GEL Test 2 (14, 7, 5, 3) questions/book questions

Why does the Tibetan Plateau have a high elevation?

continental collision

What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?

the shape of the clasts

__________________ brings hot rocks upward through the asthenosphere beneath mid-ocean ridges.

Convection

A ___________ is forming in the eastern part of the African continent.

continental rift

A ______________ occurs where the edge of a continent is under water.

continental shelf

Volcanic islands that are found in curved chains near oceanic trenches are called __________.

island arcs

Put the following minerals in the correct order that they will crystallize from a magma:

olivine pyroxene amphibole biotite potassium feldspar

What generally happens when subduction-derived magma encounters thick continental crust?

the magma interacts with the crust, forming felsic or intermediate compositions

A ____________ fault occurs where plates slide past each other horizontally.

transform

Small holes formed in igneous rocks when gases escaped are called _________________.

vesicles

___________ are the relatively smooth portions of the ocean floor.

Abyssal plains

occurs when heavy minerals form in a magma and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber.

Crystal settling

Increasing the temperature will tend to ____________ the viscosity of a magma.

Decrease

Which of the following sites on the figure below would contain the finest grained sedimentary deposits? (Hint- while fine-grained deposits may be found in a variety of environments, choose the one MOST LIKELY to have the finest/smallest sediments.)

Lakes

_________ are flat areas on continents with relatively high elevations.

Plateaus

The _____________ zone contains turbulent water from breaking waves.

Surf

___________ activity deforms the lithosphere through volcanoes and earthquakes.

Tectonic

describe the various textures displayed by igneous rocks.

Phaneritic- rocks with crystals that are visable Aphanitic - non visable crystals, fine-grained colcanic ash Pegmatite - very large crystals Fine-greained- crystals that are too small to see without a hand lends Coarsely crystalline - crystals are everal centimeters across Volcanic glass- consist of glass, mostly glassy Medium-grained - crystals are easily visable, typically millimeters across Porphyritic - rock that has larger crystals in a finer grained matrix Vesicles- small holes Welded - compacted overlying materials Valcanic breccia - angular fragments in a finer matrix

Sketch and describe how igneous rocks are classified

(?)texture (the size of mineral grains and/or distribution of grain sizes) and composition (the types of minerals present).

One reason why promontories erode more quickly than bays is because incoming waves bend or __________________ inward due to the shape of the seafloor.

Refract

What is the most likely composition of igneous rocks formed at Site D (continental volcanic arc)?

felsic to intermediate

Sketch an igneous system and show where the main igneous textures form. (9)

2. (middle of the fog)Vesicles- 3. (on the slop of the volcano) Volcanic breccia- 4. (in the lava flow or in ash) Volcanic glass- 7. (shoallow depths beneath the surface) Fine-grained - 10. deep in the magma in the volcano- slow forming crystles) Coarse-grained - 1. ( top of the fog)Volcanic ash - 6.(flowing down hill) pyroclastic flow - 8. (subsurface magma chanber)Porphyritic - 9. (sides and top of the magma chamber) Pegmatite -

The site on the figure below that would mostly likely form a rock that is coarse-grained is:

A

A ___________________ forms when a sandbar completely seals a bay off from the open ocean.

Baymouth Bar

Which of the following environments in the figure below would MOST LIKELY form limestone?

Coaral Reef

_______________ coastlines occur when there is relative drop in sea level or uplift of land.

Emergent

Summarize the main minerals that are present in felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic rocks

Felsic: Quartz and Feldspar intermediate: Diorite and Andesite mafic: magnesium and iron Ultramafic: Olivine or pyrocene crystals

Summarize the main minerals that are present in felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic rocks.

Felsic intermediate Mafic Ultramafic

Describe the main differences between felsic and mafic rocks.

