GACE Exam Test One

Ceaser Chavez

1927-1993-mexican american farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist. farm worker who started the great boycott of grapes. Started the United Farm Workers which is the union for farm workers

When was the Civil Rights Movement?

1950s-1960s

General Braddock

British general who led a force of British regular troops and colonial volunteers to take Fort Duquesne located in present-day Pittsburgh, PA. George Washington was among those who served under Braddock. Braddock was killed

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915, an attack that killed 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans

Vocabulary

demonstrates the strong ties between oral and written language.

Sequoya

developed Cherokee alphabet

Mary Musgrove

female settler in Georgia colony who owned a trading post who was instrumental in settler/Indian relations by serving as an interpreter between colonists and native Indian tribes

What are the types of texts?

fiction and nonfiction Stories, Dramas, Poetry and informational texts

Opinion

Something that a person believes thinks or feels.

Fact

Something that is trueand can be proved.

What was the first state to secede?

South Carolina

What are the regions of Georgia?

Coastal Plain. Piedmont. Blue Ridge. Ridge and Valley. Plateau.

James Oglethorpe

founder of the colony of Georgia in 1732; he was a spokesman in Parliament for humanitarian causes; Parliament granted Oglethorpe and the trustees of the colony a charter in 1732 enormous power; Georgia originally was not to become a slave colony, rum was not permitted to be imported (to promote sobriety); but settlers soon demanded a greater say in their affairs, including the right to import slaves; By 1738, having started as something as a utopian society soon became another slave society

complementary colors

Colors located directly opposite one another on the color wheel

Fort Ticonderoga

built by the French, located on the south end of Lake Champlain; in the battle for this fort, 1758, Carilion, French repelled the British, but the British came back the next year and took the fort in 1759

two phonics assessments

informal phonics inventory spelling inventory

Context clues

information from pictures or words surrounding an unknown word that helps readers figure out the meaning of an unknown word.

What are Secondary sources?

information sources that interpret, include, describe, or draw conclusions based on works written by others

What is reciprocal teaching?

interactive dialogue between students and teachers

Champlain

northeastern Canada, down through the eastern Great Lakes, western New York

Hudson

northeastern part of United States, including New York, Maine, New Jersey

prewriting stage

the first stageof the writing process and includes elements such as planning, researching, outlining, diagramming, and storyboarding.

metamorphosis

transformation

Structural analysis

nvolves using prefixes, suffixes, and root words to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word. The word "inactive" has both a prefix (in) and a root word (active), so it would be most useful in teaching structural analysis.

Alexander Hamilton

one of the founding fathers of the United States; he supported the creation of the federal government national banking system to serve as a place to deposit and keep federal government funds and to establish a national currency system

Six syllable types

open, closed, VCe, vowel teams, r-controlled, consonant-le

What are the five types of texts that children will write?

opinion, informative, explanatory, persuasive, and narrative texts.

Ten Percent Plan

pardoned all Southerners (except high-ranking military officers and Confederate officials) who took an oath pledging loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation. As soon as 10% of a state's voters took this oath, they could call a convention, establish a new state government, and apply for congressional recognition

49ers

people who flocked to California in 1849 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill; they came by three routes...over land from the Eastern cities across the U.S.; by boat around the southern tip of South America and up to California to what is San Francisco; and by boat and land where they'd take a boat to the area of Central America near what is now the Panama Canal where they would travel by land across the Isthmus of Panama and then by boat again up to San Francisco and then on land to the gold rush area

Conscientious objectors

people who opposed participating in military service because of religious, philosophical, or political belief

Loyalists

people who supported Britain and King George

Patriots

people who supported the colonists and wanted independence from Britain and the king

Valley Forge

place where Washington and his troops retreated to when British Major General Sir William Howe drove his forces from New York. Washington retreated south into New Jersey, then crossed the Delaware setting up his winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. He lost many of his militiamen during the winter because they simply returned home. Low morale ensued during the winter. During this time, Thomas Paine wrote in his essay "The American Crisis", his quote "These are the times that try men's souls." An overconfident Howe, however, thinking he had defeated Washington, established a base in New York City and planned to enjoy Christmas festivities. Washington took a bold gamble and launched a surprise attack on Christmas night, 1776, when he and his soldiers secretly crossed the partially frozen Delaware River under cover of darkness and attacked a British outpost manned by German Hessian soldiers, winning a victory at Trenton, NJ. He then launched another attack and victory at Princeton, NJ. This is where and when Washington realized that fighting with traditional tactics weren't going to win the war...rather, using more "guerilla warfare" on America's own soil would prove to be more successful.

Mayflower Compact

political document that stated the principles that would govern the new community of Plymouth, created by William Bradford and other pilgrim leaders

Whigs

political party during the era of Jacksonian democracy;, from 1830s to 1850s; it opposed Jackson's Democratic Party; Whigs supported the supremecy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism; the name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776 who fought for independence and because"Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing autocratic rule. Daniel Webster and William Henry Harrison and Henry Clay were Whigs, along with Abraham Lincoln, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott.

phoneme substitution

substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word

True or False: Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president of the United States.

true

True or False: Although Lincoln was opposed to slavery, he did not think that the national government had the power to end it in slave states.

true.

E. Remington

typewriters

The Alphabetic Principle aka Graphophonemic Awareness

understanding that written words are composed of patterns or letters that represent the sound of spoken words.

Ulysees S. Grant

union commander in chief

Shay's Rebellion

uprising in western Massachusetts in which farmers organized themselves as local militia units and closed down courts to prevent their farms from being seized by creditors

Ethnic enclaves

urban neighborhoods dominated by one particular immigrant group, often leading to names such as Little Germany, Little Italy, and Polish Hill.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet that forcefully argued for American independence, attacked the institution of monarchy, and defended a democratic theory of representational government

Who invented electricity?

Thomas edision

True or False: In 1607, Virginia became the first permanent English colony in North America.

True

What happened to the Native Americans when explorers landed at Jamestown?

In 1607, English colonists landed at Jamestown, Virginia. Based on various explorations, the British and French laid claim to the territory comprising present-day West Virginia and Native Americans were forced west.

Which branch is housed in the Supreme Court?

Judicial

After a class reading of an informational text about endangered animals, a teacher instructs students to prepare an oral presentation on an animal of their choice. What guideline will best help students produce an engaging presentation?

Maintaining eye contact with the audience while presenting

What impact did this have on the "New World"?

Major countries such as France, Spain, England, Italy, and Portugal that explored in and around the Americas claimed parts of the Americas for expansion and colonization (because Europe and its cities were getting over-crowded and it was experiencing difficulties in providing food, clothing, and shelter for the masses. The rulers/monarchs of the dominant countries needed to add to their wealth and power...mostly after decades and decades of power struggles between countries and due to corruption of the Roman Catholic church...which was wealthy and had much influence in affairs of state. Eventually, their claims on the newly explored land led to conflict over territorial "ownership". Depending on who explored and claimed various regions, the conquered indigenous people were either annihilated or acculturated by their conquerors, the result of lack of understanding of the cultures and societies of the native peoples of the Americas...Europeans viewed them as savages and cannibals who must be conquered, annihilated, and/or exploited at any cost.

Monitoring Comprehension

Making certain that the text makes sense to the reader.

Emma Lazarus wrote "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Where is this poem found? What does the poem mean in relation to our country? Is it still relevant today?

On the Statue of Liberty's tablet. It is written to welcome all immigrants to America's shores. It depends on who you are and what you believe in relation to why our country was founded and for whom.

Name one Native American tribe that lived in the Northwestern (Pacific Northwest) region of North America.

Nez Perce, Chinook, Innuit

Cuban missile crisis key players

Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy

Where did Native Americans cultures develop?

North America

Copperheads

Northern Democrats, sometimes called "Peace Democrats" who opposed the war and the Lincoln administration and favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy.

What was the name of this colony, and in what present-day state was this colony located?

Plymouth (Plimoth); Massachusetts

Parts of the Assessment Cycle

Screen Observe Determine Reading Level Diagnose skills Needed Group Plan targeted instruction Monitor progress

Contractions

Shortened form of two words in which one or more letters have been deleted.

James Longstreet-general who also served under Robert E. Lee-Lee called him his "Old War Horse"

called one of the greatest corps commander of the war on either side; successful in Second Battle of Bull Run; Antietam; Fredericksburg; Chicamauga; disagreed with Lee on his tactics at Gettysburg and watched disastrous Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg

Fort Necessity

British fort located in Pennsylvania; Washington had 300 colonials and 100 British regular troops to hold the fort; Battle that ensued to hold the fort, July 30, 1754, Washington surrendered to the French, who then burned it

William Gage

British general who also served as governor of Massachusetts

Suffixes

Ending units of meaning that can be affixed or added onto the ends of root or base words.

Summarizing

Engages the reader in pulling out the essential bits of information in a longer passage or excerpt of text and making them into a cohesive conversation.

Who was Frederick Douglass? What role did he play in the abolitionist and human rights movements at that time?

Escaped slave who raised enough money to buy his freedom, then became journalist who wrote anti- slavery articles; also an abolitionist

What dark period in this Massachusett's history was connected to religion and gender bias? Explain.

Salem witchcraft trials in Salem, MA, spreading throughout coastal county of Essex, closest to Maine; females were falsely accused of practicing witchcraft (and a few men); first purported occurrence of witchcraft happened in home of Minister Samuel Parris whose daughter and her cousin, Abigail Williams, began acting strangely. A doctor couldn't find any explanation for the daughter's actions so he concluded that she must be a victim of witchcraft. Both girls and Tituba, a Caribbean Indian slave whom Parris owned were questioned, the girls accusing Tituba of witchcraft. Tituba was forced to confess. This brought about a hysteria that ended that targeted women, particularly older women who didn't live in male-headed households and women who failed to fit the model of the pious, submissive female ruled by a benevolent patriarch, an ideal that Puritans especially esteemed. Accusers tended to live in the rural areas surrounding Salem whereas the accused were richer people who lived in the commercially oriented part of Salem town.Ultimately, about 200 people (a minister, young girls, some elderly women, a few men, and the governor's wife) were accused. Those who admitted to being a witch and accused others were freed, those who denied were put in prison, some were killed.

What is Georgia's largest region?

Coastal Plain

What should you do after reading?

Guide discussion of the reading. Ask students to recall and tell in their own words important parts of the text. Offer students opportunities to respond to the reading in various ways, including through writing, dramatic play, music, readers' theatre, videos, debate, or pantomime. Students, with some help from the teacher, may: Evaluate and discuss the ideas encountered in the text. Apply and extend these ideas to other texts and real life situations. Summarize what was read by retelling the main ideas. Discuss ideas for further reading.

Tumochichi

He gave his land to James Oglethorpe to build the city of Savannah.

Schemata

Structures that represent generic concepts stored in the memory.

Question Answering

Students answer questions regarding a text, either out loud in small groups or individually on paper.

Summarizations

Students go over the main point of the text, along with strategically chosen details that highlight the main point.

Sectional Endings

Suffixes that impart a new meaning to the base or root word.

Interactive Reading

Teacher and students read together and take turns doing the reading (e.g., choral reading or reader's theater)

Mediated Scaffolding

Temporary support or guidance provided to students in the form of steps, tasks, materials and personal support during initial learning.

Example of a primary source

The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank

Who burned down Atlanta during the Civil War?

William T. Sherman

word families

Word families are groups of words that have a common feature or pattern - example, at, cat, hat

irregular words

Words that contain letters that stray from the most common sound pronunciation; words that do not follow common phonic patterns (e.g., were, was, laugh, been).

Transitions

Words that signal relationships between ideas can help to imporve the flow of a document.

French fur trappers (coureurs des bois)

"runners of the woods"- men who established their own trading networks beyond the direct control of the French government. Many married Indian women, producing children who became a distinctive group called métis or people of mixed French and Indian descent who were familiar with both Indian and French customs, fluent in both languages, they became intermediaries between the two cultures.

Francis Marion

"the Swamp Fox"-born in 1732, served under William Moultrie in the fighting against the Cherokee during the French and Indian War; had a plantation on the Santee River in South Carolina; A member of the South Carolina legislature after the French and Indian War, he ended up fighting during the Revolutionary War by leading a series of hit-and-run operations in which he and his men would appear out of nowhere, attack and retreat, and then disappear into the swamps before the British could retaliate

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince and member of the Portuguese royal family, who started a school of navigation for Portuguese explorers; he encouraged many Portuguese explorers who explore along the coast of Africa...eventually, Vasco da Gama successfully traveled around the Horn of Africa and arrived at the SW coast of India

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Federal Reserve Act

(1913)-the act creating a federally run Federal Reserve to serve as a "banker's bank" that held a portion of bank funds in reserve to help member banks in time of crisis, set rates for business loans, and issued a new national paper currency

Treaty of Versailles

(Versailles Peace Treaty)-the controversial treaty that required Germany to pay reparations to allied countries, esp. France and England and to disarm after WWI. The conditions of this treaty served to totally weaken Germany's ability to produce military resources and, at the same time, had a profound impact on Germany's economy overall, which, as a result, fueled Germany's feelings of distrust and resentment against England, France, Russia, and ultimately, the United States, which will play out 10+ years later...

How many stars are on today's United States flag?

50

ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Two Parts of the Alphabetic Principle:

--Words are made of letters and each letter has a specific sound --Sounds and letters lead to phonological reading. This consists of regular and irregular words as well as doing advanced analysis of words.

What three new amendments were added to the Constitution as a result of the Civil War and what rights did they secure for Americans? Which group of American citizens was still "left out" of these amendments?

-13th-slavery abolished--made illegal everywhere in the U.S.A. (ratified 1865) -14th-states could not limit the rights of its citizens, couldn't take away life, liberty, or property without due process of the law or deny equal protection of the law (ratified 1868) -15th-all men given the right to vote, regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (ratified 1870) --women were still left out of these amendments

What three new amendments were added to the Constitution as a result of the Civil War and what rights did they secure for Americans? Which group of American citizens was still "left out" of these amendments?

-13th-slavery abolished--made illegal everywhere in the U.S.A. (ratified 1865) -14th-states could not limit the rights of its citizens, couldn't take away life, liberty, or property without due process of the law or deny equal protection of the law (ratified 1868)-15th-all men given the right to vote, regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (ratified 1870) --women were still left out of these amendments

Theodore or teddy Roosevelt

-26th president of us -expanded Americas role in the world -He facilitated the construction of the panama canal

Boston Tea Party

-A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. -taxation without representation occurred first

Important Civil war people

-Abraham Lincoln -Robert E Lee -Ulyssess S Grant -Jefferson davis -William stonewall Jackson -william sherman

Morphemic Analysis/Structural Analysis

-An analysis of words formed by adding prefixes, suffixes or other meaningful word units to a base word. - A strategy in which the meanings of words can be determined or inferred by examining their meaningful parts (i.e., prefixes, suffixes, roots, etc.)

what are the four ways to teach phonics?

-Contextualized -rules based -synthetic -analogy -one phonics strategy is isolation ex. Van /v/

What are the four major sectors of the US economy?

-Household -Private business -Banks -Government

Important American Revolution people

-King george the 3 -George washington -Ben franklin -Thomas jefferson -Benedict arnold -Patrick henry -John adams -Paul revere

What are the 4 types of productive resources?

-Land -Labor -Capitol $ -Entrepreneurship

Civil rights activists

-Rosa parks -mlk -fredrick douglass -malcom x -ceaser chazez

What are the basic economy concepts?

-Scarcity -Supply and demand -Costs and benefits: s a systematic approach to calculating and comparing the benefits and costs of a course of action in a given situation. The goal of CBA is to determine which option returns the optimal ratio of benefits to savings. -Incentives: a payment or concession to stimulate greater output or investment. -Trade offs: A balance achieved between two desirable but incompatible features; a compromise. -opportunity cost: The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. -interdependence: The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

Important women suffrage people

-Susan B anthony -Fredrick douglass -Elizabeth cady stanton -Sojourner truth -Harriett truman

speaking skills

-Watch films that model conversation skills -Use technology -Reinforce active listening -Offer group presentations and assignments -Ask open-ended questions -Use tasks and activities that foster critical thinking -Offer reflective learning opportunities.

