococcus neoformans found, and is it dimorphic?

found in soil/bird droppings throughout the world it is NOT dimorphic

what is the main difference between fungal cell and human cells and is, therefore, the main target with antifungals

fungal cell wall

uncommon form of aspergillus but was cause of a 2012 outbreak due to contaminated lots of preservative-free methylprednisolone

fungal meningitis

principal decomposers in the ecosystem that obtain their nutrients by absorption

fungi

what do the echinocandins target

glucan synthesis

is there a high or low incidence of resistance to flucytosine

high - it is limited to mild yeast infections or in combination therapy for severe infections

dimorphic yeast that is found in bird and bat droppings and is common in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

histoplasma

multicellular filamentous structures that are formed by molds

hyphae

in which pts is aspergillus resistant

in those with previous antifungal tx

tinea cruris

jock itch

extracellular enzymes produced by dermatophytes that hydrolyze keratin in the skin and break down the outer skin layer

keratinases

what is mycelia

mass of hyphae

are dermatophytes molds or yeasts

molds

multiple cells connected together that form hyphae

molds

do fungal cell walls contain peptidoglycan, LPS, and teichoic acids

no

structure of cryptococcus

prominent polysaccharide capsule that allows the fungi to be invasive since the capsule is thick and protective

what do dimorphic yeasts present as in pts

respiratory infections

tinea corporis

ringworm

tinea capitis

scalp/hair follicles

what do fungal cell walls form

spores

potential future for antifungal drug research

target phase transition of dimorphic yeasts

t/f: mycelial (M) form of dimorphic yeasts form hyphae and resemble molds

true

most common cause of yeast infections and is caused by changes in the vaginal environment that disrupt growth of lactobacilli

vulvovaginal candidiasis

round or oval single cells that reproduce by budding to create daughter cells called blastoconidia

yeasts

do dimorphic yeasts occur in heat or cold, how about dimorphic molds?

yeasts in the heat, molds in the cold

2 forms that fungi can be

yeasts or molds


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