Felsic rocks: light color and abundant quartz and feldspar, large crystals mafic rocks: dark color, may have vesicles (watch video)

List some common igneous rocks and a few characteristics of each

Granite- coarsely crystalline, light colored, felsic minerals, white base with black spots Diorite- Black with white spots (add more) Gabbro- coarsely crystalline, mafic rock, dark consists of proxene, with light gray, calciumrich plagioclas fedspar Peridtite- ultramafic rock, more magnesiumricch and iron-rich mnerals, green olivine Rhyolite- fine grained crystalline rock, has some glass volcanic ash, some visable crystals of quartz or biotite Andesite- fine grated equivalent of diorite, grayish or greenish, has cream-colored feldspar or dark ampjobole Basalt- dark mafic lava rock, dark gray almost black, small holes Ultramafic lavas- from old hot lava, gre olivine or pryoxene crystals

Having a more felsic composition will tend to ____________ the viscosity of a magma.

Increase

The presence of many mineral crystals will tend to ____________ the viscosity of a magma.

Increase

Currents that move sediment roughly parallel to the shoreline are called ____________________.

Longshore Currents

Subduction of dense lithosphere generates the force known as slab pull, while ______________ is the force that occurs at divergent plate boundaries.

Ridge Push

What depositional environment was likely present when the lower basal conglomerate unit was deposited?

River system

When sea arches collapse, they can leave behind a knob of rock called a __________________.

Sea Stack

______________ is a fine grained, clastic rock that breaks into thin pieces because the minerals are lined up in the rock.

Shale

Water below the _________________, which is roughly equal to ½ the wavelength, will not be affected by waves passing overhead.

Wave Base

The vertical distance between a wave crest and trough is called the ________________.

Wave height

Referring to the graph below, which of the following changes in conditions would cause melting of a solid rock?

a to b

[a] sedimentary rocks are composed primarily of solid weathered particles, and [b] sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of substances precipitated from inorganic or organic processes.

a: Clastic, b: nonclastic

[a] is magma that flows on the Earth's surface. If the magma solidifies at the surface, the igneous rock that forms is generally referred to as [b] . The general term for a magma that solidifies at depth (below the Earth's surface) is [c] .

a: Lava, b: extrusive, c: intrusive

The process of lithification includes [a] , where the weight of overlying sediments compresses the deeper sediments, and [b] , which involves the precipitation of minerals between individual sediments.

a: compaction, b: cementation

The main difference between granite and rhyolite is [a] , whereas the main difference between granite and gabbro is [b] .

a: crystal size, b: mineral composition

When the particles in a sedimentary layer gradually change from coarser on the bottom to finer sizes at the top, this is called [a] . One environment in which this can occur is where thick slurries of water and sediment called [b] currents may flow from the continental shelf to the ocean floor.

a: graded bedding, b: turbidity

Frost wedging is a type of [a] weathering and hydrolysis is a type of [b] weathering.

a: physical, b: chemical

Manmade features that try to control the erosion and deposition of sediment along the shoreline include [a] , which are parallel to the shore and can cause the beach in front of them to erode, and [b] , which are built perpendicular to the shoreline and are meant to trap sand on the up-current side but can cause erosion on the down-current side.

a: sea walls, b: groins

The wedge of sediment and rock that is found adjacent to a trench is called a(n) _____________.

accretionary prism

Which of the following would cause sea level to rise?

all of the choices

Which of the following most likely indicates a submergent coastline?

an irregular coastline with branching estuaries and embayments

A very large pluton that covers more than 100 km2 is called a _________________.

batholith

The process of _______________________ adds sand to beaches, but may not last long and is very expensive.

beach nourishment

The relatively thin layers that make up sedimentary rocks are called ___________________.

beds

Sinkholes form when groundwater dissolves _______________ rocks, creating a cave which then collapses

carbonate

How fast do plates move relative to one another?

centimeters per year

Put the following list of clasts in order from smallest to largest:

clay silt sand granule pebble cobble boulder

Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in which that rock forms?

coal - deposition in deep-sea organic-rich black shales

Water tends to _____________ the melting temperature of minerals.

decrease

Seafloor spreading occurs at ___________ plate boundaries.

divergent

Sand Dunes

dry climantes where the sand grains can be moved by land

What does LIDAR measure?

elevation of land

What is probably the least expensive approach for avoiding shoreline hazards?

forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas

Glaciers

formed in high mountains or high latitudes, snow accumulates faster then is is removed, they remove underlying materials as they slide down the mountian