Thematic Units

-a variety of activities and materials focused in several related content areas and taught using different instructional strategies -A ___________ unit is the organization of a curriculum around a central theme. In other words, it's a series of lessons that integrate subjects across the curriculum, such as math, reading, social studies, science, language arts, etc. that all tie into the main theme of the unit

Morphemes

-can be a root word, suffix, or prefix -smallest unit of meaning -boy-ish-ness (contains 3 morphemes)

word attack strategies

-context clues -phonic clues -configuration clues -morphemic clues

Teaching approaches

-guided -interactive -shared -modeled

People involved in European Exploration

-john cabot -vasco nunez -Hereando de soto -Christopher Columbus -Henry Hudson -Jaquis carter

Dalcroze method

-music education through eurythmics -body is the instrument -discover expression, musicality, tempo, dynamics, style, and phrase structure

3 services provided in the economy

-production -distribution -consumption

listening skills

-read a short sentence aloud then ask student to restate what you read

Promoting reading readiness

-read alouds -making shopping lists with kids -displaying pictures and prints in classroom

Strategies for unknown words

-reread the sentence -use context clues -look at parts of word you may know (prefix and suffix) -Make a connection to another word you may know (fast and faster) -Look up in glossary or dictionary

The writing process

-rewrite -drafting -revising -editing -publishing

irregular plural nouns

-some nouns have special plural forms they are called irregular plural. singular: man, woman, goose, child, foot, mouse,die, ox/ irregular men , women , geese,children,feet,mice,dice,oxen. -irregular nouns change the word without adding ies, es, s (ex. foot--->feet) -plural noun means more than one

Decode

-the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words. Understanding these relationships gives children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they haven't seen before -include the ability to recognize the basic sounds and sound blends, called phonemes, that make up a word and to know what the word means, recognize it in context, and know whether or not it's being used correctly in a sentence.

Articles of Confederation

-the first constitution of the United States -relates to states rights

Holistic rubric

-the overall structure and quality of the assignment -consists of a single scale with all criteria to be included in the evaluation being considered together (e.g., clarity, organization, and mechanics). With a holistic rubric a single score (usually on a 1 to 4 or 1 to 6 point scale) is assigned to student work based on an overall judgment.

know how to break up words with closed and open syllables

1. Divide between two middle consonants. Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example: hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, 2. Usually divide before a single middle consonant. When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: "o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", 3. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable. When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "thi/stle". 4. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful".

South's plan to win the war

1. fight off attacks from North until South could survive as a separate nation and Northerners would get fed up with war and want an end to it, willing to let South remain separate 2.fighting on their own soil gave them an edge

outcome-oriented learning

1. teachers define outcomes, or what they want students to know, do, and be when they complete a required course of study 2. teachers set high but realistic goals and objectives for their students, then plan instructional activities which will assist students in achieving these goals

North's plan to win the war

1.blockade supplies coming in from England and France since South had to import most supplies 2. cut off and destroy railroads that were used to transport supplies and men

How many members are in the Senate?

100

How many stars were on the first American flag?

13

How many stripes does the flag have today?

13

How many stripes were on the first flag?

13

When did the pilgrims arrive in North America?

1620

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

Great Awakening

1730-1770-evangelical religious revival movement that attacked traditional styles of worship and replaced them with a more emotional style of religious devotion; communities across America were divided into those in favor of the new style of religion and those opposed to it; Gilbert Tennent, John Wesley, George Whitefield were some of its leaders, who stressed free will, freedom of religious choice, repentance, and salvation through reading the Bible, contributed toward schooling and democracy

Quartering Act

1765-Act passed by Parliament that ensured that all British troops would be fed and quartered (received adequate food and drink and housing) in public buildings, such as empty homes, barns, and warehouses. Originally, troops were not to be housed in private homes. Colonists misinterpreted this act to mean that they had to take in British troops into their private homes! Today, only in wartime can troops be housed in private homes; Steubenville, Ohio was named after him

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

a. What event started World War I? b. How did the United States eventually get involved in World War I as a member of the Allied Powers? c. What countries were part of the Allies? d. What countries were part of the Central Powers? What eventually brought WWI to an end?

A 19 year old Bosnian Serb terrorist named Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife when they were visiting Sarajevo. This event started the war but ultimatums from one country to another were issued for one reason and another got the fighting started. The Allies initially were Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Russia, and later totaled 18 countries, including the United States, Italy, Greece, and Portugal. The Central Powers were initially Germany and Austria-Hungary and later the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Bulgaria. WWI eventually ended due to a flu epidemic that broke out in 1918. The pandemic was called the Spanish Influenza because it was first reported by the Spanish press. It was a strain of the avian flu (bird flu) that broke out in the American Midwest and American soldiers carried the germ to France and it spread quickly throughout Europe, Africa, Asia and Central America. It attacked about 25 million Americans, killing 675,000, many of them children and young adults. In mid-1919, the virus stopped about as quickly as it started, but not before it had a catastrophic effect worldwide. From 1918-1919, the disease killed 30 million people worldwide, whereas only 9 million died in battle in WWI. American soldiers provided key strength for the French-led counteroffensives in the Meuse-Argonne campaign and to keep Germany from taking Paris. Although the flu pandemic had a major impact in ending the war, it was the prospect of fighting a million more fresh American recruits in 1919 that convinced Germany to seek a negotiated peace to end the war.

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Open Door Policy

A U.S.-sponsored nonbinding international agreement that kept the Chinese market open to all foreign nations.

metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Fugitive Slave Act

A component of the Compromise of 1850 that increased the federal government's obligation to capture and return escaped slaves to their owners

Summary Statement

A concise presentation of the essential data from that passage.

Boston Massacre

A confrontation between a group of Bostonians and British troops on March 5, 1770 during which the troops opened fire on the citizens, killing 5 of them, including Crispus Attucks, a former slave. The citizens had thrown some snow balls at the soldiers and they fired back at them with their guns. Paul Revere engraved a carving of the incident that was used as political propaganda against the British that was named the "Boston Massacre".

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Conscription Act

A law passed by Congress in March 1863 to offset declining volunteers to the Union Army. It declared all male citizens and immigrants who had applied for citizenship aged 20-45 eligible to be drafted into the Union Army. The rich could pay a $300 fee to avoid the draft, which led to a series of Draft Riots that protested the fact that the rich and privileged could get out of fighting the war. Also, northerners began to blame slaves and free blacks for the war, and many rioters seized unsuspecting blacks and hanged them in retaliation.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Reader's Workshop

A structure for reading instruction often used in secondary schools that enables teachers to tailor instruction to students' strengths, interests, and needs.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

Topic

A paragraph or story is what the paragraph or story is about.

Main Idea

A paragraph or story states the important idea(s) that the author wants the reader to know about a topic.

What is imperialism?

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

Conspicuious Strategies

A sequence of teaching events and teacher actions used to help students to learn new literacy information and relate it to their existing knowledge.

Scarcity

A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

Feudalism

A social system in which the wealthy protected the weak in return for labor and service

Base Words

A stand alone linguistic unit that cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words.

Contextual analysis

A strategy readers use to infer or predict a word from the context in which it appears.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

What were the Roaring Twenties?

A time of change in American society. A decade in the 20s full of excitement and prosperity.

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

A very controversial 1857 Supreme Court decision that rejected the claim of the slave ,Dred Scott, who argued that time spent with his owner in regions that barred slavery had made him a free man. It also declared that Congress lacked the right to regulate slavery in the territories.

World War Two

A war fought between 1939-1945 between Axis/Allied powers.

Root Words

A word from which another word is developed

a. What was the reason why the French and Indian War was fought in the mid 1700s in North America? b. Who fought whom? c. Which side did most Native American tribes fight with and support? d. Why did they fight along with this side? e. What role did George Washington play in this war and how effective was he as an officer at this time?

A&B. Britain and France had always been enemies and they began to fight for dominance over lands in North America, specifically, lands over the Ohio River Valley, from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River down to what is today, Louisiana. New France actually stretched from Quebec in the north to New Orleans in the south and as far west as Illinois, which included the Great Lakes region. French fur trappers traded with Native Americans for decades and the French built many forts in this area to keep out the British. But British colonists also wanted to trade with these Native American tribes in the Ohio River Valley as well as move west to settle in these areas, so Britain and France went to war over this huge area of land. C&D. Most Native American tribes fought on the side of the French because the French had been friendly traders with the Indians for decades and the French had developed a complex multiracial society that included Indians, so they didn't try to take over tribal lands because to the French, trade was more important than settlement. But to Britain, settlement and expansion of its empire were more important, so taking over Indian lands and eliminating indigenous populations was a primary goal. Britain called the war the French and Indian War because they were fighting the French and the Indians for the most part. Only the Iroquois nation fought alongside the British because of a deal brokered by a Mohawk woman Molly Brant, who was married to a British gentleman E. George Washington was a surveyor who had spent time in the frontier lands of Pennsylvania and western Virginia. At the onset of the French and Indian War, he became a young, very ambitious officer who was sent by the royal governor of Virginia in 1755 with a force of militiamen to seize the French for, Ft. Duquesne, located in present-day Pittsburgh, PA. Washington and his men were overwhelmed by a force of French soldiers and Indian warriors and forced to surrender. Washington's defeat was the first in the battle to control the Ohio territory. He was then sent with General Edward Braddock with a larger force made up of British regular troops and colonial volunteers to take the fort. Again, the French and Indian forces routed the British troops...Braddock was killed and Washington escaped with a 70% loss in British troops.

Prior Knowledge

All of an individual's prior experiences, education and development that precede his or her attempts to comprehend a specific text.

What is considered the date that the War between the States started and where did the first shots take place?

April 12, 1861; Fort Sumter, South Carolina

Fort William Henry

British fort located at Lake George, New York, that was seized by French and Indian forces under the command of French General Montcalm.

Articles of Confederation

America's first constitutional government in effect from 1781- 1788. The articles created a weak decentralized form of govt. that lacked the power to tax and compel state obedience to treaties it negotiated.

Vowel-Consonant-e (VCe) syllables

Also known as "magic e" syllable patterns, VCe syllables contain long vowels spelled with a single letter, followed by a single consonant, and a silent e. Examples of VCe syllables are found in wake, whale, while

trade-offs

Alternatives that must be given up when one is chosen rather than another

What should you do before reading?

Activate background knowledge. Introduce vocabulary.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader during the Progressive Era who embraced self-help as the best way to end poverty among African Americans. He established a school in 1881, the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, and popularized the notion that blacks should focus on economic advancement first, politics and civil rights later. Washington's was willing to accept social segregation, as long as blacks and whites worked together toward their common economic goals, won him a large white following.

What caused the American Revolution?

After more than 100 years of self-govt, the colonies resented the increased British meddling and control

Treaty of Paris

Agreement that ended the Spanish-American War with Spain relinguishing its claim to Cuba dn the United States receiving Puerto Rico, some smaller Caribbean islands, and the Pacific island group of Guam. In return for $20 million, Spain turned the Philippines over to the United States.

What territory was purchased from Russia for $7.2 million on March 30, 1867? How did the purchase of this territory impact the United States?

Alaska (Yukon Territory); It gave the U.S. 586,412 square miles of new territory. It was purchased for $7,200,000.00, about 2.3¢ per acre. American public opinion was generally positive, but some newspapers editorialized against the purchase. The land turned out to be rich in resources (including gold and oil) and also provided the United States a great advantage in the Cold War.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809); patriot who convinced many colonists to support independence through his pamphlet, Common Sense, published in January 1776

What is a Loyalist

American colonists who remained ''loyal'' to the king and opposed American independence.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution; bifocals

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, photograph, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An 1854 act designed to resolve the controversy over whether slavery would be permitted in the Western territories; it repealed the ban on slavery north of the 36° 30' (the Missouri Compromise) and created two separate territories, Kansas west of Missouri and Nebraska, west of Iowa.

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 law barring Chinese immigration to the United States for ten years. Renewed several times, it remained in effect until 1943.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Allusion

An allusion is a figure of speech that makes references to a person, an event, or a place.

Compromise of 1850

An attempt by Congress to resolve the slavery question by making concessions to both the North and the South including admission of California as a free state, the creation of New Mexico and Utah as new territories leaving the question of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty when each territory applied for statehood, Texas would cede disputed territory on its western border to New Mexico (which pleased anti-slavery people because Texas was a slave state, granted abolitionists a partial victory by banning the slave trade (although not slavery) in Washington D.C., and giving Congress power to enact and a new, stronger Fugitive Slave Act

Inferencing

An evaluatve process that involves the reader in making a reasonable judgement based on the information given and engages the children in literal constructing meaning.

Modeled Reading

An experienced reader's oral reading of a text to aid students in learning strategies, understanding intonation and expression, and the use of punctuation, among other aspects of reading.

What important event began in Big Shanty, Georgia that involved a confederate spy working for the union army and a group of union troops? What was the outcome of this event?

Andrews' Raid, April 12, 1862, exactly one year from the start of the Civil War, the spy, Colonel Andrews, and 22 union troops/spies sneaked into Georgia, down to Big Shanty (currently Kennesaw) and stole the General, a locomotive engine, (from under the noses of 4000 confederate soldiers!) and tried to take it to Chattanooga so it could be used to transport union troops and supplies by rail to necessary destinations. Along the way, they destroyed rail lines between Kennesaw and Chattanooga as well as telegraph lines. They were captured just short of their final destination. Andrews was hanged for treason to the South and the rest were imprisoned. President Lincoln awarded Andrews and his men the first Medals of Honor ever given, Andrews receiving his posthumously.

Who was the Mexican leader of this battle (the Alamo)? Then name at least one famous American who died in this battle. Where did this battle take place

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna; Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie (bowie knife); Alamo mission in what is now San Antonio, Texas "Remember the Alamo!"

sight words

Any word recognized automatically becomes a sight word. Some words are only sight words because we cant decode them. Example, was and who.

Supporting Details

Are sentences that give more information about the topic and the main idea.

How was fighting in WWI different from fighting in earlier wars? What challenges did soldiers face in the trenches? In what ways did new "technology" impact the way battles were fought?

Before, battles were fought on the battlefield and surviving soldiers left the battlefield after the battle was over; in WWI, soldiers fought in trenches where they lived as well—living in the trenches was unbearable...they had to stay in the trenches for 21 days at a time with the enemy just yards away with a "No Man's Land" in-between; sanitation was poor, rats feasted on corpses, meals were few and far between and not healthy, poor drinking water and if a soldier raised his head above the level of the trench, he was often shot at by a sniper from the enemy side and killed; also, mustard gas, deadly gas, was used as well as battles being fought in the air as a result of the invention of the airplane; warships also were built of steel/iron which made them more sturdy and capable of enduring more severe battles; submarines also invented that allowed for sneak attacks on shipping from underwater; tanks used that could protect tank soldier who was inside yet able to move over difficult terrain and provide heavy fire power. By 1918, 1 out of every 4 shells fired on the Western Front contained poison gas.

Prefixes

Beginning units of meaning that can be added to a base word or root word.

Explain the Bill of Rights and list the original ten (10) amendments found on this document.

Bill of Rights is the first 10 of the original 12 amendments to the Constitution which included protection of basic individual liberties and protection for the states. #1-freedom of the press, religion, speech, and petition (assembly); #2-right to keep and bear arms in a well-regulated militia (which has been expanded to include private arms used for individual self-defense within the home); #3-forbids the govt. to quarter troops in the homes of private citizens; #4- habeas corpus (search and seizure can't be done without reasonable cause) #5- due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain #6- right to speedy trial, right to counsel; trial by jury of one's peers #7- civil trial by jury #8- excessive bail and cruel punishment #9-protection of some rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution #10-those powers not delegated to federal govt. were reserved to the states and the people.-rights of states under the Constitution

John Adams

Boston lawyer who played a role in ensuring that the colonies declare their independence from Britain and later became the second president of our country

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.

General Lord Cornwallis

British General, commander of British forces that were hunkered down at Yorktown but were outnumbered and cut off from land and sea escapes; He sent his subordinate to surrender to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown in October 19, 1781 which officially ended the Revolutionary War

The United States declared war against Britain on June 18, 1812 because

British ship captains were taking over American ships to find British sailors and subsequently captured American sailors to force them to serve on their own ships as Britain fought a war against France and Americans believed that the British were supplying weapons to American Indians to fight against settlers in the new frontier.

Sugar Act

British tax aimed at imported sugar, molasses, and other goods imported into the colonies; it also created a new mechanism for enforcing compliance with custom's duties

Columbus

Caribbean Islands, Central America, Northern part of South America (today's Columbia)

What religious group started the colony of Maryland?

Catholics; named after Queen Mary, who was Catholic

World War One Causes

Causes: nationalism, militarism, imperialism, alliance

Georgia rivers

Chattahoochee, Oconee, Savannah, Suwannee, Ocmulgee

Name one Native American tribes that lived in the Southeastern region.

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole

Who said "Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." In what context did this person say these immortal words?

