GCH Midterm 1
How did dependency on private sector hospitals create problems during the pandemic? a) As private hospital revenue decline in the early months of the pandemic, the health sector say mass lay-offs and the permanent closing of numerous hospitals b) Private hospital services have supported public health systems, especially those that support primary care c) Lockdown measures and the for-profit model increased the demand for services from private hospitals
a) As private hospital revenue decline in the early months of the pandemic, the health sector say mass lay-offs and the permanent closing of numerous hospitals
Which of the following does not directly support this argument: despite the ruins caused by neoliberal disease, neoliberalism will continue. a) Community and civil society work has grown, connecting community and individual health in ways that address inequalities and foster new alternatives b) The roll-out of the COVID vaccine has been dominated by corporations c) There has been a global return to fiscal austerity and an intensification of economized politics d) Wearable devices
a) Community and civil society work has grown, connecting community and individual health in ways that address inequalities and foster new alternatives
Which of the following is not a major limitation of cost-effectiveness as the sole tool for priority setting? a) Cost-effective approaches provide the resources to address the true burdens of disease b) The 5- to 10-year strategic plans created by cost-effective models assume there will be no change in the cost of effectiveness of interventions over time c) Health care is a moral issue, not something that should be determined on cost-effectiveness alone
a) Cost-effective approaches provide the resources to address the true burdens of disease
Which of the following is true about social marketing, which promoted health-related products through education campaigns in order to encourage people to pay for drugs? a) Many people living in poverty were still unable to buy drugs even after they were provided with education about the effectiveness of drugs b) There was sufficient capital in impoverished communities to purchase c) All social marketing campaigns have increased the purchase of drugs
a) Many people living in poverty were still unable to buy drugs even after they were provided with education about the effectiveness of drugs
Which of the following is not an example of how roll-out neoliberalism inhibited public health responses to COVID? a) Neoliberalism-oriented governments were quicker to implement strict public health measures, even if that meant reducing private economic liberties b) Neoliberal logics have created a dependency on pharmaceutical companies to provide vaccines c) Neoliberal thinking reduced the response to personal resilience (e.g. hand washing and mask wearing)
a) Neoliberalism-oriented governments were quicker to implement strict public health measures, even if that meant reducing private economic liberties
Paul Farmer met Father Fritz Lafontant, a future co-founder of Partners in Health, while he was working in Haiti. What community was Fr. Lafontant working with at that time? a) People living in a rural area, called Cange, who had been displaced by a hydroelectric dam project b) A small community within the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince c) School children in a coastal city named Les Cayes d) none of the above
a) People living in a rural area, called Cange, who had been displaced by a hydroelectric dam project
Retroviruses contain: a) RNA as the genetic material b) Protein as the genetic material c) Reverse transcriptase as the genetic material d) DNA as the genetic material e) no genetic material
a) RNA as the genetic material
The prevalence of different COVID variants has fluctuated over time. What does this suggest about the biology of those variants? a) Some variants are better at infecting people than others and they can outcompete the other variants b) COVID variants are all equally as infectious and deadly c) This does tell us anything about the biology of COVID variants d) The Beta variant has remained the most prevalent variant over the last 1.5 years
a) Some variants are better at infecting people than others and they can outcompete the other variants
What did the Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS) agreement do to drug patents and access to medicine? a) TRIPS put control of drug patent policy in the hands of the World Trade Organization under neoliberal norms of protecting IP b) TRIPS made it easier for African countries to get affordable medicine c) TRIPS reflected the interests of developing countries over the interests of Western countries and the pharmaceutical industry d) TRIPS meant that all developing
a) TRIPS put control of drug patent policy in the hands of the World Trade Organization under neoliberal norms of protecting IP
What is the 'software' a virus uses to infect a host? a) The genetic material of the virus b) the DNA in a host cell c) the host cells d) the viral shape or envelope