The change in temperature that occurs with depth in the Earth is called the ______________________.

geothermal gradient

Thick sheets of ice that can cover large areas of a continent are called ice caps or _________.

glaciers

Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks?

groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures

Unusually hot regions inside the Earth called ___________ are most likely responsible for forming the volcanoes along linear island chains.

hot spots

In what direction does a spit typically grow with time?

in the same direction as a longshore current

Increasing the pressure on rocks tends to ___________ the melting temperature of minerals

increase

What is the most likely composition of igneous rocks formed at Site E (volcanic island arc)?

intermediate

describe the characteristics of each main sedimentary environments on

land, mountains, glaciers, braided river, delta, lake

Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock?

large cross beds in a well-sorted sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind

The general term for a nonclastic sedimentary rock that is composed of the mineral calcite is _________________.

limestone

Hawaii is an example of a __________ island chain

linear

What is the oldest unit in this rock sequence?

lower basal conglomerate

What is the most likely composition of igneous rocks formed at Site A (linear island chain)?

mafic

describe the main sedimentary environments on land (Discussion board Question; When 14.1 asks for the main sedimentary environments on land it means; mountains, glaciers, braided river (stream and rivers), delta, sand dunes and lakes? Or am I missing one?)

mountains, glaciers, braided river, delta, lake

The Earth's magnetic field is generated by

movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core

What depositional environment was likely present when the dark gray shale unit was deposited?

muddy part of ocean

What is the most likely composition of igneous rocks formed at Site B (calderas)?

not ultramafic

What is the most likely composition of igneous rocks formed at Site C (mid-ocean ridge)?

not untermediate

List the main characteristics of obsidian, pumice, scoria, tuff, breccia, and pegmatite, and indicate where each of these rock types fits into an igneous classification system based on composition.

obsidian: shiny volcanic glass, dark colored pumice: many vesicles, floats on water scoria: dark gray or black, may vesicles, basalt or adesite tuff: volcanic rock composed of mic of volacic ash, pumic, crystals and rock fragments. breccia: volcanic rocks with gfragments form in other ways pegmatite: large crystals meters across

The layering of sediments, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, and gabbro in the oceanic crust is collectively termed an ________________ complex.

ophiolite

When melting forms magma

partial melting produces a magma that is more felsic than the source

The larger crystals in a porphyritic igneous rock that are surrounded by a finer grained matrix are called

phenocrysts

Does the change from the thick gray shale to the overlying sandstone indicate a transgression or a regression?

regression

The narrow valley that runs along a mid-ocean ridge is called a(n) ____________.

rift

What depositional environment was likely present when the upper sandstone and mudstone unit was deposited?

river system and plant rich swamp

What depositional environment was likely present when the yellowish-tan sandstone unit was deposited?

sandy beach or delta

Mountains that are submerged beneath the ocean are called ____________.

seamounts

Which of the following is NOT a factor in how shorelines are affected from the water side?

source of detrital sediment for beaches

When the sun and moon are aligned so their gravitational forces are added together, this effect causes _________________ tides.

spring

Mountain environments

steep sloped developed by bedrock, have high elevation, erosion is vigorous on such steep slopes and provides abundant, sediment

How are shorelines affected from the water side?

strength of waves and tides, size and intensity of storms, orientation of the coastline, slope of the seafloor

As one plate slides beneath another plate, ____________ occurs.

subduction

Loose debris at the bottom of a slope made of pieces that have broken off from overlying rocks is generally called

talus

Nazca and Australian-Indian are two names of _____________.

tectonic plates

What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?

the clasts become more rounded

Which of the following does NOT affect the potential hazards of a shoreline?

the source of beach sand

Does the change of environment from the base of the section up to the thick gray shale indicate an advance (transgression) or retreat (regression) of the sea?

transgression

In a stratigraphic section, a ________________ is interpreted to have occurred if there is sandstone on the bottom, siltstone in the middle, and limestone on top.

transgression

Which of the following phrases summarizes the history of the entire sequence?

transgression followed by a regression

The deepest parts of the oceans are generally found in ____________.

trenches

Which of the following is true about how waves form and break upon the shore?

waves begin to change when they reach water shallower than the wave base