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe- He said these words to his chiefs and warriors as he surrendered in 1877 after attempting to 750 members of his tribe (500 were women, children, and elderly) into Canada to escape from 1500 U.S. Cavalry who were trying to catch them to put them on a reservation. They fought bravely under poor conditions, little supplies, as they held back the troops, but finally, Chief Joseph knew he had to surrender to avoid losing his entire tribe to starvation and freezing in the cold of winter.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Chief Pontiac of the Ottowa tribe, led a pan-Indian force against the British garrison at Ft. Detroit; Inspired by Pontiac's leadership, Indian peoples across the Midwest attacked weakly defended frontier garrisons in what is now Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio and even launched attacks against settler communities in western Pennsylvania; colonists called this Pontiac's Rebellion. Settlers were angry over the government's failure to protect settlers from Indian raids. As a result, settlers from the frontier settlement of Paxton attacked friendly Indians and marched against the city of Philadelphia demanding the creation of a militia to fight Indians. The march of the "Paxton Boys" would have plunged Pennsylvania into widespread bloodshed had it not been for a group of leading Philly citizens who met with the protestors and agreed to present their grievances to the colonial assembly; Pontiac's Rebellion led to the British being more conciliatory toward the more powerful tribes along the frontier, esp. when drafting the Proclamation of 1763

Why did employers like to hire children between ages seven to 16 to work in their factories and mines during the late 1800s? How was this work different from the work children did on the family farm or in the family craft shop?

Children as young as 7 yrs. old left their homes to work for pennies a day to work in textile mills, mines and factories to work dangerous jobs. Between 1880 and 1900 this number increased from 180,000 to 1.7 million children. Even though several states passed laws prohibiting child labor, they rarely enforced them. Factory owners liked to hire young children because they could get into tight areas that adults couldn't; their little fingers could manipulate intricate textile machinery that adult fingers couldn't; and owners could pay them much less than adult workers. Children often worked 12+ hours a day, which meant that most children, who happened to be immigrant children, missed school, thus resulting in not getting an education. This type of child labor was much different than children working on the family farm or for their artisan fathers as they performed work that contributed to the family economy—always under the supervision of a parent or relative.

The Analytic Phase

Children make associations between the spelling patterns in the words they know and the new words they encounter.

phoneme categorization

Children recognize the word in a set of three or four words that has the "odd" sound.

The Logographic Phase

Children recognize whole words that have significance for them-such as their name, stores they go to or products they use.

The Orthographic Phase

Children recognize words almost automatically

Tenochtitlán

City built by Aztecs located in present-day Mexico City-built on a lake that was filled in

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

John Brown

Deeply religious, radical abolitionist who led a failed raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA on Oct. 16, 1859, in which he and his followers (17 whites and 5 blacks) intended to seize the guns and ammunition and then touch off a wave of slave rebellions; Northerners see him as a martyr; Southerners saw him as an abolitionist fanatic

Sequence of Events

Details presented inorder in which they have occurred.

How did social, economic, and class differences in Southern society eventually contribute to the Confederacy's defeat?

Discontent and unrest began to occur in the South during the war. In Oct. 1862 the Confederate Congress passed what came to be known as the "Twenty Negro Law" which exempted from the draft one white man per plantation that held 20 or more slaves. Supporters argued that it was a measure to ensure order and productivity on the plantations; but poor white Southerners became angry seeing it as a way to protect rich plantation owners' sons from having to go to war. In addition, there was a severe shortage of food brought on by a drought that was going on in the Southern states which was confounded by Union conquest of Southern territory. When shortages and high prices reached critical proportions in 1863, Southern women led food riots in several towns and cities, and Richmond, the Confederate capital. They cried "Bread! Bread! Our children are starving while the rich roll in wealth!" They believed that the rich and Confederate leaders and merchants were profiting from the war. Eventually, the Confederate armies couldn't replenish its manpower; Southern farms and plantations couldn't produce enough food to feed its armies; Its class system created a military leadership that was top-heavy in commanders who were sons of rich landowners, but had exhausted its supply of "lower class" farmers' sons and sons of craftsmen who left to fight in the "trenches".

Narration

Discourse arranged chronologically

Description

Discourse whose purpose is to make an experience available through one of the five senses.

In the late 1800s, millions of immigrants from around the world came to the United States with the hopes to start a better life. Immigrants from Europe entered the U.S. through what immigration station (its name and location)? Through what station did immigrants from Asia enter (its name and location)?

Ellis Island, New York Harbor; Angel Island, San Francisco Bay

How did industrialization create new opportunities for women in the second half of the 19th century? How and why were these opportunities limited?

Economic necessity brought millions of women, mostly single and and younger than 25 years old, into the paid workforce. Women were now able to work outside the home in textile factories and shops that mass produced items of clothing for the garment industry for sale in large department stores that were created by Montgomery Ward (who also created a mail order catalogue business) and Frank W. Woolworth, whose "five and dime" stores specialized in low prices rather than opulence. In addition, Richard W. Sears and Alvah C. Roebuck began their rival mail order catalogue business to offer goods to people who lived on the frontier and rural areas. These types of businesses offered opportunities for women to work in the realm of business as secretaries, clerks, stenographers, and telephone operators. They also worked as teachers, social workers, and nurses because it was believed these jobs fulfilled women's "natural roles as nurturers". But once a woman got married, they had to quit because then, a "woman's place was in the home"! Young women also served as domestics in wealthy people's homes as cooks, housekeepers, and nannies. These opportunities were limiting to women because they were paid less than men, even when performing the same tasks as men in factory-related jobs because it was the prevailing belief that women were just working to bring in extra money for the family as opposed to providing the sole support for the family. Out of necessity, working class women often took in boarders, laundry and "piece work" which paid by the piece rather than by the hour to earn money to support their families. African American women worked even after marriage out of economic necessity, as they worked as domestic servants in white middle and upper-class homes. Racist hiring policies in industry and other sectors of the economy left African American women few opportunities.

What contributions did Benjamin Franklin make to this country (educationally, economically, scientifically, politically, and sociologically)?

Educationally, Franklin helped found the American Philosophical Society (1743), a learned society committed to the advancement of knowledge; the College of Philadelphia (1751), which later became the University of Pennsylvania; and the Library Company, a private lending library; Scientifically and Economically, he proved that lightning is electricity, coining the terms 'positive' and 'negative' to describe the nature of electrical current and theorized the possibility of creating a battery to store an electrical charge; created lightning rod; bifocal glasses; Franklin stove; Sociologically, he founded a number of organizations dedicated to improving the lives of Philadelphians, including a fire company and first public hospital in the colonies

What was the Columbian Exchange and what impact did it have on the natives and western hemisphere?

Exchange that involved a range of foods, animals, & diseases brought back and forth between Europe and the Americas by way of Columbus and the Europeans who followed him. Before Columbus Italian cuisine had no tomatoes, Irish food no potatoes, & Swiss food no chocolate (maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, avocados, peanuts) also from Americas. Rice, wheat, oats, onions, pears, cabbage, lettuce among others came from Europe. Moving in the other direction were animals, including the horse, long extinct in the Americas but reintroduced by the Spanish, dogs, sheep, cattle, goats from Europe. Guinea pigs, llamas, some fowl from Americas. Diseases crossed the Atlantic as well, such as syphilis brought back to Europe through sexual transmission, smallpox from Europe to the Americas.

What are the three branches of our federal government system and identify at least 2 roles that each branch plays.

Executive-can suggest laws, carries out the laws, and commander of the U.S. military (President) Judicial- interprets the laws and determines whether the laws have been followed (Supreme Court) Legislative-makes laws (Congress-Senate and House of Representatives), process where a bill becomes a law; authorizes the president's use of military to wage war

Future Tense

Expresses an action or a condition of future time.

Past Perfect Tense

Expresses an action or a condition that occurred as a precedent to some other action or condition. - had asked

Present Perfect Tense

Expresses an action or a condition that started in the past and is continued to or completed in the present. -Has been

Present Tense

Expresses an action that is currently happening or is always true.

Past Tense

Expresses an action that occurred in a past time.

Future Perfect Tense

Expresses an action that started in the past or the present and will conclude at some time in the future. - will have been

True or False: The war with Mexico in 1836 was fought because Americans, called Texans, who lived there didn't want to be ruled by the United States or follow U.S. laws, rather, they wanted to be annexed by Mexico.

False; What really happened was that Mexico allowed American settlers in the Texan territory beginning in 1824 under the provision that they agree to adopt the Catholic religion and learn Spanish. Thousands accepted the offer and by 1830, almost 7000 American Texans outnumbered the region's 4000 Hispanic Texans. The American settlers were an economic boon to the region, but soon Mexico began to worry about the huge number of Americans in the Texan area. First, the Americans refused to abide by what they promised...they didn't convert to Catholicism and didn't learn Spanish! Second, they brought 1000s of slaves into Texas and Mexico was about to abolish slavery in their country. Third, many American settlers in Texas conveyed their interest in having the Texas territory eventually joining the U.S.

What political parties were formed after George Washington became president?

Federalists (supporters of the Constitution, favoring a stronger centralized government-Washington was a Federalist), Anti-Federalists/ Republicans (opposed the Constitution; favored a de-centralized government, states' rights; small republic

Stage three: Early

First and second grade decoding and sight word knowledge

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

What is the significance of the Liberty Bell in our history? Where is it located?

First made in 1751 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of William Penn's 1701 Charter of Privilege, which was Pennsylvania's first Constitution. It spoke to the rights and freedoms valued by people all over the world...specifically religious freedom, his liberal stance on Indian rights & his inclusion of citizens in enacting laws; It was rung in July 1776 to summon citizens of Philadelphia to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence by Colonel John Nixon at Independence Hall. Later it was used to symbolize the abolitionist movement; Independence Hall, Philadelphia, PA

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Forced Indian tribes to move from the Southeast to Oklahoma

igneous rocks

Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava)

The "Swamp Fox"

Francis Marion, born in 1732, served under William Moultrie in the fighting against the Cherokee during the French and Indian War; had a plantation on the Santee River in South Carolina; A member of the South Carolina legislature after the French and Indian War, he ended up fighting during the Revolutionary War by leading a series of hit-and-run operations in which he and his men would appear out of nowhere, attack and retreat, and then disappear into the swamps before the British could retaliate

Who wrote a poem in 1814 while watching a battle between the British navy and the United States' army that took place at Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor that later became the national anthem of the United States?

Francis Scott Key

What is the emancipation proclamation?

Freed the slaves located in the rebelling states/ made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim

Laissez-faire

French for "let do" or leave alone; A philosophy that argued that the government should impose no restrictions on business--relates to the "hands-off" policy that the federal government had with regards to big business.

Spanish Inquisition

From 1481-1492-religious tribunal charged with finding and punishing heresy, or unorthodox beliefs among Christians, most notably Muslims and Jews, from Spain; thousands of suspected heretics were arrested, tortured, & imprisoned and eventually executed. In 1492, Spanish govt ordered all Jews except those who converted to Christianity, expelled from Spain and in same year, Isabella and Ferdinand's army conquered Granada (in southern Spain) which expelled all Moors (Muslims) out of Spain-this partnership between the military church and the state served Spain well when it moved its attention to the New World

Who was George Washington Carver and for what is he known?

George Washington Carver was a celebrated botanist and inventor at a time when it was still rare for African-Americans to reach those heights. The son of a Missouri slave, Carver grew up to attend Iowa State University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1894 and a master's in 1896. He then joined the faculty of Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute. His attempts to find crop alternatives to cotton led him to the peanut; eventually he created more than 325 products from the peanut, helping to create demand for the plant and establish it as a major American crop. Carver also worked with sweet potatoes, soybeans and pecans, among other plants, and is often credited with changing the face of agriculture in the American south.

Who is considered the "Father of Our Country"? Why did this person say he would not serve as leader of this country if he was named "king"?

George Washington; He did not want to replace a king they just fought to get rid of with another king! He wanted the citizens of the new nation to have a say in how they would be governed.

Piedmont Region

Georgia's most populated region known for its red clay; also known as "foot of the mountains"

U-boats

German submarines, new weapons that launched surprise torpedo attacks against Allied merchant and naval ships

Who were the Axis Powers in WWII?

Germany, Italy, Japan

a. What specific well-known speech did Lincoln give after July, 1863? and where did he deliver this speech? What was the purpose of this speech?

Gettysburg Address (given on November 19, 1863); Soldier's National Cemetery, Gettysburg, PA; Lincoln reminded citizens of the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the preservation of the union, but as "a new birth of freedom that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant.

What were the main reasons for other explorers to venture out to discover unknown lands during the "Age of Exploration"?

Gold and other riches, land for colonial expansion and colonization.

What took place in 1848 at Sutter's Mill in California that caused so many settlers to move west at this time? What was the impact on the native peoples of this massive movement of settlers to California during the years shortly after this event?

Gold was discovered; once again, when gold was discovered, it caused a huge influx of settlers to arrive from all over the world in search of gold; in the process, these gold seekers (49ers) seized lands occupied for centuries by Native Americans, forcing them out; often Indians were used as unwilling guides as men sought out sources of gold

Graphic Organizers

Graphical Representations of the context in a text.

President Andrew Jackson acted against the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in 1838 and sent the U.S. Army to do something about a group of people. What did they do, who did this affect, and what is this act still called today?

He signed the Indian Removal Act by which the Army forced Choctaw, Creek , Chickasaw, and then Cherokee peoples off their native lands and moved them to reservations in Oklahoma territory, west of the Mississippi River. This was called the Trail of Tears because many Native Americans died along the way.

Name two things that Thomas Jefferson did to contribute to the building of our nation. b. What did he buy in 1803 from Napoleon Bonaparte? c. How did this purchase benefit the new nation (the United States)? Be thorough.

He wrote the Declaration of Independence, was the 3rd president of the U.S., and he advocated for free public education for the masses; The Louisiana Territory; It added an additional 828,000 square miles to the U.S. which more than doubled the size of the country and allowed for expansion and settlement.

Who were the Hessians? Which side did they fight for during the Revolutionary War?

Hessians were German "mercenary" soldiers who were hired by King George to fight against Washington's colonial army (Continental Army). They came primarily from the German principalities of Hessen-Kassel, Hessen- Hanau, and Anhalt-Zerbst in Germany.

Blue Ridge Region

Home to apples and the highest point in Georgia, Brasstown Bald.

Homophone and homograph

Homophones are a type of homonym that also sound alike and have different meanings, but have different spellings. EX: sun and son. HOMOGRAPHS are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. EX: bat and bat. Heteronyms are a type of homograph that are also spelled the same and have different meanings, but sound different.

Open syllables

If a syllable is open, it will end with a long vowel sound spelled with one vowel letter; there will be no consonant to close it and protect the vowel (me-n, to-tal, ri-val, bi-ble, mo-tor). A few single-syllable words in English are also open syllables. They include me, she, he and no, so, go. In Romance languages — especially Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian — open syllables predominate.

Who is Eli Whitney

In 1794 Savannah resident Eli Whitney patented a revolutionary device called the cotton gin.

What was the Gold Rush?

In 1829 the Georgia Gold Rush broke out in the North Georgia Mountains, drawing tens of thousands of prospectors hoping to strike it rich. The massive influx of white settlers into the area increased tensions with the Cherokee, who lived in the region. Throughout the beginning of the 1800s conflict with the Native American Cherokee tribes was common, until President Andrew Jackson had them forcibly removed to Oklahoma under the Indian Removal Act.

Who developed Coca-Cola?

In 1886 former Confederate colonel John Pemberton developed a ''soft'' drink called Coca-Cola and began selling it in Atlanta.

What did the outcomes of the Homestead and Pullman strikes show about the power of big business and the attitude of the government toward workers at this time?

In 1892, Andrew Carnegie, the owner of the Homestead Steel Works in Pittsburgh, PA, wanted to get rid of the strong union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, from his steel mill so he could cut costs by introducing labor-saving marchinery and thus reduce wages. To protect his public image of the benevolent capitalist, he left the country to vacation in Scotland and left his right hand man, Henry Clay Frick, to lock out the workers and close the mills so that the new machinery to be installed. The workers staged a strike and a standoff ensued. Frick sent the Pinkerton Detective Agency to break the strike. Six strikers and five Pinkertons lost their lives. Carnegie's critics called him a two-faced hypocrite who funded his philanthropic largess by grinding down his workers with wage cuts. During the depression of the 1890s, George Pullman, the capitalist who created a railroad empire with his Pullman Palace Car Company, created a town, called Pullman, (in order to keep his workers under his control), in which all his railroad workers lived and worked together "in mutual harmony", shopped in Pullman owned stores, lived in Pullman-owned housing, etc. But with the depression, Pullman laid off 100s of workers and announced a wage cut of 30% to the remaining workers, but he didn't reduce the rents of their housing, which was automatically deducted from their paychecks. Some workers began receiving paychecks of less than $1.00 a week to cover the cost of food, heat, and clothing. On May 11, 1894, Pullman's hard-pressed workers went on strike. After a 6-week standoff in which Pullman refused to negotiate, Eugene Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union announced all of the union's 125,000 members across the country, as an act of solidarity with the Pullman workers, would refuse to handle Pullman cars. Within days of the Pullman boycott, the Pullman strike caused the nation's railroad system to slow to a crawl. The heads of more than 24 railroads tried to hire strikebreakers in support of Pullman and pressured the governor of Illinois to send in the state militia, but he refused to do so out of sympathy for the strikers. The railroads turned to Washington and President Grover Cleveland for help, who sent in federal troops to break the strike (although he had some misgivings doing so, he sent in troops because the railroads were used in the transportation of the U.S. mail). This resulted in extensive violence as workers destroyed railroad property and soldiers responded with rifle fire that left 13 workers dead and scores wounded. It resulted in the defeat of the railroad union. A government investigation later criticized Pullman and argued that labor unions and gov't regulation were needed to curb the power of corporations. Yet in 1895 the Supreme Court upheld the use of injunctions to end strikes). Therefore, government at that time turned its head on the masses in support of big business.