a) The genetic material of the virus
What did participants at the ICASA conference in Kenya, 2003, outline in their consensus that addressed concerns about new funding for AIDS programs? a) They agreed that power and responsibility should shift toward governments amd away from donors and NGOs b) They agreed that one national-level AIDS plan could never work to coordinate treatment and care c) They agreed that international NGOs were best suited to coordinate health programs
a) They agreed that power and responsibility should shift toward governments and away from donors and NGOs
What strategies have been used to promote the development of drugs for rare diseases or diseases that primarily affect impoverished communities? a) all of the above b) Vouchers that encourage companies to develop non-profitable drugs in exchange for expedited review of profitable drugs c) federal grants for research on rare diseases d) Internationally funded organizations like the Global Drug Facility for TB drugs and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (Gavi)
a) all of the above
Which of the following are true about diagonalization? a) all of the above b) Paul Farmer and others in PIH have employed this strateg c) It appeals to a flipped version of the "Washington Consensus," saying that "good health" leads to "good growth d) It refers to a strategy of taking funding that's been targeted at a particular disease and using it to support more comprehensive health care funding
a) all of the above
Which of the following are ways that roll-back neoliberalism has increased infection and vulnerability? a) all of the above b) Increased exposure in crowded dormitories and informal settlements due to a lack of adequate public housing c) Increased exposure of healthcare workers due to lack of PPE and inadequate staffing d) Increased exposure of "essential workers" in jobs with no sick leave and limited employment security and job site protections
a) all of the above
Which of the following does Joia Mukherjee incorporate into her book on global health delivery? a) all of the above b) Work informed by both biomedical science and social science research c) Connections between global health and community collaborations to showcase real-word experiences with global health challenges and successes d) Centering social justice in global and community health
a) all of the above
All of the following are known to be problems with CHW programs, EXCEPT a) lack of local people willing to serve as CHWs b) lack of training and mentoring c) lack of integration into the health system d) lack of adequate pay
a) lack of local people willing to serve as CHWs
After receiving pushback from the pharmaceutical lobby, funding from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program went toward purchasing high-priced branded drugs instead of cheaper generics. a) true b) false
a) true
Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) proved successful in fighting HIV in 1996, meaning the disease was no longer a death sentence, but the drugs were very expensive. a) true b) false
a) true
Austerity imposed by the IMF and World Bank combined with SPHC programs such as GOBI to create an overnight demand for CHWs in many global south countries in the 1980's a) true b) false
a) true
Finding out that MDR-TB drugs were not on patent led Jim Kim and others to advocate for dropping the drug costs so much that the official WHO policy on treating MDR-TB changed. a) true b) false
a) true
If Zackie Achmat imported the generic drug from Thailand, which cost less than 5 cents per capsule, he could be charged with a criminal offense because of Pfizer's patent. a) true b) false
a) true
In her book, Joia Mukherjee puts forward a vision for global health that goes beyond particular diseases to address the challenges of creating more comprehensive health systems. a) true b) false
a) true
In the US, CHWs played an important role in decentralizing health care. a) true b) false
a) true
In the initial postcolonial period in countries in southern Africa, many CHWs were trained to fill a gap in health systems a) true b) false
a) true
Microbiologist Rob Wallace and colleagues argue that as wild food operations have been formalized and integrated into the global industrialized agribusiness, there is an increased risk of pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 entering the world market a) true b) false
a) true
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) team introduced the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metric that evaluates the age of onset and the duration of diseases. a) true b) false
a) true
The Global Fund has been an independent fund that accepts country proposals to finance AIDS, TB, and malaria programs since it came to being in 2002. It quickly became the world's largest financing institution for health. a) true b) false
a) true
The PIH Health Care Delivery Model aims to scale up targeted interventions in a way that enables health system strengthening so that those systems can provide more inclusive, comprehensive and improved health services. a) true b) false
