Gen Biology II Ch22 LearnSmart

Place the taxonomic levels listed below in order of decreasing numbers of species that they contain.

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is the eighth level of taxonomic classification, which is above kingdom?

Domain

What is systematics?

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

A clade consists of a common ________ species and all of its _____ species.

ancestors; descendants

Derived characters are only shared with the most recent common ancestor of a clade, whereas __________ characters are shared with the most recent common ancestor as well as earlier ancestors.

ancestral

Organisms in the domain________ are the most abundant organisms on Earth.

bacteria

The most numerous organisms on Earth are ___.

bacteria

The standard method of naming species using a two-part name is called _______ nomenclature.

bionomial

In cladistics, a(n) ________ is any aspect of the phenotype, including morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA.

character

When examining species, we can look at multiple aspects, from DNA to behavior, of the make up of those organisms. Any such feature that we examine is called a(n) ____.

character

In a cladogram, what word describes an ancestral species and all of its descendants?

clade

A(n) ________ is a phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic approach.

cladogram

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as ______.

classification

The taxonomic classification level that is more inclusive than kingdom is called a _________; biologists recognize three of them.

domain

Although organisms share many characteristics, the most meaningful groupings of organisms are based on ____.

evolutionary relationships

Molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on ____.

evolutionary relationships

Molecular clocks and the ______ record can be used to determine the timing of evolutionary change.

fossil

According to the phylogenetic species concept, a species is a group of population that

have evolved independently of other groups of populations

the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

monophyletic

A _____ group includes its most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants, a __________ group includes its most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants, and a ________ group does not include the most recent common ancestor of the organisms within the group.

monophyletic; paraphyletic; polyphyletic

In cladistics, a species that is closely related to, but not a member of a clade that is being studied, is known as a(n)

outgroup

In cladistics, a(n) _______ is a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied.

outgroup

the most recent common ancestor of the group, and some, but not all of its descendants

paraphyletic

According to the _________ species concept, a group of population should be considered a separate species if they have been evolving independently of other groups of populations.

phylogenetic

The uniform system of nomenclature used to name organisms ensures that every species has a unique ______ name that is the same everywhere in the world.

scientific

Derived characters are

shared with the most recent common ancestor of a group, but not with prior ancestors.

Early systematics (before the advent of molecular sequencing), was based on overall _______ between species.

similarity

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as ______.

systematics

The field of __________ involves the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, whereas ______ uses that information to place organisms into taxonomic groups.

systematics; classification

The science of classifying and naming living things is called

taxonomy

For any given organism, which of its taxonomic groups contains the most members?

Phylum

Mostly multicellular during most of its life cycle, mainly mobile, ingests food

Animalia

Currently, what system of nomenclature is the standard way of designating species?

Binomial

Which of the following is a synonym for phylogenetic tree?

Cladogram

Which of these two cladograms is more parsimonious with respect to tail loss?

Cladogram B is more parsimonious than Cladogram A

According to comparisons of rRNA genes, which domain is more closely related to archaea?

Eukarya

Among the three domains of life, Archaea are more closely related to _______ than to ________.

Eukarya; bacteria

Multicellular and unicellular forms, stationary, digest and absorb food using extracellular enzymes

Fungi

Based on the information presented in this cladogram, what is an ancestral trait for salamanders, lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans?

Jaws

Starting in the Middle Ages, the names of genera have been written in

Latin

The names of genera have been written using which language since the Middle Ages?

Latin

Based on this cladogram, what is a shared derived character for the group containing salamanders, lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans?

Lungs

For the group consisting of lizards, tigers, gorillas, and humans in this cladogram, which of the following traits is an ancestral character?

Lungs

What principle proposes that the most likely phylogenetic tree is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states?

Parsimony

Mostly multicellular during its life cycle, mainly stationary, manufacture their own food.

Plantae

The kingdoms _____ and______ contain organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle.

Plantae, Animalia

Eukaryotes are grouped into the kingdoms

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista

What kind of data were first used to create phylogenetic trees?

Similarities in morphology

________ involves the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Systematics

What is the science of classifying living things?

Taxonomy

Why are systematists interested in molecular clocks?

They are interested in the timing of evolutionary change as well as the likely pathways.

the most recent common ancestor of all the members of the group is not included

polyphyletic

Earth's first organisms were

prokaryotes

When life first originated on Earth, the only living cells on Earth for more than a billion years were

prokaryotes

The scientific names assigned to animals must be ____.

unique universally accepted