In which city was the first capital of the United States located? In which city is it located today?

In New York City's Wall Street; Washington, DC

How do holistic and analytic rubrics differ?

In brief, holistic scoring gives students a single, overall assessment score for the paper as a whole. Analytic scoring provides students with at least a rating score for each criterion, though often the rubric for analytic scoring offers teachers enough room to provide some feedback on each criterion.

Massasoit

Indian who spoke some English learned from early fishermen who stopped off in New England; helped pilgrims in Plymouth colony; he was a Sachem of the Pokanoket Indians

Topic Sentence

Indicates what the passage is about.

In what ways did the war change Northern society? How did it change the federal government?

In the North the arms manufacturing, metalworking, boot making, and shipbuilding industries boomed, but the scarcity of cotton caused widespread layoffs and closures in the textile industry. Workers' wages rose by as much as 40% but prices rose just as fast or faster as inflation which averaged 15% annually. In response, many workers formed and joined craft unions but appeals to patriotism and the use of strikebreakers discouraged strikes; In the South, the economy was hard-hit by the cessation of trade with the Northern states and Europe due to the Union blockade; Southern industry and agriculture were hindered by both chronic labor shortages due to military service and the flight of slaves as well as the destruction or seizure of farms and factories by advancing Union armies. As a result, the production of goods and agricultural produce in the South decreased by 30% during the war. By contrast, Northern output increased significantly. In the South, these conditions led to shortages of almost everything including food, which led to a thriving black market system.

Red Cloud

In the Sioux War of 1865-1868 he was war chief of all the Oglala. In 1866 he learned of the U.S. government's intention to build the Bozeman Trail and to construct three forts along it; this road would run through land guaranteed by treaty to the Sioux. Red Cloud gathered 1,500 to 2,000 warriors and in December lured Capt. W. J. Fetterman and 80 soldiers into a trap and massacred them. Only the severe cold of winter prevented his overrunning the post itself. The Bozeman Trail was closed and the forts abandoned. Red Cloud went to Ft. Laramie, Wyo. Here on Nov. 6, 1868, he signed a treaty that, unknown to him, provided for reservations and the cession of certain tribal lands. Finding out the terms of the treaty, angry young warriors turned to the militant leader Crazy Horse. In 1870 Red Cloud journeyed to New York and Washington, D.C., to clarify the treaty and to speak in defense of the Sioux. His speeches aroused public opinion to the extent that the government revised the treaty. A special agency for the Oglala Sioux was created on the North Platte River. Thereafter Red Cloud counseled his people to remain peaceful. He frequently charged the government agents with fraud, graft, and corruption, but he advised the Oglala to be loyal to the U.S. government. During the final Sioux War, of 1875-1876, though he opposed the war faction led by Crazy Horse, he refused to give up the Black Hills. In 1881 Red Cloud was removed as chief. After that he declined in prestige and importance. His tribe was moved to the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota following the final Sioux War. He died at the Pine Ridge Agency on Dec. 10, 1909.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Robert Fulton

Invented the steamboat

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

The first major wave of immigration took place between the end of the American Revolution and 1850 when millions of Irish and German immigrants came to the United States. Why did Irish and German people come to this country to live and why did Irish immigrants tend to stay in the northeast coast port cities while most Germans moved to the Midwest to settle?

Irish immigrants came due to the Potato Famine that had taken place in Ireland, causing millions to starve. They had no money when they arrived in the U.S. so they stayed in the eastern port cities where their boats arrived. Germans left Germany because of war and crop failures. When they arrived, they had money enough to continue west to settle in the Midwestern territories and cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Louis.

What impact did Samuel Morse's invention in 1844 have on communications across the nation?

It helped speed up the ability to send messages from one coast to another without having to send messages via the Pony Express or other overland methods.

Who started the colony of Georgia in 1732? What type of people did he bring to Georgia to settle there?

James Oglethorpe; people in debt/ poor people; criminals—it was an experiment to reform criminals and the poor by transporting them from England to a more wholesome environment in America as an alternative to imprisonment; Georgia was named after King George, located as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-occupied Florida

What were the first two colonies settled in Virginia?

Jamestown and Roanoke

What was Jamestown?

Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America

What impact did the transcontinental railroad have on the United States? How did the railroads and the expansion of the American West ultimately impact Native American tribes that lived west of the Mississippi River?

It made travel from coast to coast must quicker and easier, paving the way for settlers to move west in larger numbers; it also promoted urban growth because once western "cities" were connected by railroad lines, they had a way to transport goods to the east and receive goods and workers from the east, which led to large population growth; it had a negative impact on the Native American tribes living west of the Mississippi River...they were forced off their lands, many were killed by settlers, and then when they defended themselves, they were attacked by U.S. Cavalry troops and then forced onto reservations. Thousands of buffalo were killed to help feed the railroad construction workers as well. It pretty much spelled the end of the native Americans' way of life.

Even though universal suffrage was a step in the right direction for the United States, how did it limit certain members of American society of that time?

It still limited the right to vote to women and Africans (slaves, freed-blacks)

What was the Boston Tea Party and who was involved in it? Why did they use the disguise that they chose?

It was an action that took place as a result of England's requirement that all colonies had to purchase tea and pay import taxes for it from the East India Tea Company (a monopoly). Parliament miscalculated the colonists' interpretation of this policy. One group of angry colonists called itself the Tar and Feathering Committee, warned that they would tar and feather any ship's captain who landed with British tea. In December 1773, a group of Bostonians dressed as Indians boarded an English ship and tossed 90,000 pounds of tea into Boston harbor. As a result of the Boston Tea Party and the actions of the Tar and Feathering Committee of Boston, Parliament enforced the Coercive Acts (colonists called it the Intolerable Acts) which closed the Port of Boston, annulled the Massachusetts colonial charter, dissolved or severely restricted that colony's political institutions, and allowed the British to house troops in private homes. This was the last straw, which led to the decision by the colonies to convene a Continental Congress in Philadelphia during the fall of 1774 (all colonies except Georgia sent reps). [A generation later Americans adopted the Third Amendment to the Bill of Rights which forbade quartering troops in civilian homes, a direct response to this detested British practice!]

Of the two, which was more successful and why (think geographically, economically, and sociologically)?

Jamestown more successful. However, geographically, Jamestown was located on the edge of a swamp where mosquitos breeded which carried malaria, not good for source of fresh water and waste disposal, not good for farming. Economically, Jamestown settlers (all male at first) had to trade with natives (Powhatan Indian Confederacy) to survive; eventually John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a crop in Jamestown. It flourished and became a successful crop. Sociologically, because it was an English colony whose citizens didn't believe in marriage between Englishmen and native women, they didn't establish strong friendly relations between the two peoples and also deprived the colonists of cultural go- betweens who could have smoothed out conflicts and misunderstandings. But once the tobacco industry took a stronghold in the colony, it began to thrive.

Who was chosen to be the president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

What led to the rise of the Republican Party and how did the party define its position on the slavery question?

Jefferson and Madison opposed the Federalists' efforts to create a more powerful centralized government. Alexander Hamilton and his allies wanted a strong central government and envisioned a United States that would be a great commercial empire that would develop a strong military and aggressively pursue economic development. However, Jefferson and Madison opposed such a government, favoring the limitation of the powers of the federal government and giving states more power. So they developed the Republican party to oppose Washington and Hamilton.

Who were the key people to establish Massachusetts?

John Winthrop, Minister John Cotton

What month, day, and year did members of the Second Continental Congress vote to accept and then sign the Declaration of Independence? What role did Abigail Adams play in influencing the delegates of the Second Continental Congress as they contemplated declaring America's independence?

July 4, 1776; In a world and society where women were considered legally dead once they married, Abigail Adams believed that the American Revolution provided an opportunity for women to gain much- needed legal reform, esp. in areas such as property law. The wife of John Adams, Abigail wrote a strong letter to her husband shortly before the Continental Congress declared its independence from Britain, making her displeasure quite clear to him about the inferior legal status of women. In this letter written on March 31, 1776, she stated "I desire you would "Remember the Ladies", and work toward greater legal equity for women, and not put such "unlimited power" in the hands of men. She also said "Remember all Men would be tyrants". She alluded to the notion that if women weren't considered in the process, they would be "determined to foment a Rebellion" and "not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation".

Blooms taxonomy

Justify = Evaluation

Print Concepts

Knowing that we read left to right, punctual signals and when new word starts

Black Codes

Laws designed by the ex-Confederate states to sharply limit the civil and economic rights of freedmen and create an exploitable workforce

Tea Act

Legislation by Parliament that enforced an import tax on tea imported by the East Indian Tea Company, which was a monopoly (in other words, colonists couldn't import tea from any other company). Colonists resented this tax on something they began to view as a British custom (tea drinking), and began boycotting the drinking of tea, among other things, such as the Boston Tea Party, as open demonstrations of their disgust for having to pay a tax without representation in Parliament.

The Indian Removal Act of 1830

Legislation that gave President Jackson the authority to remove Indian tribes to lands west of the Mississippi; it was strongly supported in the South where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes"; inparticular, Georgia was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation; while native American removal was suppsed to be strictly voluntary, in practice, great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties; Davy Crockett of Tennessee was against Indian Removal; the Treaty of New Echota of 1835 resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.

Branches of Government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Three branches of government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Where did the battles of Lexington and Concord take place? What were the results of each of these battles?

Lexington and Concord took place in Massachusetts in the towns of Lexington and Concord; at Lexington, British soldiers turned away and killed many minutemen, but at Concord's North Bridge, the colonial soldiers (minutemen) turned away and killed many British soldiers; the British soldiers' original orders were to march into these towns and destroy the stockpiles of weapons that were housed there. William Dawes and Paul Revere (and later, Dr. Samuel Prescott) rode from Boston to Lexington and Concord to warn the Minutemen and citizens that the "Regulars were coming"...the Regulars were what the British soldiers were called. The Battle of Lexington was the official first military conflict between Britain and America.

What role(s) did free African Americans play in the Civil War?

Many joined the Union army, performing support tasks such as moving supplies and building fortifications. Declining enlistments of whites and steady lobbying by black leaders eventually convinced Union officials to form African American regiments, such as the Massachusetts 54th, organized in spring of 1863 by leading black abolitionists. Among the recruits of this regiment were two of Frederick Douglass's sons, Lewis and Charles, and the grandson of Sojourner Truth, James Caldwell. The regiment was led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, son of a leading white Massachusetts abolitionist family. Even though later on when many fought in the Union army in battle, they still faced racism and segregation, and were paid less than their white counterparts. But if captured by Confederate troops, they would be executed.

What colony did the Puritans form?

Massachusetts

When was Jamestown founded?

May 14, 1607

Monitoring

Means self clarifying

What was Triangle Trade? Name the advantages and disadvantages of this exchange.

Merchants of New England colonies sent fish, whale oil, lumber, and tobacco to Europe which sent teas, spices, furniture, and tools to the colonies and Europe sent iron goods to Africa which sent slaves and gold to the West Indies which then sent slaves, sugar and molasses to the North American colonies. Southern colonies in N.A. also sent rum and iron products to Africa in exchange for slaves and they sent flour, fish, meat, and lumber to the West Indies in exchange for slaves.

King Philip's War

Metacom, a Wampanoag leader whom the colonists sometimes called King Philip, grew frustrated with English expansion and led the Wampanoags in King Philip's War against New Englanders; fierce fighting spread across New England with more than a dozen settler towns being destroyed; about 3000 Indians died in the conflict and almost 1000 settlers died; Puritans interpreted the war as a sign of God's displeasure with them, so Increase Mather, a leading Puritan minister, reported that the govt. of MA would appoint a committee to promote "a Reformation of those Evils upon us"—Mather listed drunkenness, the presence of what Puritans saw as "heretical" sects, such as Quakers, an obsession with material profits, and a loss of modesty demonstrated by attention to fashion, esp. "excesses in apparel and hair" would be targeted

Benedict Arnold

Military officer in Continental Army who switched sides during Revolutionary War and spied for the British; devised a plan to surrender West Point to the British; Is considered our first traitor involved in espionage

Name one Native American tribe that lived in the Northeastern (Eastern) Woodlands region.

Mohican, Iroquois Confederation (Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Senecas, Onondagas)

Tainos

Native people of the Caribbean islands that Columbus first landed on in his first voyage, most likely in the Bahamas

Dutch and Swedish groups of people first settled in New Amsterdam. This later became what state?

New York

What were the implications for the members of the Second Continental Congress who signed the Declaration of Independence? In other words, what were the potential consequences for these men when they signed this document?

Once these men signed the Declaration of Independence, they became traitors in the eyes of the British government. If captured, they would be tried for treason in a British tribunal court and hanged for treason against the crown.

Annie Oakley

One of the most celebrated performers of her time, a great sharpshooter, born and raised not in the West, but in Ohio! Taught to shoot at a young age, she killed game to earn money for her struggling family; she joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West show in 1885 and performed for the show for 16 seasons. Ahead of her time, she was the epitome of the Victorian woman possessing femininity combined with rugged, almost masculine strength. She could shoot a cigarette from her husband's mouth and coins from his fingers; she could shoots endless glass balls out of the air and could hit a target behind her by holding a mirror in one hand and shooting a rifle over her shoulder with the other. No one could match this shot.

Exposition

Only meant to infrm the audience.

What were the names of the two main trails used by the pioneer wagon trains that traveled west of the Mississippi River to start a new life and where did each trail lead? What were the advantages of taking each trail?

Oregon Trail (northern route); Santa Fe Trail (southern route) Advantages of the Oregon Trail-took settlers to the Oregon territory where land was fertile and climate conducive to farming; more food along the way; less desert to deal with, more water sources Advantages of the Santa Fe Trail-shorter, less rugged, safer than the Oregon Trail...the mountains weren't as big a factor

The wright brothers

Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Passed by Congress in 1875, it required state governments to provide equal access in public facilities such as schools and to allow African Americans to serve on juries. In 1883 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

What is the relationship between phonological awareness and phonics?

Phonics involves the relationship between sounds and written symbols, whereas phonemic awareness involves sounds in spoken words. Therefore, phonics instruction focuses on teaching sound-spelling relationships and is associated with print. Most phonemic awareness tasks are oral.

What is the role of phonological awareness in literacy development?

Phonological awareness is critical for learning to read any alphabetic writing system. And research shows that difficulty with phoneme awareness and other phonological skills is a predictor of poor reading and spelling development.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Freewriting, brainstorming, clustering, and idea mapping are most important during which stage of the writing process?

Prewriting

What are the stages of the writing process?

Prewriting, Rough draft, Reread, Revise, Edit, Final Draft

The five stages of the writing process:

Prewriting, writing, revising, editing and publishing.

Stage one: Early Emergent

Print Concepts Story Concepts

Muckraker

Progressive Era term for investigative journalists who wrote exposés on government and business corruption

What role did government, including presidents, the Supreme Court, and state and local governments play during the Progressive Era?

Progressives were reformers not revolutionaries. They embraced capitalism and democracy, believing that a reformed economy and government could serve the interests of all, not just the wealthy few. The Progressives proved remarkably capable of creating coalitions that overcame class divisions and political party affiliations to advance reform causes that ranged from abolishing child labor to protecting the environment. From the mid-1890s to the mid-1910s most Americans came to accept that it was the government's responsibility to regulate the economy, control destructive capitalistic practices and stabilize the nation's financial system. States adopted varying degrees of protective legislation for female and child laborers and workers injured on the job. Federal regulators limited industrial access to federal forests, managed collective water resources, and became the caretakers for new nationally designated wilderness areas. Some cracks remained, however, when it came to some social problems. Of the numerous social problems that Progressives addressed, it did not include racial segregation and disenfranchisement recently sanctioned by the Supreme Court. Reformers also failed to question the prevailing "Vanishing Race" notion that Indian cultures would soon disappear. Progressive Reformers did use a variety of approaches to break the corrupt ties between businessmen and politicians and make the government more directly accountable to the voting public. Ultimately Progressives transformed the ways that American democracy and capitalism functioned, which provided a blueprint for the next wave of social reform during the 1930s New Deal era.