a) true
The Rwandan government was committed to strengthening its national health education system so that its healthcare system could be sustainable, meaning it could be run and funded without support from foreign countries a) true b) false
a) true
The Sustainable Development Goals have incorporated goals that are more comprehensive and look at non-disease factors that impact populations. a) true b) false
a) true
The mutation rate, at which virus genome sequence changes, is much higher in RNA viruses than in DNA viruses. a) true b) false
a) true
When Paul Farmer was working with TB patients in Haiti, healthcare professionals trained in the US often blamed the patients for "not taking their meds," placing the blame on individuals for getting sick, instead of putting the system (e.g. access to food, clinics) at fault. a) true b) false
a) true
In 2010 it was estimated that this many people would never see a health care professional in their lifetime because of poverty and lack of health system coverage. a) 1 billion people in Africa b) 1 billion people globally c) 1 million people globally d) 1 million people in Africa
b) 1 billion people globally
Post Bamako, which of the following interventions is listed in our textbook as being most expensive? a) Diptheria and tetanus vaccination b) 1-year HIV medication c) Polio Vaccination d) Insecticide treated bednets
b) 1-year HIV medication
In what year, in what city was the commitment made for "Health For All" by what year? a) 1979, Almaty, 1999 b) 1978, Alma Ata, 2000 c) 1945, Geneva, 1970 d) 2000, Doha, 2020
b) 1978, Alma Ata, 2000
In the global health era, what has changed the narrative around how to provide healthcare in impoverished countries with inadequate budgets? a) Activists promoting a cost-effective model b) AIDS activism and novel financing that instead asks "what will it cost to bring this treatment to all and how do we finance that?" c) Health programs that declared effective interventions not feasible if they were considered too expensive
b) AIDS activism and novel financing that instead asks "what will it cost to bring this treatment to all and how do we finance that?"
What best describes the historical connection between disease-specific global health approaches and colonial and tropical medicine? a) Colonial powers were interested in strengthening the health systems in their colonies to better support the people they had colonized b) Colonial powers managed health in their colonies by focusing on how particular diseases in particular places impacted colonial resources extraction, white administrators and their militaries. c) Colonial
b) Colonial powers managed health in their colonies by focusing on how particular diseases in particular places impacted colonial resources extraction, white administrators and their militaries.
What is a lesson learned from an analysis of the successes and failures of the MDGs? a) Goals don't need dedicated funding to achieve better outcomes b) Goals that required higher level care were more difficult to achieve c) all of the above d) Leveraging AIDS money could support both primary care delivery and hospital care
b) Goals that required higher level care were more difficult to achieve
Which of the following is not a feature of neoliberalized societies that exacerbated the damage done by COVID-19? a) Social alienation and abandonment of vulnerable populations, including prisons and homeless camps b) Labor protections for workers, especially those in positions with heightened risk of infection c) Precarious market supply systems that affect everything from water to housing
b) Labor protections for workers, especially those in positions with heightened risk of infection
Based on the chart of the 4 levels of global health competency on page xix of Joia Mukherjee's Introduction to Global Health Delivery, what levels best summarize what to expect from our undergraduate global and community health programming at UCSC? a) just level III b) Levels I and II c) just Level I d) Levels III & IV
b) Levels I and II
How was AIDS identified as a new disease in the 1980s? a) AIDS was identified by humans long before the 1980s b) Reports of sporadic cases of two rare diseases were eventually linked to an underlying immunodeficiency, which is now called AIDS c) AIDS was identified by an epidemiological study of public water pumps in London d) AIDS was first isolated in cells in a lab setting, which lead to it being recognized in patients
b) Reports of sporadic cases of two rare diseases were eventually linked to an underlying immunodeficiency, which is now called AIDS
In March 2020, many Western governments blamed the governance failure around COVID-19 on the WHO. What underlying problem does this obscure? a) The COVAX vaccine distribution program, as a market friendly charity regime, has made it easier for advocates to push for a TRIPS waivers to support generic manufacturing b) The historical trajectory of global health security under neoliberalism meant the WHO's COVID responde was constrained by a market friendly approach c) The World Trade Organizatio