The Union Pacific Railroad hired Irish immigrants, former soldiers, and freed African Americans to build a railroad from East to West to connect with the Central Pacific Railroad that hired Chinese immigrants to build a railroad from west to east. Where did these two railroads meet on May 10, 1869 to ultimately create a transcontinental railroad?

Promontory Point, Utah

Introductory Statement

Provides a bridge between any previous, relevant text and the content to follow; it provides information about the text and also sets the tone and parameters.

Baron Friedrich Von Steuben

Prussian military officer who helped train Continental troops led by Washington during the winter at Valley Forge; his ultimate goal was to weaken Britain; He introduced sanitary conditions in camps, such as putting food and quarters and latrines in opposite corners of the camp

Name one Native American tribe that lived in the Southwestern region of North America.

Pueblo, Apache, Hopi

Comprehension

Reader ascribes meaning to text

phoneme isolation

Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first sound in pan).

Semantics

Refers to the meaning* expressed when words are arranged in a specific way.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

What should you do during reading?

Remind students to use comprehension strategies as they read and to monitor their understanding. Ask questions that keep students on track and focus their attention on main ideas and important points in the text. Focus attention on parts in a text that require students to make inferences. Call on students to summarize key sections or events. Encourage students to return to any predictions they have made before reading to see if they are confirmed by the text.

A teacher becomes aware that a certain student's family is in a crisis situation. What is his or her best course of action?

Report the crisis situation to school or civil authorities

Compromise of 1877

Resolution of the disputed presidential election of 1876 that handed victory to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. Democrats agreed to the deal in exchange for patronage and the continued removal of federal troops from the South.

Roger Williams was banned by the Puritans because of his religious beliefs. What new colony did he form?

Rhode Island-his main belief was that government ought not meddle in religious affairs—he advocated in complete separation of church and state; Williams also was against colonists unjustly seizing Indian lands, so he fled and purchased lands from the Narragansett Indians and settled in what is now Rhode Island, naming first settlement "Providence" [also, Puritan minister Thomas Hooker led a group of Massachusetts settlers in 1636 and founded town of Hartford, CT; Reverend John Davenport left Massachusetts and established town of New Haven, CT in 1637; in 1638, reps from these two towns drafted a frame of govt. called the Fundamental Order of Connecticut, to connect the two towns into a colony.

How did violence come to play a role in the course of Reconstruction?

Secret white terrorist organizations that first arose in 1866 and wrought havoc in parts of the South during the 1868 election grew bolder and more violent by 1870, esp. during election season. Known by various names, including the White Brotherhood, Knights of the White Camelia, and esp. the Ku Klux Klan, they worked in much the same manner. They operated at night, wearing hoods, robes, and other such articles of concealing clothing designed to cowardly hide their identities. They terrorized, tortured, and murdered freedmen, carpetbaggers, and others who sympathized with blacks. They targeted symbols of black self-improvement and independence, such as black churches, businesses, and schools. For poor white Southerners who made up the bulk of these organizations, the violent suppression of African Americans provided them with the psychological reassurance that they weren't at the bottom of the social order. For wealthy white elites who participated, it prevented a political alliance between poor whites and black and maintained an exploitable workforce for Southern plantation and industry by keeping African Americans powerless and poor (also discouraged formation of unions in industries). It also discouraged African American voting and thus threatened the Republican Party in the South. In response to these terroristic groups, President Grant and Congress passed several Enforcement Acts in 1870 that arrested and prosecuted 1000s in these groups in the South and pretty much decimated these groups by 1872.

How did violence come to play a role in the course of Reconstruction?

Secret white terrorist organizations that first arose in 1866 and wrought havoc in parts of the South during the 1868 election grew bolder and more violent by 1870, esp. during election season. Known by various names, including the White Brotherhood, Knights of the White Camelia, and esp. the Ku Klux Klan, they worked in much the same manner. They operated at night, wearing hoods, robes, and other such articles of concealing clothing designed to cowardly hide their identities. They terrorized, tortured, and murdered freedmen, carpetbaggers, and others who sympathized with blacks. They targeted symbols of black self-improvement and independence, such as black churches, businesses, and schools. For poor white Southerners who made up the bulk of these organizations, the violent suppression of African Americans provided them with the psychological reassurance that they weren't at the bottom of the social order. For wealthy white elites who participated, it prevented a political alliance between poor whites and black and maintained an exploitable workforce for Southern plantation and industry by keeping African Americans powerless and poor (also discouraged formation of unions in industries). It also discouraged African American voting and thus threatened the Republican Party in the South. In response to these terroristic groups, President Grant and Congress passed several Enforcement Acts in 1870 that arrested and prosecuted 1000s in these groups in the South and pretty much decimated these groups by 1872.

Sectionalism

Sectional, or regional, loyalties that were present in Congress from the beginning of the U.S. since independence, but they became stronger during and after the 1820s. As the North grew more industrialized, it sought protective tariffs (taxes on foreign goods imported into the United States) to protect its products. Because the South remained agricultural, it opposed tariffs that would raise the prices of the manufactured goods it needed. Southerners defended slavery, while an anti-slavery movement grew in the North. The new Western states had their own demands for roads and other internal improvements. When Southerners migrated West, they wanted to be able to bring their slaves, but Northerners objected to slavery in the Western territories. Congress served as the battleground for sectional rivalries and alliances. John C. Calhoun (Democrat-South Carolina) articulated the Southern position in Congress, while Daniel Webster (Whig- Massachusetts) often spoke for New England. From the 1820s to the 1850s, Henry Clay (Whig-Kentucky) and other congressional leaders worked out one compromise after another to defuse sectional tensions. But as the differences between the sections grew more pronounced, particularly over slavery, compromise became impossible. When the new Republican party won the Presidential election of 1860 (Lincoln), the Southern states seceded and the nation went to war.

What are the two parts to the legislative branch?

Senate and House of Representatives

Why did U.S. officials embrace a policy of forced assimilation for Native Americans in the late 19th century? How did they implement it?

Senator Henry L. Dawes wrote and Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887 that was designed to break up the reservations and assimilate Native Americans into the dominant white Christian American culture. The plan offered Native American heads of households allotments of 160 acres of reservation land (with smaller amounts going to those unmarried or under age 18) to encourage them to become independent family farmers. Remaining reservation lands would be sold off and the profits set aside for tools and education. Native Americans who accepted these terms could apply for American citizenship. Land allotments were held in trust for 25 years before full ownership was conferred. This act was born of high ideals and good intentions, but was devastating to the Native Americans it was intended to help. The program was flawed because most of the land was of poor quality (given that reservation land that Native Americans were placed on in the first place wasn't suited for farming). Also, it included restrictions on hunting. Scammers and speculators found ways to defraud the Native Americans out of their land. Children were taken from their tribes and put into boarding schools back east and forced to speak English only, to learn to read and write English, to wear American clothing. Their hair was cut short, which, for most Indians, was a sacred part of their identities, take an American name, and they were forced to learn American ways, customs, culture. The model was the Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PA, which was established in 1879. It operated on the simple but brutal principle of "kill the Indian, save the man". Some schools made conversion to Christianity a requirement as well. U.S. officials felt it was better to assimilate Native Americans into white society because they would be more apt to contribute to American society as a whole if they were to forget their "savage" ways. This model, however, had devastating consequences on the Native American families back on the reservations and on the children who were taken and placed in the Carlisle schools. Many family members and children suffered psychological trauma, physical abuse, malnutrition, and poor health care. About 1 in 7 children ran away and an unusually high number committee suicide. By 1902 though, 25 federally-funded boarding schools and many more private ones in 15 states operated such schools. These schools hastened the demise of the Native American culture, including the disappearance or near disappearance of many languages. Many Native American tribes have filed lawsuits against the U.S. gov. and the churches that ran the schools and have demanded formal apologies.

segmenting

Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into discrete units.

What is/was sharecropping? How was it different from slavery and how was it the same?

Shrinking profits from cotton farming forced many Southern farmers to forfeit title to their land and they became tenant farmers. Some rented land for a set fee and then were free to grow whatever crops they desired. But others had to resort to sharecropping. In this system, tenant farmers received the right to farm a plot of land in exchange for rent paid in the form of a share, generally one-third to one-half of the harvest. By 1900 more than 70% of the South's farmers white and black earned their living by sharecropping. Sharecropping granted African Americans some important measure of independence. White landlords generally left their tenants alone, allowing them to control their own time and to set their own work routines. Freedmen tended to like this form of independence as opposed to the slave labor of the plantations prior to independence. Yet, even though the sharecroppers weren't slaves, they lived under the control of their white landlords and were exploited by them.

Name one Native American tribe that lived in the Great Plains region of North America.

Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche

Appalachian Plateau

Smallest of Georgia's regions; contains the only fossil fuel deposits (coal) in the state.

Logical Order

So a reader can follow the information quickly and easily.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who conquered most of the Caribbean islands, Central America, and much of South America through violent means. Conquistador means conqueror. Lured by rumors of fabulous empires that possessed great wealth, mainly cities of gold (Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru/Ecuador; Alvarado finished off the Mayan civilization that had already been in disarray in present-day Guatamala/Belize; Cortez conquered the Aztecs

Content Area Vocabulary

Specific Vocabulary related to the particular concepts of various academic diciplines.

a. Rather than land where they did, the Pilgrims were supposed to sail somewhere else but were blown off course by fierce storms. b. Where were the Pilgrims supposed to end up on their voyage in 1620? Virginia c. From a thorough perspective, how did they survive their first winter/year?

Squanto, a local Indian from the Patuxet tribe that had almost been completely wiped out by European diseases (from earlier sporadic European contact from fishermen who used to stop off in northeastern North America to replenish fresh water and food for long fishing expeditions), helped the Pilgrims by teaching them farming techniques and survival tips. Squanto also spoke English b/c he had been kidnapped by earlier Europeans and taken as a slave to England, but later returned to New England. So his English speaking skills helped him to communicate with Pilgrims.

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company

Who were the Allies in WWI?

The Allies included Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States. These countries fought against the Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

what happened during the American Revolution?

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others

Describe what happened on October 19, 1781. Where did this happen?

The British, under the command of General Cornwallis, surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, which ended the Revolutionary War.

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

The Civil Rights Movement was the movement in the 1950s and 60s that used peaceful protests to gain equal protection under the law and a fair chance at success in America for African Americans

On January 1, 1863, Lincoln put into effect an "act" that freed all the slaves in the United States. What was this "act" called? How did this "act" impact both the Northern and Southern states at this time and in the future?

The Emancipation Proclamation; It shook southern society as Lincoln had hoped it would; Inspired by word that freedom was at hand, 1000s of slaves left their places of bondage and headed for the Union Army or to the Northern states, exasperating the Confederacy's labor shortage and further weakening Southern agriculture. In addition, many freed black men joined the ranks of the northern armies to fight against the south. This caused an issue with pay, because white soldiers didn't think black soldiersshould be paid the same as white soldiers. Problems also arose in the northern cities when freed African Americans poured into the cities in search of housing and jobs.

What young, wealthy French soldier came to America to help George Washington and his army? How else did the French help the colonists during this war?

The Marquis de LaFayette; France also helped by sending supplies, troops, and naval forces to aid the colonists, which changed the dynamics of the conflict for Britain. Spain also joined France as an opponent of Britain and two years later, Britain declared war on Holland because Holland, which had been a source of supplies for England's war effort against the colonies. Now Britain was fighting a war on multiple fronts which drained its resources (it became a global conflict for Britain...involving the Mediterranean, Africa, the Caribbean, India, and North America)!

What major construction project was undertaken as a result of the U.S. helping a small Central American country to win their independence from Columbia? How has this construction project impacted shipping and traveling around the world?

The Panama Canal. Teddy Roosevelt and the Americans took over after the French failed. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French mastermind who built the Suez Canal in Egypt, began the Panama Canal in the 1880s. But mud slides and earthquakes, as well as mass bouts with malaria and yellow fever in his construction crew forced him to abandon the project, selling it from the Colombian government to the New Panama Canal Company. Roosevelt offered the New Panama Canal Company $40 million for its concession and assets. Columbia rejected because they didn't want the U.S. to have any control over its use. In 1903 Panama revolted against Columbia and the U.S. although not directly offering any support for Panama in its revolt, did act right away to ensure that events would turn in favor of the U.S. When Columbian troops arrived in ships from both Atlantic and Pacific, U.S. ships were there patrolling both coasts and preventing Columbian ships from landing in Panama! Roosevelt claimed an 1846 agreement with Columbia that gave the U.S. the authority to control transit across Panama. Thus, when American engineers took over building the Panama Canal in 1904, they confronted a host of geological challenges. Tropical downpours would flood the Chagres River which would empty into the canal in several places causing huge silt deposits to refill the canal they dug, so they had to dam up the river in several places. Huge steam shovels built in Bucyrus, Ohio were used to dig the canal, and Roosevelt, on a visit to the construction site, actually trampled through the mud to sit in one. Another solution to a huge problem in construction at the canal site that the Americans solved was conquering the disease-carrying mosquito. Dr. William C. Gorgas undertook a relentless fumigation campaign that saved 1000s of lives, although poor sanitary conditions in the black workers' camps (criticized by Roosevelt) and mudslides and working with dynamite still caused the deaths of 500 white workers and 4500 foreign black workers during the American phase of construction. Once completed, the canal shortened ocean shipping by several weeks between the west and the east. It also increased the importance of the Caribbean to U.S. national security and established the U.S. as a technological, naval, and economic power around the world. Caribbean Islands asked the U.S. for protection against possible foreign invasion.

a. Where was the Constitution written and signed? Philadelphia, Pennsylvania b. What is the Preamble and what does it mean?

The Preamble is an introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles that the Constitution is meant to serve. It comes before the Constitution and expresses the idea that in the United States, the citizens of the country are the "sovereign, ultimate power" and that the "government has limited power". It explains that in order for the new nation to work...to thrive and survive for the present and the future, the laws set forth in the Constitution must be obeyed by all. The Preamble states "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America."

As a result of the Spanish-American War that was fought in the late 1890s, the United States gained additional territories. What were those territories that had been part of Spain's empire? What important American, who later became president, strongly supported American imperialism at this time?

The U.S. gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, some smaller Caribbean Islands (Virgin Islands, Bahamas), the Phillippines, the Pacific Island group of Guam. The Hawaiian Islands would soon become U.S. territory because of their strategic location for a naval base where current Pearl Harbor is located. Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president at age 42 when he was McKinley's vice-president after McKinley was assassinated.

How did the relations between the settlers, the U.S. government, and the Plains Indian tribes eventually lead to the Battle of the Little Big Horn? Be sure to indicate who the chief "players" were in this battle and the outcome.

The U.S. government made treaties with many of the Indian tribes living in the plains territories. Most of these treaties were broken by settlers who wanted to live on the Native American lands (there was talk of gold found in the Black Hills of South Dakota) that were promised to the tribes by these treaties, so they often caused problems for the tribes. The U.S. government didn't stick to their end of the bargain. They insisted that the tribes give up their sacred lands and accept being placed on a reservation. As a result, Sioux nation chiefs, such as Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull led a large group of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in a battle against the 7th Cavalry lead by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer at the Little Big Horn. All of the members of the 7th Cavalry including Custer were killed in the attack. Unfortunately, this didn't stop the government from rounding up the tribes and forcing them onto reservations.

a. What was the system of secret escape routes for runaway slaves called? b. To what three general destinations did this system take escaped slaves? c. Who was the most famous conductor that helped runaway slaves escape to freedom? d. Discuss the forms of navigational symbols that slaves used to communicate and travel along these routes.

The Underground Railroad; South into Mexico; north into New England; north into Canada; Hariett Tubman; They used astrological patterns in the night sky, depending on the season of the year; patterns sewed into quilts also served as maps that were given to runaway slaves to use to navigate through the underground railroad to "stations" where they would be safe until the next stage of their journey.

Inferential Comprehension

The ability to create or infer a hypothesis for a given statement based on collected facts and information.

Fluency

The ability to read in much the same manner as speaking.

Evaluative Comprehension

The ability to understand and sort facts, opinions, assumptions, persuasive elements and the validity of a passage.

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

What is the symbol of the United States?

The bald eagle is a large bird of prey and a symbol of the USA. Color a bald eagle and read about it. The bald eagle is a large bird of prey. It is the symbol of the USA.

Background Knowledge

The basic knowledge most children bring to their learning experiences.

What challenges did the Patriots face at sea?

They had too few ships to fight large battles against the British.

Ku Klux Klan

The best-known of the many secret white terrorist organizations t hat first arose in the South in 1866; they targeted freedmen and symbols of black self-improvement and independence and played a key role in reestablishing white supremacy by the late 1870s.

Semiphonetic stage.

The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence — that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you).

Who won the American Revolution? From whom did the colonists gain their independence? What were the conditions of the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783?

The colonial army, under the command of General George Washington, won the American Revolution. The conditions were that King George III agreed that the United States of America was an independent nation and that the U.S. gained land that reached north to British Canada, west to the Mississippi River, and south to Spanish Florida.

Emergent Literacy

The early reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy.

river delta

The end of a river where rich deposits of silt build up. This is important to human habitation due to the excellent source of good farmland.

Literary Elements

The essential techniques used in literature (e.g., characterization, setting, plot, theme).

Why were the colonists so angry with King George III? What did he do that sparked anger in his colonial subjects?

The king was imposing so many taxes on the colonists to help pay for the expensive war against France (French and Indian War) since this war was fought in North America. The problem was that the colonists were given no representation in Parliament yet were taxed like other British citizens who were represented in Parliament. Some of these taxes were the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Townshend Duties. Their motto was "No taxation without representation!" The Sugar Act (taxed sugar and other goods imported into the colonies and increased penalties for smuggling and prosecuted violators in British vice-admiralty courts which operated without jury trials) violated two long-held beliefs all Englishmen held: that colonists couldn't be taxed without their consent and that Englishmen were entitled to the right of trial by jury of their peers. The Stamp Act was imposed to punish colonists for their opposition to the Sugar Act. The Stamp Act required colonists to purchase special stamps and place them on all legal documents. In addition, specially stamped paper was required for everything from newspapers to playing cards. Opposition became violent in the streets of many towns along the Atlantic seaboard from Portsmouth, Maine to Savannah, Georgia. The Townshend Act (the Townshend Duties, 1767) levied new taxes on glass, paint, paper, and tea imported into the colonies. With each of these taxes, British Parliament miscalculated the way the colonists would interpret these Acts. Colonists continued to resent being taxed without having representation in Parliament and felt they were being treated as children. Colonists, according to John Dickenson, a PA lawyer, didn't believe they should be taxed at all. They believed that Parliament could regulate trade among different parts of the empire, but only the people's representatives could enact taxes designed primarily to raise revenues. Since Americans had no representation in Parliament, that institution could not tax them.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Treaty of Paris of 1763

The formal end of hostilities legally acknowledging British domination in North America; the formal end of the French and Indian War; the French were allowed to keep their sugar colonies in the West Indies and the British got Canada.

Why were labor unions first created? B. Why did American workers have such a difficult time uniting to oppose abusive and exploitative employers? C. What were the first three labor unions that were created and who created them?

The industrial workplace of the 2nd half of the 19th century became even more dangerous than the first half of the 19thcentury, with long hours and a long work week (12 hour days and 6 day a week work weeks). Every year between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers on average died on the job and 500,000 were injured due to dangerous working conditions. Some of these were due to the monotony of the jobs workers faced, such as repetitive pulling of a lever on a huge machine that would cause mind-numbed workers to fall asleep. Since profit and power were the chief goals of industry and corporations, employers imposed strict discipline on their industrial workers. The clock dominated the workplace...workers who arrived late or took an unscheduled break were fired, and if a worker talked to another worker or whistled, he was fired as well. Female workers were particularly vulnerable to abuse. So in an effort to stop child labor and abusive working conditions, workers began to organize. B. Workers found it difficult to organize labor unions. The 1st major effort to build a national labor movement after the Civil War began in 1866 with the National Labor Union (NLU) begun by William Sylvis, an iron molder. But his sudden death and the depression of the 1870s wiped out the union. Employers saw unions as threats to their profits and put any worker who tried to join one or organize one on blacklists. During any workers' strikes, factory owners would hire local policemen to drive away or arrest local picketers and if a worker tried to take a factory owner to court on charges of unfair labor practices, judges and juries would more often than not rule in favor of the factory owner and corporation. Few unions had the financial resources to support striking workers. Strikers, one worker attested, "have had nothing to combat capital with except their empty stomachs, while the capitalists have had unlimited financial resources and have been able to starve the workingmen into submission." The second labor union, the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, was formed by skilled shoemakers as a means to protest the hiring of unskilled workers in the shoemaking industry. The 3rd, was The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, which was organized by a small group of Philadelphia garment cutters. It accepted workers of all trades, as well as women, immigrants, and African Americans, and became the world's largest industrial union. The 3rd major union to form came as a result of the Haymarket incident associated with the KOL. A large group of 25 unions of skilled workers convened in Columbus, Ohio in 1886 and founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Led by Samuel Gompers the AFL focused on what it termed pure and simple goals: higher wages, shorter hours, and job security. It was a more conservative union and less idealistic than the KOL, and it excluded women, immigrants, and African Americans from its membership until the 1930s.

Themes

The underlyingmessages above all plot elements that writers want to convey.

Literal Comprehension

The understanding of the basic facts of a given passage.

Text structure

The use of headings, sidebar, etc...that give us important clues to the reader about what to look for in a story.

What happened at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865? Who were the key players in this event?

The last major battle of the Civil War took place, resulting in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House.

Directionality

The left to right tracking of print while reading and the return sweep

Statement Support

The main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or proves it.

What is the Constitutional Convention?

The meeting in Philadelphia where they wrote the Constitution. May 27, 1787 - Sep 17, 1787

World War II (1939-1945)

The most destructive war in human history; America entered the war in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

Question Generating

The opposite of question answering, where students learn to ask questions and think critically about texts.

Chronology

The ordering events through time; often listed along a timeline or in a list by date

What do the stripes stand for?

The original 13 colonies

Where was the Northwest Territory, land that was gained from Britain after the Revolutionary War?

The original Northwest Territory was land that is now the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

Classification

The paragraph presents grouped information about a topic.

Character

The person, such as a hero or villian represented in the story.

Setting

The place or location where a story occurs

Discussion

The process by which students are encouraged to see the range of possibilities in a text by sharing their thoughts about it in a group.

Word Analysis

The process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns.

What was the purpose of Reconstruction? Who were the carpetbaggers? Where did this term originate and what does it tell us about southern attitudes during Reconstruction?

The purpose of Reconstruction was to rebuild the South since the majority of the war was fought on southern soil and to rebuild its economic base so it could once again contribute economically to the Union. In addition, Reconstruction was aimed at reestablishing the government structures of the individual southern states to restore their institutions and eventually reinstate them into the federal government. Finally, Reconstruction aimed at pardoning southerners, except for military officers and Confederate officials, and to help all Southerners work with freedmen as opposed to a slave state system. Even before the war was over, Lincoln began to make plans for a moderate Reconstruction policy which he addressed in his second inaugural address when he said "with malice toward none" and "charity for all" to "achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves". First, in Dec. 1863, he issued his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, known as the Ten Percent Plan. This plan intended to establish Southern state governments, planned to pardon all Southerners (except high-ranking military officers and Confederate officials) who would take an oath of loyalty to the Union and support emancipation. Then as soon as 10% of a state's voters took this oath, they could call a convention, establish a new state government and apply for congressional recognition. However, radical republicans were opposed to Lincoln's "lenient" plan. Senator Benjamin Wade and Henry W. Davis cosponsored a bill, the Wade-Davis Bill, that proposed a Reconstruction program that took a harsh stance that would punish the Confederate leaders and permanently destroy the South's slave society. Under this plan, Confederate states would only be readmitted to the Union after lengthy periods of punishment and a clear demonstration of their commitment of the Union, emancipation, and freedmen's rights. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came south after the war to settle, work, or aid the ex-slaves. It falsely suggested they were penniless adventurers who came south merely to get rich. They often carried their possessions in cheap suitcases, or carpetbags. Most were middle class, often former Union soldiers or merchants, ministers, artisans, and professionals who viewed the South as a region of opportunity and planned to settle permanently. Others came as idealistic relief workers sent by Northern charitable organizations and religious societies intent upon aiding ex-slaves in their transition to freedom. Most white southerners viewed them as penniless adventurers who came to get rich at the expense of Southerners still reeling from the war. White Southerners resented Northerners coming South to "tell them what to do and how to do it" as they rebuilt the South.

Andrew Jackson backed the idea of universal suffrage. What was universal suffrage?

The right to vote should be given to all who bear the burdens of the state...those who pay taxes, served in the militia, or consented to volunteer to work on public works projects such as roads...those who are to be affected by the acts of the government should b e annually entitiled to vote for those who administer it. In other words, men didn't have to be property owners to vote.

Morphology

The study of word structure

high frequency words

These are the most common words that readers use again and again. Examples: The, of and said. ________________words should become sight words as soon as possible since they are so useful.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

What were the Jim Crow laws that were written and enforced in southern states? Why were they created? When were they repealed?

They were created in the South to keep African Americans separate from other Americans-segregated- in schools, hospitals, cemeteries, etc. Created to take newly given rights away from African Americans as much as possible after Reconstruction was ended and federal troops left the South. The Jim Crow laws were abolished when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional in 1954. More Jim Crow laws began to be abolished with later rulings from the Supreme Court, and were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

What were Jim Crow laws?

They were laws that enforced the strict separation of the races.

Cause and Effect

This pattern describes how two r more events are connected.

What was first wave of The Great Migration that took place between 1916 through the 1919? Why did this take place?

This was the mass migration of African Americans who moved from the farming communities in the South to the industrial cities of the North to work in the factories because many workers in the northern factories left to go fight in the war in Europe during WWI as well as the mass reduction of industrial labor usually supplied by immigrants who usually came into the states from Europe, but with the war, this number was drastically reduced!

What was the primary reason why Chinese immigrants came to America? After this reason didn't "pan out", what job did many Chinese immigrants do to earn a living?

To build a better life. To do this, they signed on to help build the Central Pacific Railroad that was to run from California east through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and eventually meet up with the Union Pacific Railroad that was under construction moving west from Omaha, Nebraska. Mostly Irish immigrants were employed to help build the Union Pacific Railroad line.

What was the main reason for Columbus's voyages/expeditions?

To find a sea passage to Asia

Why did the "Pilgrims" want to leave the Netherlands and start a new colony in North America?

To practice their religion freely...they wanted to break away from the Church of England (Separatists), so they first went to the Netherlands but they wanted to live totally apart from people who practiced different religions

What were the terms of the Proclamation of 1763?

To prevent further encroachment on Indian lands and avoid future conflicts, Britain forbade colonial settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Therefore, the Proclamation of 1763 said that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, and that Britain recognized the Indian nations' rights to their land.

Who were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and what did they do? Who helped them with this task? How did the use of "dead reckoning" help the Corps of Discovery estimate their total miles traveled to within 40 actual miles (from St. Louis to the Pacific coast)?

Two men hired by President Jefferson to lead and expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory in an attempt to find an overland waterway to the Pacific Ocean. A Shoshoni Indian woman named Sacagawea helped them.

Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony? Of which movement were these women forerunners?

Two women who fought for women's rights to own land, property and the right to vote; women's rights

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Andrew Carnegie

U.S. Steel Company

Kit Carson

U.S. frontiersman, scout, and Indian agent. Raised in Missouri, he ran away from home at age 15 to become a trapper and trader in the Southwest. In the early 1840s he served as a guide to John C. Frémont's explorations of the West. He guided Gen. Stephen Kearny's expedition to California during the Mexican War, often carrying dispatches to Washington, D.C. In 1854 he was appointed Indian agent (an official representative of the U.S. government to Indian tribes) at Taos, N.M. During the American Civil War he commanded the 1st New Mexico Volunteers. In 1868 he was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs for the Colorado Territory. His most important Western contributions came as a guide to the expeditions of John C. Frémont, as a messenger and soldier under Gen. Stephen W. Kearny in California, and as an Indian agent just prior to the Civil War. His name is inseparably connected with American expansion into the Far West. His contributions to westward expansion made him a folk hero.

William Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

House of Burgesses

Virginia's legislative body made up of representatives from various regions/settlements of Virginia; July 1619 first convened; privilege of voting for representatives was extended to free men of property who were to elect the representatives to serve on House of Burgesses who then enacted laws for the colony; rather than take orders from the Virginia Company of London, the colonists gained some control over their own political affairs which was a milestone in the evolution of representative government in America

What goes through all four stages?

Vocabulary, background knowledge, knowledge of text and sentence structure, purpose for reading, strategies for reading.

Difference of a diphthong and a vowel team

Vowel team has two vowels that make a sound together, where diphthongs are two vowels where the sound begins with one vowel and moves towards the other.

1. Early Emergent 2. Emergent 3. Early 4. Transitional

What are the four stages of reading development

Comparison Contrast

When a paragraph descibes the differences or similarities of two or more ideas, actions, events or things.

Strategic Integration

When information is carefully combined with what the learner already knows and understands to produce a more generalizable, higher order skill.

Persuasion

Writing purpose to change the mind of the audience members to get them to do something.

Connecting numbers to quantities

When students analyze simple geometric shapes and determine the number of sides in each, they say the number names in the standard order and pair each side with one and only one number name and each number name with one and only one side. They also understand that the last number name said tells the number of sides counted regardless of the order in which the sides were counted.

Textual Markings

Where students intereact with the text as they read (for ex: with sticky notes) to help them focus on the importance of small things and provide a reference point for review.

What was the biggest issue that caused tensions between politicians and states when territories wanted to become new states in this country and why was this issue such a controversy in this country?

Whether the new states would be considered free states or slave states, meaning whether the state would allow slaves or not. This was a key issue because a state's determination would also determine representation in Congress and could upset the balance in Congress and ultimately the power to control decisions that could impact policy in favor of the north or south

Scalawags

White Southerners' derogatory term for fellow whites considered traitors to their region and race for joining the Republican Party and cooperating with Reconstruction policy

Discourse

______ is a broad term used to refer to spoken and written language. Linking sentences into paragraphs or talking/conversations

Encoding

________ is just the opposite of decoding; using individual sounds to build and write words.

General Montcalm

a French general who seized the British fort William Henry on Lake George in Northern New York. Although he negotiated a traditional surrender allowing the British to retreat honorably, his Indian allies refused to accept these terms and sought scalps and other trophies of war. The "Massacre of Fort William Henry" alienated Montcalm from his Indian allies and stiffened the resolve of both the British and the colonists to defeat the French. Montcalm was killed during the siege of Quebec in 1759, at the Plains of Abraham.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

a case presented to the Supreme Court in 1896 that challenged the "separate but equal" notion that was popular at that time; a Louisiana law required separate railroad cars for black and white passengers was passed in 1890, and determined to challenge that law, an African American carpenter who was 1/8th black and 7/8th white, Homer A. Plessy, bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railroad and sat in the whites-only first-class car. As expected he was arrested. Plessy argued before a local judge named John H. Ferguson that the law violated the 13thAmendment's prohibition of slavery and the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause. Ferguson ruled in favor of the railroad, stating that separation did not violate Plessy's rights, a decision subsequently upheld by the state's Supreme Court. When Plessy appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, the justices rejected Plessy's appeal and upheld Louisiana's segregation law as constitutional.

Chisolm Trail

a cattle trail leading north from Texas, across Oklahoma, to Abilene, Kansas. The southern extension of the Chisholm Trail originated near San Antonio, Texas. From there it ran north and a little east to the Red River, which it crossed a few miles from present-day Ringgold, Texas. It continued north across Oklahoma to Caldwell, Kansas. From Caldwell it ran north and a little east past Wichita to Abilene, Kansas. At the close of the Civil War, the low price of cattle in Texas and the much higher prices in the North and East encouraged many Texas ranchmen to drive large herds north to market. In 1867 the establishment of a cattle depot and shipping point at Abilene, Kansas, brought many herds there for shipping to market over the southern branch of the Union Pacific Railway. Many of these cattle traveled over the Chisholm Trail, which quickly became the most popular route for driving cattle north from Texas. After 1871, the Chisholm Trail decreased in significance as Abilene lost its popularity as a shipping point for Texas cattle. Instead, Dodge City, Kansas, became the chief shipping point, and another trail farther west gained paramount importance. In 1880, however, the extension of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway to Caldwell, Kansas, again made the Chisholm Trail a vital route for driving Texas cattle to the North. It retained this position until the building of additional trunk lines of railway south into Texas caused rail shipments to replace trail driving in bringing Texas cattle north to market.

the "middle ground"

a cultural and geographical region of the Great Lakes in which Indians and the French negotiated with each other for goods and neither side could impose its will on the other side by force. Indians traded furs for guns, metal tools, and cloth.

cost-benefit analysis

a decision-making process in which you compare what you will sacrifice and gain by a specific action

indentured servants

a form of bound labor in which male and female immigrants were contracted to work in exchange for having their passage paid, would work for a specified period of years, usually 7; in many cases, the indenture system separated family members with husband and wife indenturing themselves to different families

Stonewall Jackson (Brig. Gen. Thomas Jackson)

a general who served with Robert E. Lee...Lee's "Right Hand Man"; great tactician; born in western VA; grad of West Point, fought in Mexican War; successful at first Battle of Bull Run (Manassas); was accidentally shot by one of his own men at Chancellorsville and died 8 days later from pneumonia

Electoral college

a group of electors appointed by each state who had the responsibility of picking the president; it's based on the number of votes received for a presidential candidate in each state; if there's a tie in the electoral colleges when all states' electoral college votes are tallied, then the House selects the President and the Senate selects the Vice-President

What is the electoral college?

a group of people selected from each state who cast votes in the presidential election

Trust

a legally binding deal bringing many companies in the same industry under the direction of a board of "trustees"

Shared Reading

a modeling strategy in which the teacher reads a story and the children join in.