b) The historical trajectory of global health security under neoliberalism meant the WHO's COVID responde was constrained by a market friendly approach
How does understanding the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle help us design drug therapies? a) Our current understanding of the life cycle does not yet give us insight into potential drug therapies b) We can design drugs that target and disrupt certain parts of the cycle (for example, a drug that prevents the replicase-transcriptase complex from copying the viral RNA) c) none of the above d) This information can help us redesign existing antibiotics to fight COVID-19
b) We can design drugs that target and disrupt certain parts of the cycle (for example, a drug that prevents the replicase-transcriptase complex from copying the viral RNA)
HIV/AIDS is transmitted by all except: a) blood transfusion b) aerosols c) breast feeding d) drug use e) sexual contact
b) aerosols
Learning from the Ebola epidemic, what are important preconditions for a health system to be resilient and able to respond to crises? a)Strong health workforce and health system management b) all of the above c) Legal and policy foundations to guide frameworks and establish accountability d) Global health network and international health systems fund
b) all of the above
What can descriptive statistics help us understand about the health of a given population? a) The health outcomes for particular conditions in the population b) all of the above c) Whether or not certain conditions exist in the population d) The frequency of conditions that exist in the population
b) all of the above
What was the response from American AIDS activists to the concerns of intellectual property activist James Love? a) Few people wanted to discuss the issue of drug patents b) all of the above c) Many weren't willing to join Love's fight because they had access to the drugs for themselves and they thought cheaper drugs in Africa might discourage research and development d) Many were worried that treating AIDS in Africa would cause the virus to mutate,
b) all of the above
Why does the epidemiological transition paint an incomplete picture of population health? a) Noncommunicable diseases (ex. high blood pressure, mental illness) occur in both impoverished and wealthy nations b) all of the above c) The disease burden is diverse in every country context d) Infectious diseases occur across the spectrum of impoverished and wealthy nations
b) all of the above
AIDS is a syndemic which commonly impacts mortality rates in combination with which factor? a) TB and/or other respiratory diseases b) all of these c) impoverishment d) poor nutrition
b) all of these
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of AIDS? a) weight loss b) blurred vision c) cancer d) inflamed lymph nodes e) diarrhea
b) blurred vision
After the WHO defined the Essential Medicines List (EML), which lists drugs most needed for the health care of the majority of the population, they followed up by providing the financing to make those drugs and vaccines universally available. a) true b) false
b) false
CHWs are often only offered didactic classroom training and TOT-programs that work well to compensate for lack of mentoring in the community delivery setting itself. a) true b) false
b) false
Global health goals have always been supported by broad, comprehensive funding, not disease-targeted funding. a) true b) false
b) false
The Global Fund and the U.S.'s PEPFAR increased the amount of money dedicated to HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria from a couple hundred million dollars per year to only about $2 billion dollars per year. a) true b) false
b) false
The secondary economic effects of COVID-19 have resulted in national and multilateral narratives that reject a return to fiscal prudence and austerity, significantly destabilizing neoliberal norms of governance for a post-COVID world. a) true b) false
b) false
Vertical programs that provided AIDS-specific funding started with explicit goals of strengthening health systems and government delivery of comprehensive health care. a) true b) false
b) false
When Cipla began offering the triple ARV cocktail at $350 per patient per year in 2001, AIDS drugs were no longer out of reach for poor African families and their governments a) true b) false
b) false
How can explicit priorities assure that equity is embedded in health care systems? a) Priority setting has nothing to do with equity because health systems never make strategic decisions based on priorities b) none of the above c) Without explicit priorities, ad hoc rationing is the default approach to providing services, and this usually does include a plan to service vulnerable populations d) Priority setting means that governments will always be able to finance advanced cancer care
b) none of the above
Who opposed the inclusion of newly developed drugs, even those under patent, on the Essential Medicines List? a) AIDS activists b) phramaceutical companies who lobby the US gov't c) leaders of the global fund d) Partners in Health