Shared reading

a modeling strategy in which the teacher reads a story and the children join in.

An example of a secondary source?

a non-fiction history book about the Civil War or a text book.

Robber barons

a pejorative name for big business leaders that suggested they grew rich by devious business practices, exploitation of workers, and political manipulation

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Mormons

a religious sect founded in upstate New York in 1830. Driven by persecution they headed west in 1846 and settled in a valley in Utah near the Great Salt Lake. Their leader was Brigham Young. One of the major beliefs in their religion was polygamy, the belief and practice of men having more than one wife at a time. Their church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, is still the central focus of the religion in the U.S., but the religion has spread beyond its Salt Lake City environs.

Nathan Hale

a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British

Active listening

a structured form of listening in which listeners repeat in their own words what they believe the speaker is saying.

Supply and Demand

an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

Capitalism

an economic system in which the market economy determined the prices of goods and services

Manifest Destiny

a term coined by editor and columnist John O'Sullivan to describe his belief in America's divine right to expand westward; he believed that God had destined America to spread westward to the Pacific; It combined the language of Jacksonian Democracy, stressing opportunity for all white Americans with a Protestant millennial vision which defined the nation's future in terms of the progress of "civilization" and the triumph of Christianity over "savagery".

Socialism

a theory that rejected capitalism and advocated common ownership of property and social and economic equality

Rough Riders

a volunteer unit of cowboys, Ivy League athletes, city police officers, and Pawnee scouts led by Theodore Roosevelt that gained fame by charging up the San Juan Heights during the Spanish-American War.

Buffalo Bill-William

a. "Buffalo Bill" Cody- grew famous from a series of dime novels about his "exploits" in the West; Since he didn't receive any royalties from all the novels published about him, he created in 1883 "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", a circus-like show that purported to show audiences the thrilling and harrowing life on the frontier; it had huge reenactments of cattle drives and clashes between Indians and cowboys, as well as exhibitions of marksmanship, cattle roping and riding. It grew more elaborate each year due to its popularity...topped out with about 400 horses and 650 cowboys, Indians, musicians, and support staff. He got Annie Oakley to perform as well as the great Sioux chief, Sitting Bull. His show helped to create a romantic and mythological view of the West in the American imagination.

a. What was the 18th Amendment? b. Describe in detail the impact this amendment had on the citizens of the United States. c. Who were some key people, both good and bad, who came out of this act of legislation? d. Was this a successful attempt to control the behavior of Americans? e. Why or why not?

a. The 18th Amendment was approved by Congress on December 18, 1917 which banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of intoxicating liquors. It went into effect in 1920 when enough states ratified it. B. Illegal drinking became widespread throughout the country, especially among the young urban elite who could afford to pay for it "under the table". The wealthy went to Speakeasies, secret bars where respectable middle and upper class people would go to get liquor. Others, such as those living in Appalachia and other rural areas would make their own liquor (bootleggers) and transport it for sale as a means to make money to support the family. Rumrunners would also transport rum by boat from the Caribbean to cities on the east coast to be then shipped west to cities like Cleveland and Chicago. The federal government didn't allocate enough funds to enforce the 18th Amendment which hampered the Justice Department's efforts to curb illegal drinking. Basically, anytime you tell people they can't do something, they want to do it more, so it wasn't effective in doing what the Temperance supporters wanted which was to control what people did in their private lives. C. Key people-Al Capone (Chicago, owned a famous speakeasy and was a publicity-crazed gangster in Chicago's underworld; key figure in the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre); Carry Nation (One of the most colorful members of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); Elliot Ness (Chicago Bureau of Investigation agent who formed a team of nine loyal agents, dubbed "The Untouchables." His successful investigation of gangster and bootlegger, Al Capone, led to Capone's conviction in 1931 of 22 counts of tax evasion and 5000 violations of the Volstead Act (bootlegging). D. No, it wasn't successful. E. First because the government's attempt to control private individual's behavior would always be construed as infringing on the individual's 1stamendment rights; second, because of Prohibition, an enormous increase in the production of moon-shine liquor often contaminated and sold to American youth in speakeasies run by the mob was not a good thing. It was argued that it would be better to sell it in public cafes and wet bars, legally. If it's legal, the "romantic notion and fun and frill of the adventure" of drinking illegally and getting away with it would be over, so chances are this illicit behavior would decrease.

Pony Express

a. To provide the fastest mail delivery between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. To draw public attention to the central route in hope of gaining the million dollar government mail contract for the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company; Relay of mail by horses and riders, it ran from April 3, 1860, to late October 1861; The Pony Express ran day and night, summer and winter; 183 men are known to have ridden for the Pony Express during its operation of just over 18 months; Ad in California newspaper read: "Wanted. Young, skinny, wiry fellows. Not over 18. Must be expert riders. Willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred." Most riders however were around 20. Youngest was 11. Oldest was mid-40s. Not many were orphans. Usually weighed around 120 pounds; New riders took over every 75 to 100 miles; Riders got a fresh horse every 10 to 15 miles; Horses traveled an average of 10 miles per hour; There were approximately 165 stations; Almost 2,000 miles long; from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California; It ran through the present day states of Kansas, Nebraska, northeast corner of Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California; October 24, 1861, was the official end of the Pony Express which was when the telegraph lines were completed that linked St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, CA

League of Nations

an international collective security organization composed of member nations where member nations agreed to mediate future international disputes to prevent wars and work together to improve global human conditions; President Wilson supported the League of Nations

Sons of Liberty

an organized secret society comprised of a group of lawyers, printers (newspapermen), businessmen, and other key citizens who were against British rule in the colonies. Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and Dr. Samuel Prescott were 3 members of the Sons of Liberty

Carry A. Nation

a. a very religious, 64 year-old woman who walked into a SW Kansas bar with a bag of bricks and smashed the liquor bottles, glassware, and mirrors, then calmly left, as an attempt to send a message that the rise of drinking in America's young adult and adult population was getting out of control; the Woman's Christian Temperance Union viewed the saloon as a haven for gambling, prostitution, corrupt city political machines, and excessive alcohol consumption, so the WCTU saw Nation's act as a catalyst for their cause. Many women viewed alcohol as the reason for so much domestic abuse and soon their cause stretched to the labor lords who oversaw women in the workforce, such as in sweatshops, department stores, etc. As Nation's fame grew, she raised funds by selling miniature hatchet pins, her new weapon of choice. She worked to get communities to "go dry".

Wounded Knee

a. scene of a massacre that occurred as a result of U.S. soldiers opening fire on a group of Sioux Indians on Dec. 29, 1890, killing between 200 and 300 men, women, and children. It happened as a result of the U.S. Cavalry trying to remove a large group of Sioux Ghost Dancers (some U.S. Officials were concerned about these Ghost Dancers and the message of hope they spread among the Native Americans from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains that the Indians would regain their lands). They moved a group of 6 Ghost Dancers to Wounded Knee Creek in present-day South Dakota, and as the army attempted to disarm them, one of them accidentally fired his gun, which set off all the soldiers firing upon the Indians at the village. This event came to symbolize the brutality associated with the conquest of the West.

Propaganda

a. systematic widespread dissemination or promotion of ideas, doctrines, or practices, especially by an individual or government to further one's or its cause

Seward's Folly

a. the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire by the U.S. government as proposed and supported by William Seward in March 1867. Most Americans believed this territory was worthless, consisting only of frozen tundra that offered nothing of value to the country, thus, the purchase of this territory was called "Seward's Folly".

range wars

a. widespread hostilities that took place between large cattle rangers, sheep herders, and farmers especially due to the invention of "the devil's rope" or barbed wire. As farmers enclosed their land to protect it from the hooves of 1000s of longhorn cattle that were being driven north to cattle holding facilities in various towns in Kansas, ranchers became furious and frustrated because their cattle were deprived of much-needed water they were always given access to on the open range. Also, sheep tended to eat deep to the roots of prairie grasses that also took away the source of grazing for cattle being driven north. This had a huge impact on the success of the cattle drives, which often resulted in many cattle dying along the way from starvation and lack of water. Cattlemen often resorted to drastic measures, such as tearing down the barbed wire fences to allow cattle to gain access to streams and grasses, and even hiring less than admirable men to murder farmers and sheep herders to drive them off the land.

What is Georgia's second largest region?

agricultural products. Piedmont Georgia's second-largest geographical region is the Piedmont; while it is the second largest in size, it contains the highest population. This hilly region makes up approximately 30 percent of the state and lies between the mountainous regions of north Georgia and the Coastal Plain

A repetition is called

alliteration

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Geronimo

an Apache warrior who fought against Euro-American and Mexican settlers in the Southwest. He was eventually captured by federal authorities in 1874 and he and about 4000 Apaches were sent to a reservation at San Carlos, Arizona. He escaped the grim conditions of the reservation and then resumed his resistance campaign, but surrendered again in 1884. Escaping again in 1885 and 1886 with a small band of Apache warriors and their families, he eluded capture for months. He became legendary due to his ability to avoid capture, but eventually surrendered for good in 1886, which ended the last significant Native American resistance.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

an agreement that allowed Missouri to become a slave state and Maine to be a free state and then created an invisible line across the rest of the territories that determined that new states above the line would be free and states below the line would be slave states

Concepts of print

an awareness of print in the everyday environment with an emerging understanding of how printed language works

Round Robin Reading

an outdated reading strategy that attempts to teach students to read by having them follow other students in reading specific passages of text identified by the teacher. This technique is not recommended because it hampers reading fluency, its boring, and it causes students to lose interest in the story.

Alphabetic principle

an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

What are phonemes?

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

What are graphemes?

are individual letters and groups of letters that represent single phonemes, like the "s" and the "oo" in "spoon". Understanding how letters are used to encode speech sounds in written language is crucial in learning to decode unfamiliar words. Students who can decode well can teach themselves new words! -the reading of phonemes

The bank sector

banks lend money to people for business, etc. They can also invest in other sectors which helps the economy as well.

What ended the civil war?

battle of appromattox court house 1865

Daniel Boone

born 9/26/1820; American pioneer, explorer, frontiersman; his exploits made him a folk hero in the U.S.; explored and settled much of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky; fought the Shawnee in his exploits; blazed the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalachian Mts from North Carolina and Tennessee into Kentucky; founded the village of Boonesborough, one of the first English-speaking settlements west of the Appalachians; was a militia officer during the Revolutionary War; was captured by Shawnee Indians during the war and was adopted into the tribe, but later left to return to Boonesborough in order to help defend the European settlements in Kentucky/Virginia.; was elected to 3 terms of service in the Virginia General Assembly; after the war, worked as a surveyor and merchant; moved to eastern Missouri, where he died in 1820.

Sequoyah

born in 1770 near present day Knoxville, TN, was a Cherokee silversmith; he developed/created a Cherokee syllabary making reading and writing in Cherokee possible; this increased the literacy rate among the Cherokee people very high; it's the only time in recorded history that a member of an illiterate people independently created an effective writing system; After convincing authorities in Washington of the usefulness of his writing system, he journeyed to areas of present-day Arizona and New Mexico seeking tribes there to teach them his writing system. He also tried to reunite the splintered Cherokee Nation. Between 1843 and 1845 he died during a trip to Mexico seeking Cherokees who had moved there.

Davy Crockett

born in Tennessee in 1786, he served under Andrew Jackson during the Creek Wars (1813-1814) where he distinguished himself as a soldier; Tennessee elected him to the state legislature and then to the U.S. Congress where he became a supporter of Jackson; he was a frontiersman, Indian fighter. His entry into politics came by accident when he was in town to sell his pelts and furs, he exchanged a few words with local politicians who immediately recognized him as a natural leader and thus drafted him for the state legislature; he was a supporter of democratic values and egalitarian ideals...of universal suffrage

highest point in Georgia

brasstown bald

Magellan

circumnavigated the earth

George Washington

commander of the Continental Army

Match headings to news clips helps with

comprehension

Great Compromise

compromise plan proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut that called for equal representation of each state in the upper house and a lower house based on population (ultimately, the Senate would be based on 2 senators from each state and a House of Representatives based on statess population)

Cortez

conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in current area of Mexico City- advantages of horses, firearms, and steel weapons, as well as smallpox, which infected and killed many citizens of the Aztec empire

What type of government does the US have?

constitutional democracy or constitutional republic

According to Kohlberg, at which developmental level do children understand that good behavior is expected?

conventional

John Locke

developed theory that humans were born with a "tabula rasa", a blank slate, that they could be molded by education and environment; also believed that the purpose of government is to protect the rights of its citizens and that if a government fails to do so, its people have a right to overthrow that government (his ideas were the foundation for several revolutions, including the American and French); valued education and freedom and questioned religious authority

Democratic-Republicans

dominant political party in the U.S. from 1800-1824 when it split into competing factions. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were the chief members of this party, which can be traced back to 1792.; party insisted on strict construction of the Constitution and favored states' rights and the primacy of the yeoman farmer over bankers, industrialists, merchants, and other monied interests. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe were Democratic-Republican presidents.

George McClellan

dubbed "Young Napoleon" very organized leader who often frustrated Lincoln due to his lack of action; He saw himself as a possible dictator, very "high-browed"- developed the Peninsular Campaign in the east in an effort to take Richmond in which 400 ships would deposit 120,000 soldiers on a long peninsula at Ft. Monroe, but it took 3 wks before the soldiers were in place, and the confederate forces took advantage of the delay

Battle of Bunker Hill

dug in at Bunker Hill and nearby Breeds Hill, prepared to hold off the British forces in Boston; British forces underestimated colonists' resolve to hold their ground. Although the British took Bunker Hill, they suffered heavy casualties, 226 dead and more than 800 wounded to only 140 dead and 271 wounded Americans. Most importantly, Americans had shown the British that they weren't the "untrained rabble" the British had thought they were.

Bronfenbrenner

ecological systems theory

Alexander Hamilton

ederalist who supported the Constitution and favored a stronger centralized government; He believed in a commercial republic, had strong abolitionist sympathies, and wanted to establish a strong diversified economy and wanted to establish a federal banking system; He wanted the United States to develop into a country similar to Britain...one that was strong and powerful globally; He believed in a broad, or loose, construction of the Constitution that would give the federal govt. wide latitude to choose whatever means was best suited to accomplish its legitimate objects. Wrote half of the Federalist Papers; was Secretary of the Treasury under Washington's presidency

Stamp Act

egislation that required colonists to purchase special stamps and place them on all legal documents; newspapers and playing cards had to be printed on special stamped papers as well; This targeted two very influential groups of colonists, lawyers and printers (newspapermen), who had to use stamped paper a lot in their jobs. Newspapers began to decry the injustices of the Stamp Act from Maine to Georgia!

The Cabinet

established in Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, the Cabinet's role is to advise the President on any subject he ay require relating to the duties of each member's respective office. It includes the vice-president and the heads of 15 executive departments—the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, Veterans' Affairs, as well as the Attorney General (Justice).

Which branch of government includes the president?

executive

Henry Clay

from Kentucky, Speaker of the House of Representatives, began his career as a War Hawk during the War of 1812; he was a champion of aggressive federal involvement in economic development; his plan, called the American System, called for the federal govt. to encourage American industry, included tariffs to help protect American industry by keeping cheap foreign goods from undermining American producers, continuing support for a national bank, and an ambitious program of federal funding for internal improvements; he wanted harmonious interplay between agriculture, industry, and commerce; Clay became John Quincy Adams' Secretary of State

two sight word assessments

fry and dolch

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Trust-busting

governmental action to dissolve monopolies in big business

What does the color red stand for on the American flag?

hardness, valor, and bravery

The government sector

helps regulate business, keeps people honest, peoples taxes also help pay for industries that provide jobs.

The War of 1812 served to

improve U.S. manufacturing and farming (Britain also began to view U.S. as a viable nation; also began the demise of the Federalist party due to strong nationalist feelings amongst the population)

Enlightenment

international philosophical movement in which the suggestion that man, not God, was the proper focus for human inquiry; extolled the virtues of reason and the methods of science and applied these insights to politics and social reform; rejected traditional Christian teaching that man was tainted by Adam's "original sin" Enlightenment thinkers favored English philosopher John Locke's theory that humans were born with a tabula rasa, a blank slate, that they could be molded by education and environment; crime could be eliminated if one understood human nature and crated a proper environment to rehabilitate criminals

Cyrus McCormick

invented the mechanical reaper that was used to harvest grain

Isolation

is a strategy that helps develop students' phonemic awareness, which is part of phonological awareness. Phoneme ______________ involves having students identify specific phonemes in words (e.g., first, middle, last sound).