b) phramaceutical companies who lobby the US gov't
The HIV care continuum focuses on all of the following except: a) diagnosis b) prophylactics c) viral suppression maintenance d) HIV medical care e) care coverage
b) prophylactics
The Bamako Initiative of 1987 promoted the idea of cost-recovery through a) taxation on health tourism b) user fees c) public-private partnerships d) philanthropy
b) user fees
Which of the following are true about the meetings (held in the '90s by the UN, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, and IMF) leading up to the UN Millennium Summit? a) The International Development Goals introduced global targets for reducing hunger, illiteracy and ill health b) The meetings concluded that the debt burdens placed on impoverished countries by the World Bank and IMF limited economic development c) All of the above d) The meetings
c) All of the above
Key reasons for the lack of an HIV vaccine include all except: a) a dense coat of glyco-proteins b) Variability in the HIV genome c) HIV forms long lived spores d) HIV integrates into the human genome e) HIV compromises the immune system
c) HIV forms long lived spores
Which of the following is not a challenge for procurement and distribution of drugs at the country level? a) The systems and inputs (ex. Vehicles and record keeping systems) needed for distribution may be inadequate b) Impoverished country's budgets may not be able to purchase needed drugs c) Health systems strengthening that supports procurement and distribution systems d) Lack of management systems may result in drugs lost to theft or mismanagement
c) Health systems strengthening that supports procurement and distribution systems
What argument related to political-economy do Jim Kim and others make to in their book Dying for Growth? a) Capitalism has reduced problems related to the social determinants of health (food security, for example) b) Austerity and disinvestment ended up supporting health systems and efforts toward universalizing health care c) Privileging economic growth systematically fails to lead to new spending on health systems for the poor.
c) Privileging economic growth systematically fails to lead to new spending on health systems for the poor.
How did Farmer and the other doctors working in Cange eventually reach almost 100% cure rates of TB? a) They consistently reprimanded their patients for not taking their full course of medication b) They gave up on treating the patients in the poorest rural areas c) They started the accompaniment, or accompagnateur, system to support their patients d) All of the above
c) They started the accompaniment, or accompagnateur, system to support their patients
CHWs are most effective when linked systematically, ideally with pay and mentoring, to... a) a western university b) a private hospital c) a system of care d) a western-sponsored NGO
c) a system of care
What are some of the implications that come from thinking of neoliberalism with viral metaphors? a) We need to research more examples of existing "patients" affected by neoliberalism, not just abstract notions b) We need to research how neoliberalism spreads into new sites through hybridization c) all of the above d) We need to research how neoliberalism mutates and changes over time and as it moves into different national contexts
c) all of the above
Which of the following are true about ethics and the pursuit of universal healthcare coverage? a) Countries have to balance ethical considerations around minimizing harm with political considerations b) Ethicists argue that it is an unacceptable tradeoff to first include in UHC those able to pay before including informal workers and the poor c) all of the above d) Ethicists have argued that prioritizing
c) all of the above
SARS-CoV-2 carries what type of genome? a) none of the above b) a DNA genome c) an RNA genome d) a combination DNA/RNA genome
c) an RNA genome
In the 1980s, Haitian community members were linked to AIDS transmission due to which factor? a) sexual transmission b) blood transfusion c) anti-hatian media coverage d) IV drug use e) differential life span
c) anti-hatian media coverage
"Global health in the modern era," argues Joia Mukherjee must focus on what to address "the collective failure to ensure the availability of high quality health care services?" a) building research hospitals b) building inter'l agreements on trade in services c) building health systems d) building public-private relationships
c) building health systems
According to Joia Mukherjee the discipline of global health is based on all of the following EXCEPT: a) the delivery of care to meet the burden of disease b) building local human capacity to achieve universal health coverage c) developing North-South relations in which universities in rich countries send researchers to poor countries to extract data without creating local health service system benefits d) developing a rights based approach to health care
c) developing North-South relations in which universities in rich countries send researchers to poor countries to extract data without creating local health service