Guided reading

is an instructional approach that involves a teacher working with a small group of students who demonstrate similar reading behaviors and can read similar levels of texts.

Onsets

is the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat) and the term "rime" refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat). Not all words have onsets.

configuration clues

it is the agreement of the parts of something. It refers to the information given through the size and shape of the letters as well as through the length or the number of letters there are in the word

Benjamin Franklin

journalist and inventor who helped drum up financial support for the colonies for the war for independence; also served on the Continental Congress to declare independence from Britain

Langston hughs

leader in the Harlem Renaissance

Samuel Adams

leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston

Intolerable Acts

legislation passed by Parliament to punish Bostonians for the Boston Tea Party. It closed the Port of Boston; annulled the Massachusetts colonial charter and dissolved or severely restricted that colony's political institutions and allowed British officials charged with capital crimes to be tried outside the colonies, which infuriated colonists because they felt British officials would get off "scott free" because their juries wouldn't be comprised of colonial citizens, even though their crimes would be against colonists

Henry Ford

mass production/assembly line

Patrick Henry

member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who said "Give me liberty or give me death!"

Tenements

multiple family dwellings of 4-6 stories housing dozens of families that became the most common form of housing for poor city dwellers by the 1860s.

Spelling stages

precommunitive semiphonetic phonetic transitional correct http://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/spelling/in-depth

Reading Comprehension Strategies

predict, visualize, clarify, evaluate, connect, question

Ponce de Leon

present day Florida, looked for the fountain of youth

Henry Bessemer

process to make steel

What does the color white stand for?

purity and innocence

The household sector

said to be the most important of the four sectors. This is the production of goods for their own consumption (make clothes, garden)

Puritan

separatists who didn't like the Church of England, who wanted to "purify" the Protestant religion; they wanted religious freedom from the Church of England, so they left and went to the Netherlands where they had total religious freedom, but they didn't like Dutch policy of religious tolerance and they didn't like their children absorbing Dutch culture and societal ways, nor did they promote religious freedom and tolerance in the colonies they established

John Smith

settler-soldier who helped establish the colony of Jamestown—associated with the myth about Pocahontas and how he and she fell in love and how she helped save the colony from disaster; he was most likely captured and eventually adopted by Pocahontas' tribe (she was a very young girl at this time) and became a political intermediary between the settlers and Indians; in 1608 he negotiated an exchange of goods for food with Indians that helped stave off starvation; Smith's reforms mayh have staved off immediate catastrophe, but they didn't prevent enormous suffering and high mortality during the difficult winter of 1609-1610, known as the "starving time". Colonists resorted to cannibalism during this winter. In 1609, Smith left Jamestown and returned to England, and then growing hostility between the English and the Indians intensified. In 1613, Captain Samuel Argall led a party of Virginians to capture Pocahontas (her adult name was now Matoaka) in the hopes that by holding her hostage they could force her people to sign a peace treaty. She was taken to the home of minister John Rolfe who worked hard to convert her to Christianity. She was baptized and then asked by Rolfe to marry him. She was then taken to England but got sick while there and died, never seeing her native land again.

Soddies/sodbusters

settlers who traveled west and settled in the Great Plains area of the country. They had to fashion houses out of the dirt and grassy prairie lands due to the lack of trees in the environment. Therefore, they were called "sodbusters" who built and lived in sod houses called "soddies".

Mary Musgrove

she facilitated in the development of Colonial Georgia and became an important intermediary between Muscogee Creek natives and the English colonists.

Treaty of Greenville

signed at Fort Greenville on August 2, 1795 (now Greenville, OH), between a coalition of Native Americans known as the Western Confederacy (Shawnee, Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, Ottawa, Miami, Potawatomi, and other tribes were involved) and the U.S. following the Indians' loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. It gave the U.S. territory that was part of modern day Ohio, the future site of downtown Chicago, the Fort Detroit area, the Maumee Ohio Area, and the Lower Sandusky Ohio Area. It established a line running through the Ohio territory that basically stated that the Indians were to stay above the line and the white settlers were to stay below the line. Settlers disregarded the rules set forth by the treaty and continued to encroach on Indian lands, which sparked continued Indian confrontations with settlers. William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition was present at the signing of the Greenville treaty.

Paul Revere

silversmith and member of the Sons of Liberty who warned the citizens of Lexington and Concord that the Regulars (British) were coming out

Sand Creek Massacre

site of another massacre that took place as a result of white settlers' desire for land and disregard for Native Americans' rights, and the efforts of Native Americans to resist white encroachment. Angered by sporadic attacks on settlers by some Native American tribes in Colorado, a military outfit under Colonel John M. Chivington raided on Nov. 29, 1864 a peaceful encampment of 800 Cheyenne at Sand Creek. Most of the Cheyenne men were out on a hunting trip, Chivington's force slaughtered more than 200 defenseless women and children, mutilated their bodies, and returned to Denver with their scalps.

The private business sector

small business owners stabilize the economy, keeps unemployment rates real low, consumerism higher

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Jane Adams

social reformer who, with a colleague, Ellen Gates, rented an old mansion on Chicago's Near West Side and founded Hull House. This was a place where social and educational services were offered to poor immigrant families who lived in the neighborhood where Hull House was located. Many women workers who worked at Hull House chose to live among the poor to get to know them and understand their needs and learn from them. Cooking, sewing, hygiene, civics, and English language classes were offered to help immigrants assimilate into American life and society, and to prepare them for citizenship.

Analogy

sorting phonographs (word families) -type of way to teach phonics

DeSoto

southeastern part of what is now the United States, including Florida

Balboa

southwestern part of what is now the United States, which includes New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado

Coronado

southwestern part of what is now the United States, which includes New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado

Guided Reading

teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text as well as the structure for how to respond to what is read.

The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was a foreign policy which stated

that Americans and the U.S. were no longer open to colonization.

Who is James Oglethorpe?

the ''founding father'' of Georgia, began the British colony in 1733, naming it after the British King, George II. He hoped it would serve as a safe haven for debtors, but this plan never fully succeeded.

Woodrow Wilson

the 28th U.S. President during WWI; Wilson helped to secure the Versailles Peace Treaty and the League of Nations as a result of the war

Border states

the 4 slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, & Delaware) that bordered the Confederacy. The Lincoln administration succeeded in keeping them in the Union.

What do the stars represent?

the 50 states

Checks and balances

the American constitutional system includes the notion known as Separation of Powers, in which several branches of govt are created and power is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. For ex: the legislative branch can check the executive branch through their impeachment power, by vetoing the President, by their power to declare war, by their power to select a president if there's no electoral majority (House selects president, Senate selects Vice-Pres); the Executive branch can veto the legislative branch, the President has power to appoint judges and can pardon people; and the judicial branch has judicial review power over the executive and legislative branches.

What legislation helped American citizens (or those who wanted to become American citizens) who wanted to travel west to the Great Plains to settle, giving them 160 acres of land for a small fee as long as they lived on it for five years?

the Homestead Act

"The Path Where They Cried"

the Trail of Tears, as named by the Cherokee and their descendents, of the forced relocation of thousands of Cherokee men, women, and children west from Georgia and South Carolina to the Oklahoma territory (now Oklahoma). Harsh weather, shortage of supplies, poor sanitation facilities contributed to the deaths of 1000s of Cherokee-In 1838 Federal troops began rounding up Cherokee and placing them in stockades to await deportation; the squalid conditions in the stockades took a heavy toll, and many of the most outspoken Cherokee opponents of removal now recognized that further resistance was futile; clergymen, women reformers, and constitutional nationalists such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were horrified at Jackson's behavior toward the Cherokee and his disregard for treaty obligations, his disrespect for the authority of the federal courts (the Cherokee Cases-Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1830) and Worcester vs. Georgia (1832)-both cases were won by the Cherokee-Supreme Court ruled that certain rights traditionally retained by sovereign nations as were the Indian nations, included the right to govern themselves by their own laws, but lacked the right to sue the state of GA (Georgians had discovered gold on Cherokee land in northeastern GA, so they wanted to get rid of the Indians and take their land, thus, the events that took place were set in motion)

Phoneme identification

the ability to recognize the same sounds in different words.

Whiskey Rebellion

the armed uprising of western Pennsylvania farmers protesting the Whiskey excise tax in 1794 was the most serious test of the new federal govt's authority since ratification of the Constitution

Republicanism

the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people

Social Darwinism

the belief that the principles of evolution, which Darwin had observed in nature, also applied to society. Advocates argued that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of biological superiority, an idea expressed as "survival of the fittest."

Monopoly

the control of an industry or market by one corporation

Middle passage

the harrowing voyage across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas during which slaves endured meager rations and horrendously unsanitary conditions; slaves were shackled for the entire voyage; many slaves preferred "death to such a life of misery" so they would drown themselves (about 10% died en route); they would first stop in the Caribbean where they were "seasoned", a process of physical and psychological adjustment to the rigors of plantation slavery before they were transported to the colonies

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir to the Austrio-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by a young Bosnian-Serb terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, which started the first World War

Due process

the idea that laws and legal proceedings must be fair. The Constitution guarantees that the govt can't take away a person's basic rights to life, liberty, or property without due process of law; the 14th amendment prohibits the deprivation of liberty or property without due process of law. According to the 6th amendment, a criminal defendant is guaranteed a fundamental right to be clearly informed of the nature and cause of the charge against him.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

the leader of Germany who encouraged Austria-Hungary to quickly invade and annex Serbia and thrust the world into a world war; his actions caused Russia to respond by mobilizing its troops and allying with France

hyperbole

the literary version of exaggeration

coastal plains

the lowlands next to the seacoast

opportunity cost

the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

Federalists

the name adopted by the supporters of the Constitution who favored a stronger centralized government; 1792-1816- formed by Alexander Hamilton, supported largely by urban bankers and businessmen to support his fiscal policies; wanted a strong nationalistic government; wanted a national bank and strong relations with Britain; had a strong base in New England; very much an upper-class party, not popular with the common man or the farmer

Gilded Age

the name for the period 1877-1900 that suggested the amazing achievements of the period were like a thin gold layer that covered many unresolved social problems.

order of magnitude

the order of magnitude of a quantity is the number rounded to the nearest power of 10

unstressed syllable

the part of the word that you don't emphasize or accent

What is industrialization?

the process of developing machine production of goods,

Neutrality

the status or policy of a nation not participating directly or indirectly in a war between other nations

Sedition

the stirring up of discontent, resistance or rebellion against the government in power; during WWI, the Sedition Act was passed in 1918 to prohibit anyone from uttering, writing, or publishing "any abusive or disloyal language" concerning the flag, constitution, government, or armed forces. Civil liberties and antiwar advocates challenged this law in court but the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional.

States' rights

the theory that the Constitution was a compact among the states and that the individual states retained the right to judge when the federal government's actions were unconstitutional

Phonemic awareness

the understanding that spoken words consist of a sequence of individual sounds.

Prosody

the use of timing, phrasing, pitch, and rhythm to convey meaning while reading

mercantilism

theory of empire that advocated strict regulation of trade between colonies and the mother country to benefit the mother country-Adam Smith coined this term for this theory—the wealth of the "mother" country=England, would be increased by heavy governmental regulation of imports and exports to the colonies...the colonies existed to generate wealth for their mother country by supplying it with raw materials and purchasing consumer goods from it. Parliament used legislation to control colonial behavior.

What was the main cause/reason that southern states began to secede from the union?

they were afraid that more free states would be added than slave states due to Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, thus making them under- represented in Congressb. they thought that the federal government was getting too strong and powerful over state governments and states' rights were most important to themc. when the federal government charged tariffs on imported goods, the southern states felt that these tariffs favored the northern states with their industries because they did not require importing many goods over the southern states with their farming and plantation life styles that did require more products to be importedd. they didn't trust Lincoln because they believed he would end slavery

Aaron Burr

vice president under Thomas Jefferson, fought in the Revolutionary War; former member of the Democratice-Republican Party; He ran for president but tied with electoral votes with Jefferson and the House of Representatives chose Jefferson, and the Senate chose Burr as his vice pres. As VP, he served as President of the senate and presided over the impeachment trial of Samuel Chase. Burr was often criticized by Hamilton in Hamilton's published articles in the Federalist newspaper. Since Hamilton didn't "take back what he said" about Burr at a dinner party, Burr challenged him to a duel. On July 11, 1804, Burr mortally wounded Hamilton. Burr never stood trial for murder. His political career over, he later moved west to lands in the Ohio territory and Louisiana area and tried to secede and form his own monarchy (known as the Burr conspiracy). He was arrested for treason in 1807 but was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court. He moved to Europe under self-imposed exile for several years and came back to New York to practice law.

What does the color blue stand for?

vigilance, perseverance, and justice

William Tecumseh Sherman

waged a "scorched earth" campaign across Georgia, destroying vital supplies and weakening Southern morale with his March to the Sea campaign, in which Atlanta was destroyed

Alexander graham bell

was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885.

George Washington carver

was an American botanist and inventor. He actively promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion.

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the third president of the United States

Newsies

young boys who sold newspapers on street corners in the late 1800s in American cities and yelled the headlines at the same time; these boys competed against each other for "territory" and sales; most were homeless immigrant kids

Ridge and Valley

•Between the AP & BR •Made up of ridges & valleys (fertile farmland) •Industry in Dalton (textiles)

idiom

-An idiom is a word or phrase that is not taken literally, like "bought the farm" has nothing to do with purchasing real estate, but refers to dying. Idiom also refers to a dialect or jargon of a group of people, either in a certain region or a group with common interests, like in science, music, art, or business. "It's raining cats and dogs," for instance, means it is raining extensively, but not that dogs and felines are falling from the sky. The idiom "He kicked the bucket" means that someone has died, but a non-native speaker would picture a man literally kicking a bucket down a road.

Structural Analysis/morphemic analysis

-the process of using familiar word parts (base words, prefixes, and suffixes) to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. -the ability to gain information about the meaning, pronunciation, and part of speech of new words from their prefixes, roots, and suffixes--is an important component of skilled reading.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

When was the American Revolution?

1775-1783

How many members are in the House of Representatives?

435

adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb -carefully

pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun

How does fluency affect comprehension?

Fluency is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression. Fluency is important because it provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension. When fluent readers read silently, they recognize words automatically. They group words quickly to help them gain meaning from what they read.

What ended the American Civil War?

On April 9, 1865 General Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Court House to General Grant.

What are primary sources?

Orginal Documents/First Hand Account

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

The eleven states of the southern confederacy

South Carolina, Mississippi, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee, Florida, Texas, Arkansas, Alabama, and Virginia

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for rebuilding the economic foundation of Western Europe following WWII

Vowel Team

a syllable containing two letters that together make one vowel sound ai in rain ay in play ea in team

Antonym

a word opposite in meaning to another: ex: good and bad

Synonym

a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language; ex: shut and close

noun

a word used to name or idenify a person, animal, place, thing, or abstract idea

Phonemic awareness - Emergent

ability to hear, rhyme, blend, and segment sounds

Definition of Phonics

ability to use grapheme and phoneme correspondence to decode words. AKA: the relationship between letters and sounds.

Phonemic Awareness

able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes

Stage two: Emergent

ages 3-5, phonemic awareness alphabet recognition

superlative adjective

an adjective used to compare three or more items; example: This is the HOTTEST day of the year.

Story Maps

are visual representations of the elements that make up a narrative. Story mapping helps improve comprehension by organizing and sequencing events.

verb

asserts something about the subject of the sentence and expresses an action, event, or state of being

Legistlative Branch

branch that makes laws

blending

combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words.

simile

comparisons between two objects or between a person and an object that use the words like or as to identify the similarities

Democracy

government by the people. Democracy in America begin in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence.

What is retelling?

involves having students orally reconstruct a story that they have read.

figurative language

language that uses creative or poetic methods to convey points

Synthetic

making words with letters

text structure

refers to how the information within a written text is organized

Fourth stage: transitional

second and third grade fluency and syllabication

Diphthongs

sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another; ex: coin, loud

Contextualized

taking example words out of stories or poems -context clues

Rules-based

teaching and applying the spelling rules

Phonological Awareness

the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters

Executive Branch

the branch of government that carries out laws

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s. FDR created the new deal to help America get out of the great depression.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment (18th amendment)

Story concepts

title, beginning, middle, end

What was European Exploration about?

trade, a chance to get rich, chance to spread Christianity, find new lands and trade routes, glory for the country, and individual fame are all reasons for:

Compound words

two words that hold meaning on their own but combined to form a new word like snowglobe, swimsuit

expository writing

writing that explains or analyzes and informs