Neoliberal theory rests on the idea a) policies of economic crisis management should return to liberal-Keynesian ideas of full employment through government programs b) personal choices will never adequately address health inequalities c) economies should be liberalized from governmental control and democratic programs of redistributive taxation
c) economies should be liberalized from governmental control and democratic programs of redistributive taxation
Studies show that low utilization of CHW delivered services is due to all of the following EXCEPT a) user fees b) preference for professional services c) poor health outcomes d) lack of drug availability e) distance to health posts
c) poor health outcomes
After the Alma Ata conference put forward primary health care as a major goal, international organizations in the 1980's began focusing on what less expensive, less comprehensive alternative? a) universalized health care b) none of the above c) selective primary health care d) community health worker programs
c) selective primary health care
To achieve delivery of universal healthcare coverage, what is necessary to align services with the disease burden? a) National health plans written and enforced by the WHO b) Austerity measures that target health centers and hospitals c) Private funding for researchers from foreign countries to come and research in developing countries d) Addressing both barriers to access to services and the lack of resources to provide quality services
d) Addressing both barriers to access to services and the lack of resources to provide quality services
What happened just after the 1978 Alma Ata Conference on primary healthcare? a) The world economy crashed and many countries suddenly owed large debts b) Institutions like the IMF and the World Bank granted new loans to poor countries with strict conditions c) Poor countries had to cut investments in education, healthcare, etc. to pay back their loans d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What happened when Partners in Health started treating AIDS patients using the accompaniment system in Haiti? a) All of the patients in the treatment group gained weight through a treatment program that provided patients with a CHW, food, and other social support b) PIH wrote an article about the success of their program, which was published in The Lancet d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following is true about what Partners in Health learned in Peru? a) Health services were being cut back because of the impact of World Bank austerity programs b) There were clusters of drug resistant TB, despite the country having a seemingly strong TB treatment program c) The WHO policy on MDR-TB was that treating it was too expensive to be offered in poor countries, leaving people in those countries to die d) All of the above
d) All of the above
According to Joia Mukherjee, the grandmother of modern CHW programs is a) Cuba's medical student training system b) the IMF c) Partners in health d) China's BFD program
d) China's BFD program
Which of the following is true about ACT UP's activism around funding for AIDS care and treatment? a) In the 1990s, AIDS drug trials had begun to move quickly thanks to the National Institute of Health, so this was not a main concern for activists b) The American government was immediately responsive and passed legislation in support of ACT UP's demands d) Connections between organizations and people from wealth countries and impoverished countries strengthened groups like ACT UP
d) Connections between organizations and people from wealth countries and impoverished countries strengthened groups like ACT UP
Which of the following is not a key objective for universal healthcare coverage (UHC) as defined by the World Health Organization? a) Everyone who needs services should get them, not just those who can pay b) The quality of health services should be good enough to improve the health of those receiving services c) The cost of using services should not put people at risk of financial harm d) Continued use of out-of-pocket payments to support UHC at the local level
d) Continued use of out-of-pocket payments to support UHC at the local level
The World Bank emerged out of meetings and agreements made at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire towards the end of World War II. At the time, the bank was known by which acronym used in our textbook? a) IFI b) SAP c) IMF d) IBRD
d) IBRD
How do the pathways between neoliberalism and ill-health come together, intersecting to cause diminished health outcomes? a) Neoliberalism co-evolves with other forms of structural violence that affect health b) Neoliberalism has co-evolved with efforts that address health through market friendly versions of health rights and policies c) All of the above d) Neoliberalism has co-evolved with efforts that address health through the
d) Neoliberalism has co-evolved with efforts that address health through the global charity model, often working through disease-specific initiatives ?
What did Yusuf Hamied advocate for in India in the late 1960s? a) Support for multinational pharmaceutical company patent monopolies b) Relying on foreign countries to get medicine to Indians c) Keeping the cost of AIDS drugs high so that they could fund research for other drugs d) Rewriting the patent laws to reduce the country's dependence on costly patented medicine from Western drug companies
d) Rewriting the patent laws to reduce the country's dependence on costly patented medicine from Western drug companies
UNICEF's GOBI program is an example of a) PHC b) UHC c) UCSC d) SPHC
d) SPHC
What happened to the Ciprofloxacin drug patent following a series of fatal anthrax attacks in the US after 9/11? a) None of the these b) Bayer was allowed to keep its patent and the US government paid large amounts of money for the drug c) The US government suspended the Cipro patent, d) The US government cited a public health emergency as reason to suspend the patent, even though African countries were not allowed to use the same reason to suspend patents on AIDS drugs
d) The US government cited a public health emergency as reason to suspend the patent, even though African countries were not allowed to use the same reason to suspend patents on AIDS drugs
How has globalization impacted the geography of national public health prevention strategies? a) None of the above b) National public health systems are not impacted by globalization c) Globalization caused national public health programs to scale downward, away from any global effort d) These strategies have shifted in scale to encompass global surveillance and health regulation
d) These strategies have shifted in scale to encompass global surveillance and health regulation
How did the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders) approach the need for less expensive HIV drugs? a) They never opposed or pressured the national governments of the countries they were working in b) They encouraged negotiations with private companies, c) All of the above d) They supported the use of TRIPS clauses to allow national governments to circumvent the patent laws that kept drug costs high
d) They supported the use of TRIPS clauses to allow national governments to circumvent the patent laws that kept drug costs high
Which of the following was NOT one of the ten main statements declared at Alma-Ata? a) Governments have a responsibility for the health of their people b) All countries should cooperate in a spirit of partnership to ensure primary health care for all people c) Health is a fundamental human right d) Universal Health Coverage is a right extended most efficiently through private insurance coverage
d) Universal Health Coverage is a right extended most efficiently through private insurance coverage
How did Zamni Lasante use AIDS-specific funding to support public health clinics and strengthen overall health care delivery? a) getting essential medications b) paying for existing and new staff as well as supporting community health workers c) minimizing financial barriers to care d) all of the above
d) all of the above
People with AIDS and those who are member of a risk group for AIDS (men who have sex with men, intraveneous drug users, Haitians, hemophiliacs, etc.) faced discrimination when AIDS was identified. How did this discrimination impact people's lives? a) People with AIDS and members of risk groups were denied housing and employment b) People with AIDS and members of risk groups were victims of violence c) People with AIDS and members of risk groups were banned from giving blood d) all of the abov
d) all of the above
Which of the following are true about the CHW network that PIH and Dr. Agnes Binagwaho helped set up in Rwanda? a) They were looking to scale up the model PIH had started in Haiti b) The government wanted to train 45,000 CHWs, placing three in every village across the country c) They gave CHWs a mobile phone and set up a SMS network connected to Twitter to support local healthcare programs and promote accountability d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Which of the following is true about global pharmaceutical sales? a) Pharmaceutical companies make most of their profit in rich Western countries, especially the US b) The drug industry believes that relaxing its patent monopolies could impact future profits in emerging markets like China and India. c) The continent of Africa accounted for just 1% of pharmaceutical sales d) all of these
d) all of these
ARV drugs were made under a patent by multinational pharmaceutical companies. Which of the following are true? a) Unpatented generic drugs typically cost much less than patented drugs b) A patent makes illegal for others to make, sell or import unpatented generic drugs c) neither of the above d) both of the above
d) both of the above
Which of the following was not a part of the Cuban public health system response to AIDS? a) contact tracing b) close medical surveillance c) routine testing d) total isolation e) sanitarium care
d) total isolation
Which of the following is NOT shown to be a contribution of CHWs across the continuum of care depicted in Figure 8.1? a) case finding b) referral c) support and follow-up d) user fees collection e) treatment f) preventative education
d) user fees collection
The "Age of Treatment" for AIDS included all of the following except: a) ARV triple combination therapy b) halting new infections c) 2000 international AIDS conference in Durban, SA d) shift in global policy e) AIDS fatigue
e) AIDS fatigue
The Anti-HIV drug "cocktail" includes: a) steriods b) all of the above; except DNA replication inhibitors c) protease inhibitors d) DNA replication inhibitors e) anti-coagulants
e) anti-coagulants
